(h) The Act of 1909 (Payne-Aldrich).
(i) The Act of 1913 (Underwood).
[Taussig or Mayo-Smith and Seligman. The student may also consult tariff histories by Stanwood, Rabbeno, etc., narrative histories and contemporary periodical articles.]
13. The following figures give, in millions of dollars, the commerce in merchandise passing through the eight principal ports in 1900. On a sketch map of the country draw lines from the different ports proportional to the figures and extending out to sea; thus giving graphic representation of relative importance of the ports. The first figure is that of imports, the second that of exports. New York, 1,048, 918; Galveston, 8, 281; New Orleans, 82, 170; Boston, 147, 70; Philadelphia, 93, 76; Baltimore, 33, 116; San Francisco, 63, 66; Puget Sound, 51, 63.
14. The figures, sect. 707, may best be charted by the use of colored crayons, giving each grand division its own color. Draw a line composed of 100 equal units, by the use of dividers or a scale; a foot rule, divided into sixteenths of an inch, may be employed, making the line 61⁄4 inches long (16 × 61⁄4 = 100). Chart imports and exports separately, and study the charts as representing the relative importance of our trade with the different continents at different periods.
15. Note carefully that the figures of the text, page 585, are percentages, not total values. The total values are given below, with a slight difference of arrangement; each unit of the figures represents ten million dollars, and dashes are inserted when the values do not come within one decimal place of a unit.
| (Units of ten million dollars.) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1800 | 1860 | 1913 | ||||
| Imports | Exports | Imports | Exports | Imports | Exports | |
| Europe | 5 | 4 | 22 | 31 | 89 | 148 |
| North America | 3 | 3 | 8 | 5 | 36 | 62 |
| Asia | 1 | 0.1 | 3 | 1 | 28 | 12 |
| South America | — | — | 4 | 2 | 22 | 15 |
| Oceania | — | — | 0.3 | 0.5 | 4 | 8 |
| Africa | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.4 | 0.3 | 3 | 3 |
To illustrate the use of the figures: the imports from Oceania in 1860 were roughly three million dollars in value, in 1913, forty millions (the precise figure was $37,543,441).
The figures may be used in studying our commercial relations in the following ways:
(a) To show the development of our commerce with different continents take three large sheets of paper, for the three different dates. Lay off the largest figures (Europe, 1913, 89 imports plus 148 exports) to a convenient scale at the top of one sheet, and below it draw other lines showing the total commerce with each of the other grand divisions at that date. Distinguish either imports or exports by the use of wavy or dotted lines. Prepare the other charts, using the same scale. These charts will show the growth of American commerce, while the charts based on figures in the text show only changes in proportion.