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'Lithium is an element; for it is an alkali-producing substance, which is a metal, which is an element.'—Fallacy of no-application.
| Every alk. prod. subst. | is a metal | Every metal | is an element |
| L. is alk. p. subst. | it is a metal | L. is a metal | it is an element |
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'Rational beings are accountable for their actions; brutes not being rational, are therefore exempt from responsibility.'
| I. | |
| Rational beings | are accountable |
| Brutes not rational | N. C. |
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'Whatever tends to withdraw the mind from pursuits of a low nature deserves to be promoted; classical learning does this, since it gives us a taste for intellectual enjoyments; therefore it deserves to be promoted.'
| V. | I. | ||
| Whatever gives | tends | Whatever tends | deserves |
| Learning gives | it tends | Learning tends | it deserves |
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