Fig. 89.—Toulouse, Church of the Jacobins.
As for the radiating chapels, they were added to the ambulatory with the evident purpose of affording more space for altars especially in the great pilgrimage churches.[453] At the beginning of the eleventh century, three such chapels had already been built off the ambulatory of Saint Martin at Tours and only slightly later in date are those in La Couture at Le Mans followed by those of a great number of churches of the eleventh and twelfth centuries.[454] Nor are such chapels found only in churches with ambulatories. They frequently open directly off the apse, sometimes being merely recesses in the thickness of the outer wall[455] but more often extending beyond it.[456] Ordinarily, however, churches with radiating chapels have an ambulatory as well; but even so, there are occasional examples of chapels lying entirely within the thickness of the exterior wall[457] in which cases they are merely half-domed niches.
Whenever these radiating chapels are found there is considerable variance both in their number and ground plan. Sometimes there is but one,[458] sometimes two,[459] in the majority of cases three,[460] very seldom four,[461] but frequently five.[462] In plan, the chapels are generally semicircular with or without one or more preceding rectangular bays.[463] Naturally they are vaulted exactly in the manner used for the principal apse of the church or the minor apses of the transept at the time the chapels were built. The usual Romanesque form is the simple half dome like that in Saint Nicolas at Blois, which is especially interesting because it still retains its painted decoration. As the ribbed half dome came in in apse vaulting it appeared in a number of radiating chapels, at Domont and Saint Martin of Étampes, for example, but the usual Gothic form was the chevet vault which corresponds exactly with that over the major apse, except when it is combined with the ambulatory vault in the manner already described,[464] or is of square,[465] circular, polygonal, or irregular plan.[466] In such cases the vaulting is adapted to the plan without any great structural changes from the types found in the remainder of the church. The cathedral of Auxerre (Fig. 84 and Plate III-f), for example, shows the use of a ten-part vault over a square chapel, while Saint Germain also at Auxerre and Saint Remi at Reims (Fig. 87 Plate III-l) have chapels of almost circular plan covered with a vault which is virtually a double Gothic chevet like that of the transept chapels of Soissons and Laon cathedrals already described. [467]
BIBLIOGRAPHY
This bibliography contains in large measure only titles referred to in the text. For further references see bibliography in Porter, Medieval Architecture. The abbreviations listed in the first column are those used in the notes.
| Baum | Julius Baum | Romanesque Architecture in France |
| Baudot and Perrault-Dabot | A. de Baudot and A. Perrault-Dabot | Archives de la Commission des Monuments Historiques |
| Bond | Francis Bond | Gothic Architecture in England |
| Borrmann and Neuwirth | Richard Borrmann und Joseph Neuwirth | Geschichte der Baukunst. 2 vols. |
| Bumpus | T. Francis Bumpus | A Guide to Gothic Architecture |
| Butler | Howard Crosby Butler | Abbeys of Scotland |
| Cattaneo | Raphael Cattaneo | l’Architecture en Italie du VIe au XIe Siècle |
| Caumont | Arcis de Caumont | Abecedaire ou Rudiment d’Archaeologie |
| Choisy | Auguste Choisy | Histoire de l’Architecture. 2 vols. |
| Cummings | Charles A. Cummings | A History of Architecture in Italy. 2 vols. |
| C. M. H. | Archives de la Commission des Monuments Historique. 1855-72 | |
| Dartein | Fernand de Dartein | Etude sur l’Architecture Lombarde et sur les origines de l’Architecture Romano-Byzantine. 2 vols. |
| Dehio and von Bezold | G. Dehio und G. von Bezold | Die kirchliche Baukunst des Abendlandes. 2 vols., text and 360 plates |
| Enlart | Camille Enlart | Manuel d’Archaeologie Française. 2 vols. |
| Gosset | Alphonse Gosset | Les Coupoles d’Orient et d’Occident |
| Gaudet | Julien Gaudet | Elements et Theorie de l’Architecture |
| Gurlitt | Cornelius Gurlitt | Die Baukunst Frankreichs. 8 vols. |
| Madrazo-Gurlitt | D. Pedro de Madrazo (Spanish text) | Die Baukunst Spaniens |
| Madrazo-Gurlitt | Cornelius Gurlitt (German text) | |
| Gwilt | Joseph Gwilt, F.S.A. F.R.S.A. | An Encyclopaedia of Architecture. Revised by Wyatt Angelicus van Sandau Papworth |
| Hamlin | A. D. F. Hamlin | A Text-book of the History of Architecture |
| Hartung | Hugo Hartung | Motive der Mittelalterlichen Baukunst in Deutschland |
| Isabelle | Charles Edouard Isabelle | Les Edifices circulaires et les Domes |
| Joseph | D. Joseph | Geschichte der Architektur Italiens |
| Kugler | Franz Theodor Kugler | Geschichte der Baukunst |
| Lasteyrie | R. de Lasteyrie | l’Architecture Religieuse en France a l’Epoque Romane. Ses origines, son developpement |
| Lenoir | Albert Lenoir | Architecture Monastique in Collection des Documents inedits sur Histoire de France |
| Lefevre-Pontalis | Eugène Lefevre-Pontalis | l’Architecture Religieuse dans l’Ancien Diocèse de Soissons au XIe et au XIIe Siècle |
| Lubke | Wilhelm Lubke | Outlines of the History of Art. 2 vols. Edited and revised by Russell Sturgis |
| M. H. | Archives de la Commission des Monuments Historique | |
| Michel | André Michel | Histoire de l’Art depuis les premiers temps Chrétiens jusqu’á nos jours. Published under direction of André Michel by a number of collaborators |
| Moore | Charles Herbert Moore | Development and Character of Gothic Architecture |
| Moore | Charles Herbert Moore | Mediaeval Church Architecture of England |
| Moore | Charles Herbert Moore | Character of Renaissance Architecture |
| Mothes | Oscar Mothes | Die Baukunst des Mittelalters in Italien |
| Nesfield | W. Eden Nesfield | Specimens of Medieaval Architecture. Drawings |
| Osten | Friedrich Osten | Die Bauwerke in der Lombardei vom 7ten bis zum 14ten Jahrhundert |
| Porter | Arthur Kingsley Porter | Mediaeval Architecture. Its Origins and Development. 2 vols. |
| Porter | Arthur Kingsley Porter | The Construction of Lombard and Gothic Vaults |
| Prior | Edward Schröder Prior | The Cathedral Builders in England |
| Prioux | Stanislas Prioux | Monographie de St. Yved de Braine |
| Pugin | Augustus Pugin | Specimens of the Architecture of Normandy. New Edition edited by Richard Phené Spiers |
| Ramée | Daniel Ramée | Histoire Générale de l’Architecture. 3 vols. |
| Reber | Franz von Reber | History of Mediaeval Art |
| Revoil | Henry Revoil | Architecture du Midi de la France |
| Rickman | Thomas Rickman | Gothic Architecture, or An Attempt to Discriminate the Styles of Architecture in England from the Conquest to the Reformation |
| Rivoira | G. Teresio Rivoira | Lombardie Architecture, translated by G. McN. Rushforth |
| Ross | Frederick Ross | The Ruined Abbeys of Britain |
| Ruprich-Robert | V. Ruprich-Robert | L’Architecture Normande aux XIe et XIIe Siècles. En Normandie et en Angleterre |
| Sharpe | Edmund Sharpe | The Seven Periods of English Architecture |
| Simpson | F. M. Simpson | A History of Architectural Development. 3 vols. |
| Strange | Edward F. Strange | The Cathedral Church of Worcester. A description of the Fabin and a brief history of the Episcopal See |
| Street | Geo. Edmund Street | Gothic Architecture in Spain |
| Sturgis | Russell Sturgis | A History of Architecture |
| Uhde | Constantin Uhde | Baudenkmaeler in Grossbrittannien. 2 vols. Plates |
| Uhde | Constantin Uhde | Baudenkmaeler in Spanien und Portugal |
| Viollet-de-Duc | Eugène Emmanuel Viollet-le-Duc | Dictionnaire Raisonné de l’Architecture Française du XIe au XVIe Siècle. 10 vols. |
| Willis | R. Willis | On the construction of the vaults of the Middle Ages (in the Transactions of the Royal Institute of British Architects, Vol. I, Part II). |
INDEX
Abbreviations.—Ch., Church; Cath., Cathedral; Ab. Ch., Abbey Church; N. D., Notre Dame; S. M., Santa Maria, Saint Mary, etc.
[A], [B], [C], [D], [E], [F], [G], [H], [I], [J], [K], [L], [M], [N], [O], [P], [Q], [R], [S], [T], [U], [V], [W], [X], [Y], [Z]