This is usually a result of stagnation of food or secretion, and will be considered under spasmodic stenosis and diffuse dilatation of the esophagus.
A very marked case with local distress and pain extending through to the back was seen by the author in consultation with Dr. John B. Wright who had made the diagnosis. The patient was a sufferer from ankylostomiasis.
[243] COMPRESSION STENOSIS OF THE ESOPHAGUS
The esophagus may be narrowed by the pressure of any periesophageal
disease or anomaly. The lesions most frequently found are:
1. Goiter, cervical or thoracic.
2. Malignancy of any of the intrathoracic viscera.
3. Aneurysm.
4. Cardiac and aortic enlargement.
5. Lymphadenopathies. Hodgkins' disease.
Leukemia.
Lues.
Tuberculosis.
Simple infective adenitis.
6. Lordosis.
7. Enlargement of the left hepatic lobe.
Endoscopically, compression stenosis of the esophagus is manifested by a slit-like crevice which occupies the place of the lumen and which does not open up readily before the advancing tube. The long axis of the slit is almost always at right angles to the compressive mass, if the esophageal wall be uninvolved. The covering mucosa may be normal or it may show signs of chronic inflammation. Malignant compressions are characterized by their hardness when palpated with the tube. Associated pressure on the recurrent laryngeal nerve often makes laryngeal paralysis coexistent. The nature of the compressive mass will require for its determination the aid of the roentgenologist, internist, and clinical laboratory. Compression by the enlarged left auricle has been observed a number of times. The presence of aneurysm is a distinct contraindication to esophagoscopy for diagnosis except in case of suspected foreign body.
Treatment of compressive stenosis of the esophagus depends upon the nature of the compressive lesion and is without the realm of endoscopy. In uncertain cases potassium iodid, and especially mercury, should always be given a thorough and prolonged trial; an occasional cure will result. Esophageal intubation is indicated in all conditions except aneurysm. Gastrostomy should be done early when necessary.
DIFFUSE DILATATION OF THE ESOPHAGUS
This is practically always due to stagnation ectasia, which is invariably associated with either organic or "spasmodic" stricture, existing at the time of observation or at some time prior thereto. The dilating effect of the repeatedly accumulated food results in a permanent enlargement, so that the esophagus acts as the reservoir of a large funnel with a very small opening. When food is swallowed the esophagus fills, and the contents trickle slowly through the opening. Gases due to fermentation increase the distension and cause substernal pressure, discomfort, and belching. A very large dilatation of the thoracic esophagus indicates spastic stenosis. Cicatricial stenoses do not result in such large dilatations and the dilatation above a malignant stenosis is usually slight, probably because of its relatively shorter duration.
The treatment of diffuse esophageal dilatation consists in dilating the "diaphragmatic pinchcock" that is, the hiatal esophagus. Chronic esophagitis is to be controlled by esophageal lavage, the regulation of the diet to liquefiable foods and the administration of bismuth subnitrate. The patient can be taught to do the lavage. The local esophagoscopic application of a small quantity of a 25 per cent watery solution of argyrol may be required for the static esophagitis. The redundancy probably never disappears; but functional and subjective cures are usually obtainable.
[245] CHAPTER XXXI—DISEASES OF THE ESOPHAGUS (Continued)