A Critical Exposition of the Popular 'Jihád' / Showing that all the Wars of Mohammad Were Defensive; and / that Aggressive War, or Compulsory Conversion, is not / Allowed in The Koran - 1885

by Cherágh Ali

[229] The Life of Mohammad, by Abdel Malik-bin Hisham, pp. 992-993. The fighting was, according to Arab custom, in single combats.

[230] Mahomet and his Successors, by Washington Irving, p. 118, London, 1869.

[231] Muir's Life of Mahomet, Vol. IV, p. 20, foot-note.

[232] Compare "Contributions to Political Science," by Francis Lieber, LL.D., Vol. II, p. 250.

[233] Muir's Life of Mahomet, Vol. IV, p. 307.

[234] Wackidi Campaigns of Mohammad, p. 101, Calcutta, 1855.

[235] "It was at Otheil that the cruel and vindictive spirit of Mahomet towards his enemies first began to display itself."—Muir's Life of Mohamet, Vol. III, p. 115. After this, the author narrates the execution of Nazr. Ibn Is-hak. Vide Ibn Hisham, p. 458; Wackidi, p. 108; Abu Daood, Vol. II, p. 10. This story is not given by Ibn Hisham and Ibn Sád.

[236] Abu Daood as before.

[237] Zorkánee, Vol. II, p. 541.

[238] Sírat Halabi, Vol. II, p. 371.