1. Review in one of the smaller manuals of European history the course of political development in Germany during the century.
2. Political condition of the German states at the beginning of the century. [Seignobos, first parts of chaps. 12, 14; Henderson, vol. 2, chaps. 6, 7; Bigelow, vol. 3, chap. 1.]
3. The Zollverein. [Rand, Ec. hist., chap. 8; Bigelow, vol. 3, chap. 4; Seignobos, end of chap. 14.]
4. The Prussian tariff of 1818. [Bigelow, vol. 3, chap. 17.]
5. The conflict between Prussia and Austria. [Henderson, vol. 2, chap. 9; Seignobos, chap. 15.]
6. The return to protection. [“Veritas,” chap. 5.]
BIBLIOGRAPHY
The best single reference is J. H. Clapham, **The economic development of France and Germany, 1815-1914, Cambridge, 1921. Ogg, ** Econ. development, chap. 10, industry, and chap. 14, commerce, is brief on the earlier part of the century but gives notably full bibliographies.
A bibliography of Germany, including references to a number of articles in English will be found in Homans, Cyclopedia of commerce, N. Y., 1858, p. 814. The student who is confined to reading in English must seek in Homans, M’Culloch and similar books, or in the general encyclopedias published before 1870, the descriptions there given of German commerce in the earlier parts of the century. Most of the English reading which is readily available takes up economic development only in connection with political history. Topical references have been given above to the general narrative histories: **Seignobos; Ernest F. Henderson, A short history of Germany, 2 vols., N. Y., Macmillan, 1902; Poultney Bigelow, History of the German struggle for liberty, 3 vols., N. Y., Harper, 1896-1903. An anonymous book, by “Veritas”, The German Empire of to-day, London, Longmans, 1902, includes chapters on the history of German commercial policy which make it a convenient source of information to readers of English. The best book in English, however, on German commercial policy is W. H. Dawson, **Protection in Germany, London, King, 1904, which covers the whole century; it is a book to be studied, not merely read. A valuable summary of the history of German American commercial relations throughout the nineteenth century is given by G. M. Fiske in Review of Reviews, N. Y., March, 1902, 25: 323-328.