The proper names occurring in the Analects present some difficulty to the European reader, as one and the same person is often referred to in several different ways—by his surname and personal name, by his "style," or by a combination of the two, while among intimates the personal name only is employed. Mr. Ku has on this account eliminated almost all proper names from his translation, using a periphrasis instead. But by this method one misses much of the characterisation which is such an attractive feature of the Analects. I have judged it better to give the names of the principal disciples exactly as they appear in the Chinese, and to provide a table of their various appellations for easy reference. An asterisk denotes the name most frequently used.
| Surname and Personal Name. | Style. | Mixed Appellation. | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Yen Hui | Tzŭ Yüan | Yen Yüan.* | |
| Min Sun (Min Tzŭ) | Tzŭ Ch‘ien | Min Tzŭ-ch‘ien,* | |
| Jan Kêng | Po Niu* | Jan Po-niu. | |
| Jan Yung | Chung Kung* | ||
| Jan Ch‘iu | Tzŭ Yu | Jan Yu.* | |
| Chung Yu | Tzŭ Lu* Chi Lu | ||
| Tsai Yü | Tzŭ Wo | Tsai Wo.* | |
| Tuan-mu Tz‘ŭ | Tzŭ Kung* | ||
| Yen Yen | Tzŭ Yŭ* | Yen Yu. | |
| Pu Shang | Tzŭ Hsia* | ||
| Chuan-sun Shih | Tzŭ Chang* | ||
| Tsêng Shên (Tsêng Tzŭ*) | Tzŭ Yŭ | ||
| Fan Hsü | Tzŭ Ch‘ih | Fan Ch‘ih.* | |
| Ssŭ-ma Kêng | Tzŭ Niu | Ssŭ-ma Niu.* | |
| Kung-hsi Ch‘ih | Tzŭ Hua | Kung-hsi Hua.* | |
| Yu Jo (Yu Tzŭ*) | Tzŭ Jo | ||
[GOVERNMENT AND PUBLIC AFFAIRS]
The Master said: In ruling a country of a thousand chariots there should be scrupulous attention to business, honesty, economy, charity, and employment of the people at the proper season.
A virtuous ruler is like the Pole-star, which keeps its place, while all the other stars do homage to it.
People despotically governed and kept in order by punishments may avoid infraction of the law, but they will lose their moral sense. People virtuously governed and kept in order by the inner law of self-control will retain their moral sense, and moreover become good.