Page 387 Bachman's Warbler.
Lawrence's Warbler.
Brewster's Warbler. They are quite abundant in most localities in their range, nesting in hollows on the ground in open woods or shrubbery on hill sides; the nest is made of leaves, grasses and rootlets, lined with hair or finer grasses, and is usually placed under the shelter of some small bush. They lay (in May, June or July) three to six eggs, white, marked or blotched either sparingly or heavily with chestnut or lavender. Size .70 × .52. 640. Bachman's Warbler. Vermivora bachmani. Range.--Southeastern United States, along the Gulf coast to Louisiana and north to Virginia and Missouri. This species is one of the rarest of the Warblers, but is now much more abundant than twenty years ago, when it had apparently disappeared. They are greenish above, and yellow below, and on the forehead and shoulder, and with black patches on the crown and breast. They have been found breeding in Missouri, nesting on the ground like others of this genus; the eggs are white wreathed about the large end and sparingly specked over the whole surface with reddish brown and chestnut. Size .65 × .50. 641. Blue-winged Warbler. Vermivora pinus. Range.--Eastern United States, breeding north to southern New England and in the Mississippi Valley to Minnesota; winters south of our borders. White. This common species has the crown and underparts yellow, line through the eye black, and white wing bars and spots on outer tail feathers. They breed most abundantly in the northern half of their United States range, placing their nests on the ground in thickets or on the edge of woods; the nests are made of strips of bark, usually grapevine, and leaves, and are usually high and deeply cupped, they are almost always placed among the upright shoots of young bushes. The eggs are white, finely specked with reddish brown with great variations as to markings. Size .65 × .50. Data.--Old Saybrook, Conn., June 1, 1900. 5 eggs. Nest composed chiefly of dry beech leaves and strips of cedar bark, lined with shreds of bark and fine grass; situated on the ground among a bunch of weeds in the woods.




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 Golden-winged Warbler. 642. Golden-winged Warbler. Vermivora chrysoptera. Range.--Eastern United States, breeding north to the southern parts of the British Provinces, winters south of the United States. White. This is a very handsome species with black throat and ear patches, and yellow crown and wing bars, the upper parts being gray and the lower white. They frequent low fields or hillsides where they nest among weeds or vines, making the nest of strips of bark, grasses and fibres, and locating it close to the ground in clumps of weeds, low bushes or briers. The three to five eggs are white with a very great diversity of markings, either heavily or minutely spotted or wreathed with chestnut and gray. Size .62 × .50.
643. Lucy's Warbler. Vermivora luciæ. Lucy's Warbler.
Virginia Warbler. White. Range.--Western Mexico, north commonly to Arizona and casually to southern Utah. This small gray and white Warbler is especially distinguished by a chestnut rump and patch in center of the crown. Besides nesting in forks of low bushes, this species is said to place the domiciles in almost any crevice or nook that suits their fancy, such as loose bark on tree trunks, holes in trees, or other birds' nests. The eggs which are usually laid during May are white, sparingly specked and wreathed with reddish brown. Size .60 × .50. 644. Virginia's Warbler. Vermivora virginiæ. Range.--Western Mexico, north to Arizona and New Mexico, and also less commonly to Colorado. White. This species is similar to the last but has the rump and a patch on the breast, yellow. They are found quite abundantly in some localities, usually on mountain ranges, nesting in hollows on the ground beside rocks, stumps or in crevices among the rocks; the nests are made of fine strips of bark and grasses, skillfully woven together, and the three to five eggs are pure white, specked and wreathed with reddish brown. Size .62 × .50.
Page 389 Nashville Warbler.
Orange-crowned Warbler. 645. Nashville Warbler. Vermivora rubricapilla rubricapilla. Range.--North America east of the Plains, breeding from New York and Illinois north to Hudson Bay and Labrador; winters south of our borders. White. This small species is yellow below and greenish above, with an ashy gray head and neck, enclosing a chestnut crown patch. They breed abundantly in New England, usually on side hills covered with clumps of young pines, the nests being placed flush with the surface of the ground and usually covered with overhanging grass; they are made of grasses and pine needles, the eggs are white, finely specked with bright reddish brown. Size .60 × .45. Data.--Worcester, Mass., June 23, 1895. Nest of pine needles and grasses in hollow in the moss on a scrubby pine hillside. 645a. Calaveras Warbler. Vermivora rubricapilla gutturalis. Range.--Western United States, breeding on ranges from California and Idaho north to British Columbia; winters in Mexico. A slightly brighter colored form of the last species. Their habits are the same and the eggs cannot be distinguished from those of the eastern bird. 646. Orange-crowned Warbler. Vermivora celata celata. Range.--North America, chiefly in the interior, breeding north of the United States except in the Rockies south to Arizona and New Mexico; winters in the Gulf States and southward. White. This plainly clad, greenish colored species has a concealed patch of orange brown on the crown. They have been found breeding about Hudson Bay and in the Mackenzie River district, placing their nests in hollows on the ground, usually on the side of banks or hills and concealed by small tufts of grass or bushes. The three or four eggs are white, speckled with reddish brown. Size .64 × .45. 646a. Lutescent Warbler. Vermivora celata lutescens. Range.--Pacific coast, breeding from California to Alaska; winters in Mexico. Similar to the last but more yellowish below. They make their nests of leaves, rootlets, moss, etc., lined with hair, and placed on the ground, concealed by tufts of grass or by bushes. The eggs are like those of the last. Data.--Danville, Cal., April 21, 1898. Nest on the ground on a side hill; among weeds in the shade of a large oak.




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 Tennessee Warblers.
Olive Warblers. 646b. Dusky Warbler. Vermivora celata sordida. Range.--Santa Barbara Islands, off California. Said to be duller colored and darker than the others. The eggs cannot be distinguished. 647. Tennessee Warbler. Vermivora peregrina. Range.--Eastern North America, breeding from the northern tier of states, northward; winters to northern South America. White. This species has greenish upper parts, white lower parts and superciliary line, and gray crown and nape. They nest either on the ground or at low elevations in bushes, making the structure of grasses and fibres, lined with hair; they are found on wild, tangled hillsides and mountain ranges. The eggs are pure white, sparingly specked with reddish brown. Size .62 × .45. 648. Parula Warbler. Compsothlypis americana americana. Range.--Eastern United States, breeding in the southern half. The upper parts of this handsome species are bluish gray with a greenish patch in the middle of the back; the throat and breast are yellow with a patch of black and chestnut. They are abundant birds in suitable localities, breeding in swamps, especially those with old or dead trees covered with hanging moss (usnea).
White. The nests may be found at any height from the ground, and are usually made by turning and gathering up the ends of the hanging moss to form a pocket, which is lined with fine grass or hair. The four to six eggs are white or creamy white, wreathed with specks of reddish brown and chestnut. Size .64 × .44. 648a. Northern Parula Warbler. Compsothlypis americana usneæ. Range.--Northern half of eastern United States and southern Canada; winters from the Gulf States southward. The nesting habits of the northern form of the Blue-yellow-backed Warbler are in all respects like those of the last, and like them, where moss grown swamps are not to be found, they have been known to construct nests of moss suspended from branches of trees, or to nest in bunches of dead leaves. Data.--Oxford, Mass., June 7, 1895. Nest in a dead pine swamp; made in end of hanging moss about 6 feet from the ground. Large colony breeding.
Page 391 Parula Warbler.
Sennett's Warbler. 649. Sennett's Warbler. Compsothlypis piti ayumi nigrilora. Range.--Eastern Mexico, north to the Lower Rio Grande Valley in Texas. This species is similar to the Parula but is more extensively yellow below, and has black lores and ear coverts. Their habits are the same as those of the last and their nests are generally placed in hanging moss, and are also said to have been found hollowed out in the mistletoe which grows on many trees in southern Texas, New Mexico and Arizona. The eggs cannot be distinguished from those of the last. 650. Cape May Warbler. Dendroica tigrina. White. Range.--Eastern North America, breeding from northern New England and Manitoba northward; winters south of the United States. This beautiful Warbler is yellow below and on the rump, streaked on the breast and sides with black; the ear coverts and sometimes the throat are chestnut. They are very local in their distribution both during migrations and in their breeding grounds. They nest in the outer branches of trees, preferably conifers, making the nest of slender twigs, rootlets, grasses, etc., lined with hair; the four or five eggs are white, variously specked with reddish brown and lilac; size .65 × .48. 651. Olive Warbler. Peucedramus olivaceus. Range.--Mountains of New Mexico and Arizona southward. Grayish blue. This peculiar species may readily be recognized by its saffron or orange-brown colored head and neck, with broad black bar through the eye. They nest at high elevations in coniferous trees on the mountain sides, placing their nests either on the horizontal boughs or forks at the end of them. The nests are very beautiful structures made of moss, lichens, fine rootlets and grasses and setting high on the limb like those of the Blue-gray Gnatcatcher. The eggs are grayish white with a bluish tinge, thickly speckled with blackish; size .64 × .48. Data.--Huachuca Mts., Arizona, June 21, 1901. Nest in a sugar pine near extremity of branch, 25 feet from the ground and 20 feet out from the trunk of the tree; composed of lichens and fine rootlets, lined with plant down.





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 Cape May Warblers.
Yellow Warblers. 652. Yellow Warbler. Dendroica æstiva æstiva. Range.--Breeds in the whole or North America; winters south of our borders. Greenish white. This well known and very common species is wholly yellow, being more or less greenish on the back, wings and tail, and the male is streaked on the sides with chestnut. They nest anywhere in trees or bushes, either in woods, pastures, parks or dooryards, and their sprightly song is much in evidence throughout the summer. The nests are usually placed in upright crotches or forks, and are made of vegetable fibres and fine grasses compactly woven together and lined with plant down and hair; the eggs, which are laid in May or June, are greenish white, boldly specked in endless patterns with shades of brown and lilac; size .65 × .50. 652a. Sonora Yellow Warbler. Dendroica æstiva sonorana. Range.--Arizona, New Mexico and western Texas, southward. This form is brighter yellow, especially above, than the last. The nesting habits are the same and the eggs indistinguishable from those of the preceding. 652b. Alaska Yellow Warbler. Dendroica æstiva rubiginosa. Range.--Breeds in Alaska and on the coast south to Vancouver; winters south of the United States. Similar to the common Yellow Warbler but slightly darker above; its eggs and nesting habits are the same.
Page 393
NEST OF YELLOW WARBLER.
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 Mangrove Warblers.
Black-throated Blue Warblers. 653. Mangrove Warbler. Dendroica bryanti castaneiceps. Greenish white. Range.--Southern Lower California and western Mexico and Central America. This species is very similar to the Yellow Warbler but the entire head and neck of the male are yellowish chestnut. Their nesting habits or eggs do not vary in any essential particular from those of the common Yellow-birds of the United States. 654. Black-throated Blue Warbler. Dendroica cærulescens cærulescens. Range.--Eastern North America, breeding from northern United States northward; winters in the Gulf States and southward. Buffy white. These black-throated bluish-backed Warblers are abundant in swampy woodland both during migrations and at their breeding grounds; either sex can readily be identified in any plumage, by the presence of a small white spot at the base of the primaries. They nest in underbrush or low bushes only a few inches above the ground, making the nests of bark strips, moss rootlets, etc., lined with fine grasses or hair; the eggs are pale buffy white more or less dotted with pale brownish; size .65 × .50. Data.--Warren, Pa., June 9, 1891. 3 eggs. Nest one foot from the ground in brush; made of fine pieces of rotten wood, laurel bark and lined with fine grasses. 654a. Cairns Warbler. Dendroica cærulescens cairnsi. Range.--Mountain ranges of North Carolina to Georgia. A darker form whose habits and eggs are identical with those of the last.
Page 395 Myrtle Warblers.
Audubon's Warblers. 655. Myrtle Warbler. Dendroica coronata. Range.--Eastern North America, breeding from northern United States northward. Winters in the southern half of eastern United States. White. This beautiful gray, white and black Warbler can readily be identified by its yellow rump, side patches and crown patch. It is one of our most common species during migrations when it is found west to the Rockies and casually farther. They nest on the lower branches of coniferous trees, making their homes of rootlets, plant fibres and grasses; during June or the latter part of May, three or four eggs are laid; they are white, spotted with several shades of brown and lilac; size .70 × .50. Data.--Lancaster, N. H., June 7, 1888. Nest in a small spruce, about 6 feet up; made of fine twigs, lined with feathers. 656. Audubon's Warbler. Dendroica auduboni auduboni. Range.--Mountain ranges of western United States from British Columbia to Mexico. Bluish white. This bird resembles the last in the location of the yellow patches but has a yellow instead of a white throat, and is otherwise differently marked. They are as abundant in suitable localities as are the Myrtle Warblers in the east, nesting on the outer branches of coniferous trees at any height from the ground. The nests are made of bark strips, rootlets, plant fibre, grasses and pine needles, the three to five eggs are greenish or bluish white marked with brown and lilac; size .68 × .52. The one figured is from a beautiful set of four in Mr. C. W. Crandall's collection, and the ground color is a delicate shade of blue. Data.--Spanaway, Washington, April 23, 1902. Nest on the limb of a large fir in a clump of three in prairie country. 656a. Black-fronted Warbler. Dendroica auduboni nigrifrons. Range.--Mountains of southern Arizona and Mexico. Similar to the preceding, but with the forehead and ear coverts black. Their nests and eggs are in no way different from those of Audubon's Warbler.





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 Magnolia Warblers.
Cerulean Warblers. 657. Magnolia Warbler. Dendroica magnolia. Range.--North America east of the Rockies, breeding from northern United States to Hudson Bay region and in the Alleghanies, south to Pennsylvania. Winters south of our borders. This species, which is one of the most beautiful of the Warblers, is entirely yellow below and on the rump, the breast and sides being heavily streaked with black; a large patch on the back and the ear coverts are black. White. They build in coniferous trees at any elevation from the ground, making their nests of rootlets and grass stems, usually lined with hair; the eggs are dull white, specked with pale reddish brown; size .65 × .48. Data.--Worcester, Mass., May 30, 1895. 4 eggs. Nest of fine rootlets and grasses about 30 feet up on the end of a limb of a pine overhanging a brook. 658. Cerulean Warbler. Dendroica cærulea. Range.--United States east of the Plains, breeding chiefly in the northern half of the Mississippi Valley, rare east of the Alleghanies and casual in New England. White. These beautiful Warblers are light blue gray above, streaked with black on back, white below, with a grayish blue band on breast and streaks on the sides; they have two wide white wing bars and spots on the outer tail feathers. They are found chiefly in the higher trees where they glean on the foliage; they build also usually above twenty feet from the ground in any kind of tree, placing the nests well out on the horizontal limbs, generally in a fork. The nests are made of fine strips of bark, fibres, rootlets, etc., lined with hair; the eggs are white or pale bluish white, specked with reddish brown; size .62 × .48. Data.--Fargo, Ontario, June 2, 1901. Nest in a burr oak, 18 feet from the ground on a horizontal limb.