The form of the symbol of this day varies but little in the codices, as shown by plate [LXVII], 28-31. It is seldom found in this form in combination. If its equivalent is given in these, it is of the form shown in 33. It is, however, occasionally seen on articles of stone, as the spearpoint (32) and stone hatchet (34) and sacrificial knife. It also appears in the symbol for the stone mortar (36) from Tro. 19c. Before discussing its signification and probable origin we will give the significations which have been suggested of the different names of the day.
The signification of the Nahuatl name—tecpatl—is “flint.” Dr Brinton says, “especially the flint-stone knife used in sacrificing, to cut the victim.” Dr Seler finds agreement in the Tzental name from a statement, by Nuñez de la Vega, that the symbol chinax, or rather the tutelary god of the same, was a great warrior, who was always represented in the calendars with a banner in his hand, and that he was slain and burned by the nagual of another heathen symbol. Dr Brinton states that the name “is an old or sacred form of the usual zni-nax, ‘knife.’” The literal meaning of the Cakchiquel tihax is, according to Ximenes, “it bites, scraping” (muerde rasgando). Dr Seler, however, affirms that Ximenes (with what authority he knows not) gives “obsidian” as the meaning. He thinks the word is related to the root teuh, “cold”—tih-ih, “to be cold”—with which may be compared the words tic, “to stick in, prick;” tiz, “to stitch,” and tiztic, “pointed.”
In regard to the Zapotec name, gopa, gopaa, or opa, the authors named differ quite widely, Dr Seler deriving it from rogopa, “cold,” and Dr Brinton suggesting that it is more likely “a variant of guipa, a sharp point or edge, whence the word for stone knife, gueza-guipa, from guia, stone.”
The Maya name, however, does not appear to be readily brought into harmony with the others. Dr Seler simply remarks that it may be related to the root e, “firm, rigid, hard.” Pio Perez offers no explanation. Dr Brinton suggests that it is a figurative expression for the sacrificial knife, from nab, something anointed, or blood, and edz, to adjust, to point, to sharpen.
There can be no question that the articles in the codices on which the trembling cross is found consists, in most instances, if not all, of stone. Hence it is a reasonable conclusion that the primary signification of the symbol is stone. The Zotzil name for “flint” (pedernal) is zuiton.
I am inclined to believe that the symbol is derived from a conventional form used for indicating stone or flint, probably from the cracks or fissures in it.
I am not prepared yet to discuss the somewhat similar figures which assume the form of the St Anthony cross. Various interpretations, as symbol for “union,” “night sun,” etc, have been given. However, as this form is never used as a day symbol, it has no direct relation to the present discussion.
Maya, cauac; Tzental, cahogh; Quiche-Cakchiquel, caok, cook; Zapotec, ape, appe, aape; Nahuatl, quiahuitl.
The various forms of the symbol of this day are shown in plate 37-48—that by Landa at 37; those of the Troano and Cortesian codices at 38-43, and those from the Dresden Codex at 45-47. The irregular form given at 44 is from Tro. 28d, and that at 48 from the Peresianus.