Mr. Palmer translates the word here as meaning "fought," contrary to Mr. Sale, the Rev. Mr. Rodwell, and Sir William Muir, who translate it "endeavour," "effort," and "strive." The conventional term Jihád, meaning crusade or warfare, was not in use in the time of the revelation of the Koran.
(8) The Bee, XVI, 40.
20. "And they swear by God with their (Jahd) utmost oaths that 'God will never raise him who once is dead.' Nay; but on Him is a promise binding though most men know it not."
Sale renders the word "most solemnly;" Rodwell, "most sacred oath;" Palmer, "most strenuous oath."
(9) Creator, XXXV, 40.
21. "They swore by God with their (Jahd) utmost oath that should a preacher come to them they would yield to guidance more than any people: but when the preacher came to them, it only increased in them their estrangement."
Sale's rendering is "most solemn oath," Rodwell's, "mightiest oath," and Palmer's, "most strenuous oath."
II.—THE MEDINITE SURAS.
(10) The Cow or Heifer, II, 215.