Rari. Predicate of pugna, as well as excursus.—Velocitas applies to cavalry, cunctatio to infantry; juxta==connected with, allied to, cf. juxta libertatem, 21.
XXXI. Aliis—populis. Dat. after usurpatum, which with its adjuncts is the subject of vertit. See same construction, His. 1, 18: observatum id antiquitus comitiis dirimendis non terruit Galbam, etc., cf. also A. 1.—Audentia occurs only thrice in T. (G. 31. 34. Ann. 15, 53), and once in Pliny (Ep. 8, 4). It differs from audacia in being a virtue.
Vertit. Intrans. Not so found in Cic., but in Liv., Caes., and Sall., not unfrequent. Gr. Cic. however uses anno vertente.
In consensum vertit. Has become the common custom.
Ut primum. Just as soon as. A causal relation is also implied; hence followed by the subj.
Crinem—submittere. We find this custom (of letting the hair and beard grow long) later among the Lombards and the Saxons, cf. Turn. His. Ang. Sax., App. to B. 2.
Super—spolia, i.e. over the bloody spoils of a slain enemy.
Revelant, i.e. they remove the hair and beard, which have so long veiled the face.
Retulisse==repaid, discharged their obligations to those who gave them birth.
Squalor. This word primarily denotes roughness; secondarily and usually filth: here the deformity of unshorn hair and beard.