23. Development of the merchant marine, 1815-1860. [Marvin, chaps. 9, 11, 12; Abbot, chaps. 1, 2.]
24. American whalers. [Marvin, chap. 8.]
25. Navigation laws of the U. S.: history and criticism. [Wells, Merch. marine; Carnegie History, chap. 39.]
BIBLIOGRAPHY
See chapter xlv for general works.
Special Accounts.—Worthy P. Sterns, **Foreign trade of U. S. from 1820 to 1840, Jour. Pol. Econ., Chicago, Dec., 1899, 8: 34-57, 452-490;
J. McGregor, *Commercial statistics; J. S. Homans, *Cyclopedia; J. D. B. DeBow, *Industrial resources.
Special Topics.—Hulbert, Historic highways, and more briefly in The paths of inland commerce, New Haven, 1920; E. R. Johnson, Amer. railway, (with references); A. T. Hadley, Railroad trans.; C. F. Adams, Jr., Railroads; U. B. Phillips, History of transportation in the eastern cotton belt to 1860, N. Y., 1908. Shipping: Samuel E. Morison, **Maritime history of Massachusetts, 1783-1860, Boston, 1921; R. D. Paine, *The old merchant marine, New Haven, 1920; A. H. Clark, The clipper ship era, 1843-1869, N. Y., 1910; A. T. Verrill, The real story of the whaler, N. Y., 1916; John H. Morison, History of American steam navigation, N. Y., 1903. River navigation: H. W. Dickinson, Robert Fulton, London, 1913; D. L. Buckman, Old steamboat days, N. Y., 1907; W. E. Verplanck and M. W. Collyer, The sloops of the Hudson, N. Y., 1908; H. M. Chittenden, History of early steamboat navigation on the Missouri River, N. Y., 1903. Canals: H. W. Hill, Historical review of waterways and canal construction in New York State, Buffalo, 1908, (Buffalo Hist. Soc., vol. 12); N. E. Whitford, History of the canal system of the State of New York, Albany, 1906, 2 vol., (Supplement to Rep. of State Engineer for 1904-05); E. J. Benton, The Wabash trade route in the development of the Old Northwest, Baltimore, 1903. The West: K. Coman, ** Economic beginnings of the Far West, 2 vol., N. Y., 1912; R. G. Thwaites, The fur trade in Wisconsin, 1812-1825, Madison, Wisc., 1912; I. Lippincott, History of manufactures in the Ohio valley to 1860, N. Y., 1914.
CHAPTER XLIX
EXPORTS, 1815-1860
633. Chief exports in 1860.—The following table gives the chief items among the exports of the country in 1860, and corresponding items made up from the annual average of the years 1802-1804, as a basis from which to appreciate the changes.