12. Write a similar essay on the Phœnicians. [See Sidon and Tyre in the subject-index.]
13. Show the similarity of conditions in Phœnicia and in Norway, forcing the inhabitants of both countries to the sea. [Study the physical characteristics of Norway in a geography, and note the history of the Vikings, and the importance of commerce and navigation in modern Norway.]
14. Write a report, from information to be got from the Encyclopædia Britannica, on one of the following subjects:—
(a) The commerce and manufactures of the Phœnicians. [See the index in the last volume of the ninth edition, under Phœnicians.]
(b) The manufacture and trade in glass in the ancient world. [See vol. 10, p. 647.]
(c) The Phœnician purple. [See the references under the word Purple, vol. 20, p. 116, and the index.]
(d) Early navigation. [See the index.]
15. Wares of Phœnician commerce. [Bible, Ezekiel, chap. 27.]
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Ancient Commerce.—The best available survey of the economic development of the ancient world is Cunningham’s **Western civilization in its economic aspects, vol. 1, Ancient times, Cambridge (N. Y.) Macmillan, 1898; this may be used for parallel reading throughout. On Egypt, Adolf Erman, Life in ancient Egypt, London, 1894, is interesting and reliable. Readers of English are fortunate also in having a translation of Holm’s *History of Greece, N. Y., Macmillan, 1894, 4 vols.; it may be made to serve as a history of commerce in the Mediterranean down to the second century. The popular books on Alexander’s conquests and their results, by Wheeler and Mahaffy, give, unfortunately, little attention to economic affairs. P. V. N. Myers, *History of Greece, Boston, Ginn, 1895, is a convenient manual for general reading. Alfred E. Zimmern, **The Greek Commonwealth, revised ed., Oxford, 1915, is an interesting account of the economic and political factors in Athens of the fifth century.