[249a] Duvergier de Hauranne, Prosper (1798-1881), was a distinguished French publicist, born at Rouen. He was parliamentary deputy for Sancerre in 1831 and took part in most of the political struggles of the following twenty years. He was exiled from France at the time of the Coup d’État, but returned during the reign of Napoleon III. Henceforth he devoted himself exclusively to historical studies. His Histoire du gouvernement parlementaire en France, published in 1870, secured his election to the French Academy.
[249b] Madison, James (1751-1836). The fourth President of the United States; born at Port Conway, Virginia. Acted with Jay and Hamilton in the Convention which framed the Constitution and wrote with them The Federalist. He had two terms of office—between 1809 and 1817—as President. He died at Montpelier, Virginia. His Debates of the Congress of Confederation was published in Elliot’s “Debates on the State Conventions,” 4 vols., Philadelphia, 1861.
[249c] Hamilton, Alexander (1757-1804). A great American statesman, who served in Washington’s army, and after the war became eminent as a lawyer in New York. He wrote fifty-one out of the eighty-five essays of The Federalist. He was appointed Secretary of the Treasury to the United States in 1789. He was mortally wounded in a duel by Aaron Burr in 1804. His influence upon the American Constitution gives him a great place in the annals of the Republic.
[249d] Calhoun, John Campbell (1782-1850). An American statesman; born in Abbeville County, South Carolina and studied at Yale. As a Member of Congress he supported the war with Great Britain in 1812-15. He was twice Vice-President of the United States. He died at Washington. A Disquisition on Government and a Discourse on the Constitution and Government of the United States were written in the last months of his life. His Collected Works appeared in 1853-4.
[250a] Dumont, Pierre Etienne Louis (1759-1829). A great publicist; born in Geneva, and principally known in England by his association with Bentham, to whom he acted as an editor and interpreter. Lived much in Paris, St. Petersburg, and, above all, in London, where he knew Fox, Sheridan, and other famous men, and taught the children of Lord Shelburne. Dumont’s Sophismes Anarchiques appears in Bentham’s Collected Works as Anarchical Fallacies.
[250b] Quinet, Edgar (1803-1875). French historian and philosopher; born at Borg and died in Paris. His epic poem of Ahasuerus was placed upon the Index. Of his many books his La Révolution Française is the best known. It was written in Switzerland, where he was an exile during the reign of Napoleon III. He returned to France in 1870.
[250c] Stein, Lorenz von (1815-1890). Writer on economics, studied in Kiel and in Jena. In 1855 he became Professor of International Law in Vienna. He wrote books on statecraft and international law. His work entitled Der Sozialismus und Kommunismus des heutigen Frankreich appeared in Leipzig in 1843.
[251a] Lassalle, Ferdinand (1825-1864), the famous social democrat, was of Jewish birth; born at Breslau. He took part in the revolution of 1848 and received six months’ imprisonment. He was wounded in a duel at Geneva over a love affair and died two days later. His System der Erworbenen Rechte appeared in 1861.
[251b] Thonissen, Jean Joseph (1817-1891). A distinguished jurist; born in Belgium. He studied at Liege and in Paris; became a Professor of the Catholic University of Louvain; afterwards became a Minister of State. Of his many works his Socialisme depuis l’antiquité jusqu’à la constitution française de 1852 is best known.
[251c] Considérant, Victor (1808-1894). Born at Salins, and, after the Revolution of 1848, entered the Chamber of Deputies. He crossed to America to found a colony in Texas, but ruined himself by the experiment. He returned to France in 1869. He was the author of many socialistic treatises.