TO
ALL AMERICANS
BETWEEN ALASKA AND ANGORA
FOREWORD
This book contains my own observations and my own deductions from them. The responsibility for them is mine alone. I have never engaged in commercial, educational or missionary work. My interest in the Near and Middle East began with a newspaper assignment, and has continued with curiosity as its motive. This book is the result.
My thanks are due to the proprietors of Current History, New York, and Fortnightly Review, London, for their courteous permission to re-print herein parts of certain articles which have previously appeared in their pages.
Clair Price.
| CONTENTS | |
|---|---|
| PAGE | |
| CHAPTER I | |
| MUSTAPHA KEMAL PASHA, THE MAN | [1] |
| His personal appearance—The Eastern tradition ofgovernment under which he was born—The Westerntradition which he has sought to transplant to hiscountry—The diversion of the Turks from a militaryto an economic life, which he is beginning—“Do youthink you will succeed?” | |
| CHAPTER II | |
| THE OLD OTTOMAN EMPIRE | [11] |
| Kemal’s birth at Salonica—How he became a YoungTurk—What the old Ottoman Empire was like—Thedivision of its population into religious communities—TheWestern challenge of its Rûm (Greek) community—Itsduty to Islam. | |
| CHAPTER III | |
| THE YOUNG TURKISH PROGRAM | [22] |
| Kemal’s arrest and his exile to Damascus—His eventualreturn to Salonica—What the Young Turks wanted—Thereligious conservatism which confronted them—Therole of American missionaries and educators—Christendomvs. Islam. | |
| CHAPTER IV | |
| THE RUSSIAN MENACE | [38] |
| How Russia and Great Britain fought across the oldOttoman Empire—How Russia entered Trans-Caucasiaand came into contact with the Armenians—Howit approached the back of British India throughCentral Asia—How Great Britain finally surrenderedin the Anglo-Russian Treaty of 1907. | |
| CHAPTER V | |
| THE YOUNG TURKISH REVOLUTION | [48] |
| “On the morning of July 23, 1908”—The Old Turkishcounter-revolution and its defeat—How Islam and theChristian communities nullified the Young Turkishprogram—Kemal’s break with Enver and his retirementfrom politics—The Balkan wars and nationalism. | |
| CHAPTER VI | |
| GERMANY AND THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE | [56] |
| British policy at Constantinople—The Bagdad railwayconcessions—Russia’s veto and the change of route—TheAchilles’ Heel of Aleppo—Germany and Islam—TheBritish Indian frontier in Serbia—The GreatWar. | |
| CHAPTER VII | |
| CHRISTENDOM AND THE WAR | [65] |
| CHAPTER VIII | |
| THE WAR AND ISLAM | [68] |
| Kemal hurries back to Constantinople and Rauf Beyasks the British Embassy to finance neutrality—Enverenters the war and Persia attempts to follow him—Thehard position of Islam in India. | |
| CHAPTER IX | |
| THE ARMENIAN DEPORTATIONS OF 1915 | [76] |
| Enver and the Armenian Patriarch—Where the Armenianslived—American missionaries and the Armenians—Russiaand the Armenians—Great Britainjoins Russia in the 1907 Treaty—Enver’s demand forBritish administrators in the Eastern provinces—TheWar and the Armenian deportations. | |
| CHAPTER X | |
| THE 1907 TREATY AND THE CALIPHATE | [89] |
| Great Britain promises Constantinople to Russia—Arabnationalism and the Holy Places of Islam—TheHejaz becomes independent of Constantinople—TheBritish capture Jerusalem—The Caliphate agitation inIndia. | |
| CHAPTER XI | |
| THE COLLAPSE OF CZARIST RUSSIA | [98] |
| The Czar abdicates—The French depose Constantineat Athens—Kemal urges Enver to withdraw from theWar—Mr. Lloyd George’s new war aims in Turkey—TheAnglo-Russian Treaty of 1907 abrogated—Pan-Turanianismleaps into life on the heels of the Russianrout—The Mudros Armistice opens the Britishroad to the chaos in Russia. | |
| CHAPTER XII | |
| THE ANGLO-RUSSIAN WAR OF 1918-’20 | [108] |
| How Mr. Lloyd George tried to impose alone uponIslam that fate which Great Britain and Russia hadagreed to impose together in 1907—The Anglo-PersianAgreement—The “Central Asian Federation”—TheAmerican Mandate in Trans-Caucasia—The returnof Soviet Russia. | |
| CHAPTER XIII | |
| THE GRECO-TURKISH WAR BEGINS | [120] |
| Constantinople and the growth of Greek Nationalism—Surroundedby British forces, the Turks go back topeace—Application of the secret treaties which theAllies had drawn up during the War—The OecumenicalPatriarchate breaks off its relations with theOttoman government. | |
| CHAPTER XIV | |
| SMYRNA, 1919 | [127] |
| Kemal returns to Constantinople—Turkish confusionin the capital—The Turks ask for an American mandate—HowKemal and Rauf Bey left for Samsun andSmyrna, respectively—The Greek Pontus program—TheGreek occupation of Smyrna—The Turks go backto war. | |
| CHAPTER XV | |
| THE ORTHODOX SCHISM IN ANATOLIA | [142] |
| Kemal falls to the status of a “bandit”—Turkish Nationalismbegins to re-mobilize and re-equip its forces—TheErzerum Program and the Nationalist victoryin the Ottoman elections—How Papa Eftim Effendibroke with the Oecumenical Patriarchate—The TurkishOrthodox Church—Papa Eftim himself. | |
| CHAPTER XVI | |
| THE TREATY OF SEVRES | [154] |
| Rauf Bey takes the Nationalist Deputies from Angorato Constantinople—India compels Mr. Lloyd George toleave Constantinople to the Turk and General Milnebreaks up the Parliament, deporting Rauf and manyof his colleagues to Malta—The Sevres Treaty andhow Damad Ferid Pasha secured authority to sign it. | |
| CHAPTER XVII | |
| ANGORA | [160] |
| Fevzi, Rafet and Kiazim Karabekr Pashas and theirmilitary dictatorship under Kemal Pasha—The “Pontus”deportations—Mosul, the Kurds and the split inIslam—The Franco-Armenian Front in Cilicia, theGreek Front before Smyrna, and the Allied Frontbefore Constantinople—How the broken parliamentwas reconstructed at Angora—Ferid’s counter-revolutionat Konia. | |
| CHAPTER XVIII | |
| TURKISH NATIONALISM | [177] |
| The Western tradition of government to which theGrand National Assembly was built—How Nationalismwas created—Greek defeat at the Sakaria River—Peacewith the French in Cilicia—How a civilianadministration was begun at Angora while FevziPasha was re-mobilizing and re-equipping the TurkishArmies. | |
| CHAPTER XIX | |
| SMYRNA, 1922 | [199] |
| Allied efforts to hitch the Sevres Treaty to TurkishNationalism—Greeks transfer troops from Smyrna toEastern Thrace for a move on Constantinople andwhen Fethy Bey is refused a hearing in London,Fevzi Pasha launches his attack—The Turkish recoveryof Smyrna—Mr. Lloyd George resigns andthe Ottoman Sultan flees—Lausanne. | |
| CHAPTER XX | |
| THE REAL PROBLEM OF TURKISH NATIONALISM | [219] |
| Economic beginnings in the new Turkish State—MustaphaKemal Pasha opens the Smyrna Congress—TheChester Concession a step from imperialism to law. | |
| CHAPTER XXI | |
| THE REBIRTH OF TURKEY | [229] |
| ILLUSTRATIONS | |
|---|---|
| FIELD MARSHAL MUSTAPHA KEMAL PASHA | [Frontispiece] |
| FACING PAGE | |
| HUSSEIN RAUF BEY GENERAL RAFET PASHA | [16] |
| FIELD MARSHAL FEVZI PASHA ALI FETHY BEY | [48] |
| LIEUT.-GEN. SIR CHARLES A. HARINGTON, G. B. E.,K. C. B., D. S. O. GENERAL ISMET PASHA | [80] |
| PAPA EFTIM EFFENDI MELETIOS IV | [112] |
| ASSEMBLY BUILDING AT ANGORA | [144] |
| REAR-ADMIRAL COLBY M. CHESTER REAR-ADMIRAL MARK L. BRISTOL, U. S. N. | [176] |
| GENERAL MOUHEDDIN PASHA MEHMED EMIN BEY | [208] |