A first book in organic evolution

by D. Kerfoot Shute

[23] “Religion is the conception by man of his relation to the infinite universe and its source; and morality is the ever present guide of life proceeding only from this relation.” Tolstoi.

[24] Fiske.

[25] Society also utterly ignores the rights of unborn children in permitting the constant marriages of men and women having constitutions tainted with hereditary diseases, as insanity, syphilis, tuberculosis, etc.

[26] In Dipnoi, which are fishes with Amphibian characters, the paired fins have each a central segmented axis which bears on each side a series of radial pieces. The air bladder is a true lung, and is frequently used as such. The heart shows indications of becoming three chambered (two auricles and one ventricle). The left auricle contains arterial blood from the lungs. There is an inferior vena cava. The nasal sacs open posteriorly into the mouth.

INDEX.

• Achromatin, [6].
• Acquired Characters, [65], [71], [72], [76].
• Actinozoa, [232].
• Age, of Amphibians, [105].
• Age, of Fishes, [101].
• Age, of Mammals, [111].
• Age, of Man, [114].
• Age, of Molluscs, [98], [100].
• Age, of Reptiles, [110].
• Air-bladder, [236].
• Allantois, [238].
• Altruism, [223], [225].
• Amblypoda, [111].
• Amblystoma, [62], [63].
• America, Central, [141].
• America, South, [83], [145], [146].
• America, North, development of, [85].
• America, Archæan, [85].
• America, Cretaceous, [87].
• America, Tertiary, [88], [89].
• America, tropical, [146], [147], [149].
• Amia, [236], [237].
• Amitosis, [28].
• Ammonites, [100], [108].
• Amnion, [238].
• Amœba proteus, [10], [35], [230].
• Amphibia, [96], [102], [103], [104], [105], [235], [238].
• Amphibia, of snake-like form, [103].
• Amphibia, generalized, [107].
• Amphimixis, [46].
• Amphineura, [234].
• Amphioxus, [235].
• Anaptomorphus, [111].
• Ancon sheep, [49].
• Angiospermæ, [245].
• Animals, backboned, [96], [101], [103], [152].
• Animals, birth rate of, [123].
• Animals, coloration of, [126], [127].
• Animals, death rate of, [123].
• Animals, grass-eating, [137].
• Animals, gregarious, [150].
• Animals, multicellular, [4], [229].
• Animals, multiplication of, [122].
• Animals, snake-eating, [136].
• Animals, segmented, [233], [234].
• Animals, unicellular, [4], [229].
• Animals, unsegmented, [233].
• Annulata, [233].
• Ant-bear, [123].
• Antelope, desert, [127].
• Antitoxines, [15].
• Anthropoid Apes, [243].
• Anthropoid Characters, [185].
• Anthropomorphism, [211].
• Anthropopithecus, [243], [244].
• Anthropoidea, [240], [241].
• Antlers, of deer, [14], [157].
• Ants, [110], [123], [233].
• Anura, [238].
• Apes, anthropoid, [243].
• Arachnida, [233].
• Arcella, [16], [231].
• Archæan land, Canadian, [86].
• Archæan land, Blue Ridge, [86].
• Archæan land, Rocky Mountain, [86].
• Archæopteryx, [108], [238].
• Archegosaurus, [103], [238].
• Arctic regions, [151].
• Argonaut, [98].
• Armadillos, [114].
• Arthropoda, [233].
• Arthropods, [96], [98], [99].
• Artificial Selection, [120], [121], [122].
• Asteroidea, [232].
• Atavism, [51], [52], [191].
• Ateles, [242].
• Attraction-sphere, [27].
• Aves, [234], [238].
• Aye-Ayes, [241].
• Baboons, [243].
• Baby, grasping power of, [192].
• Bach, family of, [40].
• Bacillus diphtheriæ, [16].
• Bacillus, tetanus, [15].
• Bacteria, [14].
• Bacteria, nitrifying, [16].
• Badger, [123].
• Balanoglossus, [233].
• Barriers, geographical, [166], [169].
• Barriers, sexual, [166], [169].
• Bat, [127], [130].
• Bear, polar, [127].
• Beavers, [157].
• Bees, [59], [60], [102], [105], [110], [123], [163], [164].
• Bee-eaters, [127].
• Beetles, [147].
• Belemnites, [108].
• Berg adder, [149].
• Biophors, [6].
• Bipes, [115].
• Blastids, [99].
• Blastoidea, [233].
• Blastula, [32].
• Bird fancier, [120].
• Birds, [96], [105], [107], [109], [144], [146], [147], [148], [152], [159].
• Birds, courtship of, [153], [154].
• Birds, eggs of, [132], [133], [134], [135].
• Birds, excreta of, [142].
• Birds, humming, [152], [157], [159].
• Birds, paradise, [152].
• Birds, reptilian, [108].
• Birds, singing of, [154], [155].
• Birds, snake-eating, [147], [149].
• Boar, wild, [121], [157].
• Body-cells, [45], [64].
• Borneo, [138].
• Bower birds, [155].
• Brachiopoda, [232].
• Brachiopods, [96], [97], [100], [102], [105].
• Brain, [232], [233], [234], [235], [239].
• Brain, development of, [199], [214], [215].
• Brain, fœtal, [203], [204].
• Brain, ideal section of, [203].
• Brain, of fish, [199].
• Brain, of lemur, [201].
• Brain, of man, [203], [206], [211].
• Brain, of marsupial, [200].
• Brain, mind immanent in, [208].
• Brain, of monkeys, [202].
• Brain, psychic phenomena of, [206].
• Brain, of reptile, [199].
• Bryophyta, [244].
• Bryozoa, [232].
• Bull, [157].
• Bullfinch, [154].
• Butterflies, [59], [102], [110], [135], [139], [140], [141], [142], [143], [145], [147], [148], [158], [233].
• Bulldog, [121].
• Caducibranchiata, [178], [237].
• Calamoichthys, [236].
• Callithrix, [242].
• Camel, [127].
• Canaries, [154].
• Carinatæ, [238].
• Carnivora, [239].
• Carus, Dr. Paul, [208].
• Castration, [224].
• Catarrhinæ, [241].
• Caterpillar, [135], [138], [139], [140], [141], [145].
• Cats, forest, [128].
• Cattle, [169].
• Cave bear, [114].
• Cebidæ, [241], [242].
• Cebus, [242].
• Cells, [xiii.] [4].
• Cells, body or somatic, [xiv.] [45], [64].
• Cells, chemistry of, [4], [5].
• Cells, daughter, [8].
• Cells, encysted, [5].
• Cells, flagellate, [29].
• Cells, germ, [xiv.] [45], [54], [57], [65], [67], [161].
• Cells, mother, [8].
• Cells, nutrition of, [7].
• Cells, reproduction of, [7], [25].
• Cells, stinging, [231].
• Cells, structure of, [5], [6].
• Centipede, [98], [233].
• Centrosome, [6], [27].
• Cephalopoda, [234].
• Cephalopods, [98], [100].
• Ceratites, [105].
• Ceratodus, [104], [105], [237].
• Cercopithecidæ, [241], [242].
• Cerebellum, [199], [206], [239].
• Cerebrum, [199], [205], [239].
• Cetacea, [239].
• Character, [220], [226].
• Characters, acquired, [65], [68].
• Characters, anthropoid, [185].
• Characters, congenital, [68].
• Characters, non-transmission of acquired, [66], [70].
• Characters, pithecoid, [185].
• Characters, transmission of acquired, [66], [76].
• Chatterers, [152].
• Cheiroptera, [239].
• Cheirotes, [115].
• Chelonia, [238].
• Children, rights of unborn, [224], [225].
• Chimæroids, [106], [236].
• Chimpanzee, [243], [244].
• Chiromys, [241].
• Chitons, [234].
• Choice, [216], [223].
• Chordata, [234].
• Chromosomes, [6], [31].
• Chrysothrix, [242].
• Civilization, [215].
• Classification, [xi.] [xii.]
• Club-foot, [193].
• Clubmosses, [100], [102], [245].
• Cockroaches, [100], [234].
• Codosiga umbellata, [23].
• Cœcilia, [238].
• Cœlenterata, [32], [96], [97], [99], [230], [231], [232].
• Coloration, alluring, [128], [141].
• Coloration, protective, [127], [128], [135].
• Coloration, as recognition marks, [150].
• Coloration, warning, [128], [144].
• Columba livia, [120].
• Comb-bearers, [231].
• Condylarthra, [111].
• Coniferæ, [105], [215].
• Corals, [96], [97], [100], [102].
• Corals, chain, [99], [100].
• Corals, honeycomb, [99], [100].
• Coral, hydroid, [99], [100].
• Coreopsis, [142].
• Cormorants, [134].
• Cosmic Designer, [220].
• Cosmos, Soul of, [210], [211].
• Cows, [121].
• Crabs, [233].
• Creation, [211], [212].
• Creodonta, [111].
• Criminals, [223], [224].
• Crinoidea, [96], [97], [99], [100], [232].
• Crocodilia, [157], [238].
• Crossopterygii, [101], [103], [105], [106], [109], [110], [236].
• Cross-sterility, [167], [168], [169].
• Crustacea, [102], [103], [233].
• Cryptogams, [97], [244].
• Ctenophora, [231].
• Cuttlefish, [98], [234].
• Cycadaceæ, [100], [102], [105], [245].
• Cynocephalus, [243].
• Cypresses, [100], [102], [245].
• Cystids, [96], [97], [99].
• Cystoidea, [232].
• Cytoplasm, [4].
• Daisy, ox-eyed, [142].
• Deer, fallow, [169].
• Deer, forest, [128], [129].
• Design, [212].
• Designer, [212].
• Desmids, [12].
• Diatoms, [12], [18].
• Dicotyledones, [245].
• Didelphia, [239].
• Difflugia, [17], [230].
• Dinosauria, [107], [109], [238].
• Dipnoi, [101], [103], [106], [236], [237].
• Disuse, [60], [63], [64], [216].
• Dogs, [146].
• Dragon flies, [100].
• Dragons, flying, [107].
• Dromatherium, [106].
• Ducks, [134], [157].
• Echinodermata, [96], [97], [99], [102], [231], [232].
• Echinoidea, [232].
• Ectoderm, [32], [230], [231].
• Ectoplasm, [11].
• Edentata, [239].
• Elaps, [146], [149].
• Elasmobranchii, [101], [103], [236].
• Elephant, [112], [160].
• Elimination, [125].
• Elimination, climatic, [125].
• Elimination, by enemies, [126].
• Elimination, physical, [125].
• Elimination, through competition, [126].
• Elms, [216].
• Embryo, coral, [123].
• Embryo, instability of, [167].
• Embryology, [33].
• Endoderm, [32], [230], [231].
• Endoplasm, [11].
• Enteron, [231].
• Enteropneusta, [233].
• Environment, [54], [55], [64], [72], [73], [74], [75], [76], [77], [90], [127], [223].
• Environment, complexity of, [90].
• Environment and coloration, [126], [127].
• Environment, unstable, [81].
• Eohippus, [113].
• Epencephalon, [199].
• Epiblast, [32].
• Epoch, Champlain, [85], [89].
• Epoch, Eocene, [85].
• Epoch, Glacial, [85], [89].
• Epoch, Miocene, [85].
• Epoch, Pliocene, [85].
• Epoch, Terrace, [85], [89].
• Equatorial-plate, [27].
• Equus, [113].
• Era, Archæan, [85], [94].
• Era, Cenozoic, [85].
• Era, Mesozoic, [85], [110].
• Era, Palæozoic, [85], [86].
• Era, Psychozoic, [85], [114].
• Erythrolamprus, [149].
• Eucalyptus, [132].
• Evolution, [108].
• Evolution, factors of, [xiii.]
• Evolution, definition of, [xiii.]
• Evolution, psychic, [215].
• Evolution, social, [215], [225].
• Evolution, goal of, [226].
• Falcon, [127].
• Fantail, [120].
• Ferns, [100], [102], [244].
• Fertilization, [29], [42].
• Fertilization, cross, [162].
• Fertilization, by humming birds, [161].
• Fertilization, by insects, [161].
• Fertilization, by the wind, [161].
• Fertilization, of flowers, [161].
• Fertilization, of frog’s eggs, [173].
• Fertilization, of ovum, [29].
• Fetichism, [209].
• Finches, [157].
• Fishes, [96], [101], [103], [104], [106], [109], [127], [152].
• Fishes, Age of, [101].
• Fishes, generalized, [102].
• Fishes, with Amphibian characters, [101].
• Flagellum, [19], [29].
• Flies, [142].
• Flower, simile of the, [213].
• Flowers, [105], [144].
• Flowers, conspicuous, [162].
• Flowers, female, [161].
• Flowers, fertilization of, [151].
• Flowers, male, [160], [161].
• Flowers, parts of, [160].
• Flowers, primitive, [161].
• Food, [58], [61].
• Foraminifera, [12], [97], [102], [230].
• Forest of Dean, [169].
• Fossils, [94].
• Friar Birds, [148].
• Frog, development of, [173], [177].
• Frogs, [135], [136], [137], [138], [146], [238].
• Fuegians, [187].
• Fungi, [244].
• Game-cock, [157], [159].
• Ganglia, [232], [233].
• Ganoidei, [101], [103], [105], [106], [107], [109], [110], [237].
• Garpikes, [105], [237].
• Gasteropoda, [234].
• Gastrula, [32].
• Gastrulation, [32].
• Gemmæ, [6].
• Gemmules, [6].
• Generations, alternations of, [231].
• Geometer Moth, caterpillar of, [140].
• Gephyrea, [2], [3].
• Germ-cells, [45], [54], [57], [161].
• Germ-cells, continuity of, [67], [70], [71].
• Germ-cells, insulated, [65], [68], [70].
• Gibbons, [243], [244].
• Giraffe, [129], [130].
• Globigerina, [13], [23].
• Goat-sucker, [134].
• Goniatites, [100], [102], [105].
• Gorillas, [243], [244].
• Graptolites, [96], [97], [99].
• Grasses, [245].
• Gregarina, [230].
• Gregarinida, [230].
• Gromia oviformis, [20].
• Grouse, [159].
• Gymnophiona, [238].
• Gymnospermæ, [244].
• Habitat, [54], [60].
• Hair, [194].
• Hapale, [242].
• Hapalidæ, [241], [242].
• Hares, [157], [160].
• Hare, Polar, [127].
• Hawk, [132].
• Hearing, [195].
• Heliconidæ, [145], [147], [148].
• Hereditary Mass, [41], [43], [44], [46], [51].
• Hereditary Mass, reduction of, [46].
• Hereditary Threads, [31], [41].
• Hereditary Units, ancestral, [43], [45].
• Hereditary Units, maternal, [42].
• Hereditary Units, paternal, [42].
• Heredity, [xiii.] [39], [53], [54], [72], [73], [74], [75], [76].
• Heredity, examples of, [40].
• Heritages, atavistic, [49].
• Heritages, augmentation of, [47].
• Heritages, blending of, [47].
• Heritages, latent, [49].
• Heritages, mutually exclusive, [47].
• Heritages, prepotency of, [47].
• Heritages, struggle of, [48].
• Heritages, totality of, [75].
• Herons, [134].
• Hesperornis, [238].
• Hippopotamus, [111].
• Hog, [111].
• Holocephali, [236].
• Holothuroidea, [232].
• Hominidæ, [242], [243].
• Homo delinquens, [52].
• Homo sapiens, [52].
• Honey-suckers, [148].
• Horse, [112], [121], [122].
• Horse, feet of, [113].
• Horse, swiftness of, [122].
• Horsetails, [100], [102], [244].
• Hyaloplasm, [5].
• Hydra, [231].
• Hydroids, [231].
• Hydrozoa, [231].
• Hylobatinæ, [244].
• Hylobates, [243], [244].
• Hypoblast, [32].
• Hyracoidea, [239].
• Ichthyornis, [238].
• Ichthyosauria, [107], [238].
• Idioblasts, [6].
• India, [141].
• Infancy, [217], [218].
• Infant, grasping power of, [192].
• Infection, congenital bacterial, [53].
• Infection, prenatal, [54].
• Infusoria, [42], [230].
• Insecta, [233].
• Insectivora, [107], [239].
• Insects, [100], [102], [110], [135], [137], [141], [143], [144], [147], [161], [162], [163], [164], [165].
• Insect selection, [160], [164].
• Invertebrates, [96], [234].
• Irish elk, [114].
• Isolation, geographical, [166].
• Isolation, sexual, [166].
• Java, [140], [142].
• Jukes, the, [41].
• Kaffir Boom, [130].
• Kallima, [139], [140].
• Kerivoula picta, [130].
• Labyrinthodonts, [103], [104].
• Lacertilia, [238].
• Lagena, [13], [23].
• Lamellibranchiata, [234].
• Lampreys, [101].
• Lampshells, [96], [232].
• Lancelet, [235].
• Larva, of Georgia butterfly, [138].
• Law of battle, [158], [159].
• Leaf-hoppers, [141].
• Leaf insects, [140].
• Leaf thrushes, [127].
• Leeches, [233].
• Lemuroidea, [111], [240].
• Lepidosiren, [237].
• Lepidosteus, [236].
• Leptocardii, [234], [235].
• Lichens, [244].
• Life-forms, transmutations of, [93].
• Life-forms, typical animal, [95].
• Limestone, [13].
• Lions, [127], [160].
• Lislet-Geoffrey, [48].
• Liverworts, [244].
• Lizards, [144], [146], [158].
• Locusts, palatable, [146].
• Locusts, unpalatable, [146].
• Longicornia, [147].
• Lung-fishes, [103], [104], [237].
• Macacus, [243].
• Macaques, [243].
• Magnolias, [111].
• Malay Archipelago, [148].
• Mammalia, [23], [240].
• Mammals, [96], [107], [109], [111], [113], [144], [152], [160].
• Mammals, Age of, [111].
• Mammals, land, [165].
• Mammals, placental, [239].
• Mammals, reptilian, [106], [107], [111].
• Mammals, snake-eating, [147], [149].
• Man, [146], [216].
• Man, age of, [114].
• Man, ancestors of, [185], [186].
• Man, brutish instincts of, [219].
• Man, evolution of, [180], [188].
• Man, imperfect adaptations of, [190].
• Man, primitive, [187].
• Man, quaternary, [114].
• Mantis, [141].
• Marmosets, [242].
• Marsipobranchii, [234], [235].
• Marsupials, [106], [107], [239].
• Mastodon, [114].
• Maturation, of ovum, [46].
• Medulla, [199].
• Mesencephalon, [199].
• Mesenchyme, [231], [232].
• Mesoblast, [32].
• Mesoglœa, [230].
• Mesoshippus, [113].
• Metaphyta, [244].
• Metaplasm, [4], [5].
• Metazoa, [229], [230].
• Metencephalon, [199].
• Mice, [127].
• Microgromia socialis, [22].
• Microlestes, [106].
• Midas, [242].
• Mimicry, [128], [147].
• Mind, [216].
• Miohippus, [113].
• Misumena vatia, [142].
• Mitosis, [7], [25].
• Moles, [127], [157].
• Mollusca, [96], [98], [99], [100], [232], [233].
• Monera, [230].
• Monism, [208].
• Monkeys, Capuchin, [242].
• Monkeys, howling, [242].
• Monkeys, New World, [241].
• Monkeys, Old World, [241].
• Monkeys, primitive, [111].
• Monkeys, spider, [242].
• Monkeys, squirrel, [242].
• Monocotyledones, [245].
• Monodelphia, [233].
• Monotheism, [210].
• Monotremes, [106], [107], [239].
• Morula, [31].
• Mosses, [244].
• Moths, [59], [61], [102].
• Mountains, Appalachian, [87].
• Mountains, Coast Range, [89].
• Mountains, Colorado, [88].
• Mountains, Wahsatch, [88].
• Multituberculata, [111].
• Musk sheep, [151].
• Mycetes, [242].
• Myriapoda, [233].
• Natural Selection, [119], [120], [124], [131], [132], [134], [137], [138], [141], [143], [147], [149], [152], [153], [158], [160], [162], [165], [225].
• Nautiloids, [98].
• Nautilus, [98].
• Nemathelminthes, [232].
• Nemertina, [233].
• Newfoundland, [121].
• Nicaragua, [146].
• Noctiluca, [18], [230].
• North America, development of, [85].
• Notochord, [234], [235].
• Nucleus, [6], [41], [44], [51].
• Nucleus, as formative center, [8].
• Nucleus, hermaphroditic, [43].
• Nucleus, reduction of, [46].
• Oaks, [245].
• Odontornithes, [238].
• Olfactory lobes, [199].
• Optic lobes, [199].
• Ontogeny, [178], [179], [180].
• Onychophora, [233].
• Oösperm, [31], [173].
• Oösperm, segmentation of, [31].
• Operculum, [196].
• Ophidia, [238].
• Opponens Hallucis, [190], [191].
• Orangs, [243], [244].
• Orchis, [141], [163].
• Ornithodelphia, [239].
• Orohippus, [113].
• Orthoceratites, [98], [99], [100].
• Osteoblasts, [13].
• Osteoclasts, [13].
• Ostracoderms, [100], [101].
• Ova, [56].
• Ovum, fertilized, [180].
• Ovum, human, [28], [31].
• Ovum, maturation of, [29], [43], [46].
• Oyster, [234].
• Palms, [245].
• Pandorina morum, [24], [31].
• Pangenesis, [66], [69].
• Pangenesis, modified, [68], [71].
• Pangennæ, [6].
• Paramecium, [230].
• Parrots, [127].
• Parthenogenesis, [42], [59].
• Partridge, [134].
• Paupers, [223].
• Peacocks, [152].
• Pelicans, [134].
• Perception, [207].
• Perennibranchiata, [177], [238].
• Period, Cambrian, [85], [96].
• Period, Carboniferous, [85], [87], [102].
• Period, Cretaceous, [85], [88], [108], [110].
• Period, Devonian, [85], [87], [100].
• Period, Jurassic, [85], [88], [106], [110].
• Period, Ordovician, [96].
• Period, Permian, [104].
• Period, Quaternary, [85], [89], [113].
• Period, Silurian, [85], [87], [96], [98].
• Period, Tertiary, [85], [112].
• Period, Triassic, [85], [105], [110].
• Peripatus, [233].
• Phanerogams, [244].
• Pheasants, [134], [152].
• Phosphorescence, [20].
• Phrynocephalus mystaceus, [141].
• Phylogeny, [178], [179], [180].
• Pig, domesticated, [121].
• Pigeons, Wild Rock, [120].
• Pigeons, fantail, [120].
• Pigeons, fruit-eating, [127].
• Pigeons, pouter, [120].
• Pigeons, tumbler, [120].
• Pigeons, white-headed fruit, [131].
• Pines, [100], [102], [245].
• Pisces, [234], [236].
• Plagiostomi, [236].
• Plants, land, [96], [97], [99], [100].
• Plants, flowering, [100], [110], [244].
• Plants, flowerless, [100], [244].
• Plants, generalized, [102].
• Plants, unicellular, [4].
• Plants, multicellular, [4].
• Plastids, [5].
• Platyhelminthes, [232].
• Platyrrhinæ, [241].
• Pleuracanthus, [103].
• Pliohippus, [113].
• Plovers, [131].
• Polar bodies, [29].
• Polyodon, [237].
• Polyps, [32], [231].
• Polypterus, [236].
• Polytheism, [210].
• Poplars, [245].
• Porifera, [25], [230].
• Pouter, [120].
• Preferential mating, [157], [159], [169].
• Primates, [239].
• Primitive man, [187].
• Primrose, [163].
• Proboscidea, [239].
• Pronucleus, female, [29], [31].
• Pronucleus, male, [29], [31].
• Prosencephalon, [199].
• Protective Imitation of Particular Objects, [138].
• Protective Resemblance, [128].
• Proteus, [237].
• Protohippus, [113].
• Protophyta, [244].
• Protoplasm, [4], [5], [33], [44].
• Protopterus, [237].
• Protozoa, [229], [230].
• Protozoa, flagellate, [24], [25].
• Protozoa, colonial, [22], [25].
• Pseudo-heredity, [53].
• Pseudopodia, [12].
• Psychic phenomena, [207].
• Ptarmigan, [131].
• Pteridophyta, [244].
• Pterosauria, [107], [109], [238].
• Ptilopus cinctus, [131].
• Quadrula, [17], [230].
• Recognition Marks, [150].
• Reducing process, [46].
• Redwood, [111].
• Regeneration of lost parts, [50].
• Reptiles, [96], [104], [106], [107], [109], [110], [152], [157], [235], [238].
• Reptiles, Age of, [110].
• Reptiles, generalized, [104], [107].
• Reptiles, land, [107].
• Reptiles, sea, [107].
• Reptiles, extinction of, [125].
• Reptiles, of bat-like form, [107].
• Reptiles, of lizard-like form, [104].
• Rabbit, [151].
• Radiolaria, [97].
• Ratitæ, [238].
• Raven, [132].
• Rays, [106], [236].
• Recognition Marks, [128], [150], [169].
• Religion, [221], [222].
• Rhinencephalon, [199].
• Rhinoceros, [112].
• Rhizopoda, [230].
• Ribs, [194].
• Rocks, table of stratified, [95].
• Rodentia, [239].
• Rotalia, [13], [23].
• Rotatoria, [232].
• Rotifer, [232].
• Ruminants, [111], [137].
• Rupture, [190].
• Saitis pulex, [156].
• Salamanders, [103], [147].
• Salamandra, [237].
• Salmons, [157], [158], [237].
• Saururæ, [238].
• Scaphopoda, [234].
• Scorpions, [99], [233].
• Sea, Cretaceous, [68].
• Sea, Palæozoic, [86].
• Sea-anemones, [231].
• Sea-cucumbers, [232].
• Seals, [160].
• Seaweeds, [96], [97], [244].
• Sea-urchins, [97], [99], [232].
• Selfishness, [216].
• Selection, artificial, [120], [121].
• Selection, insect, [160], [164].
• Selection, natural, [119], [120], [122], [124], [131], [132], [134], [137], [138], [141], [143], [147], [149], [152], [153], [158], [160], [162], [165], [225].
• Selection, physiological, [169].
• Selection, rational, [214].
• Selection, sexual, [152], [153], [154], [157], [158], [164].
• Sharks, [106], [107], [109], [235].
• Sharks, primitive, [100].
• Sheep, [121].
• Sheep, heath, [169].
• Sheep, merino, [169].
• Shrimps, [103], [233].
• Simia, [243], [244].
• Simiidæ, [242], [243], [244].
• Simiinæ, [244].
• Sinus venosus, [236].
• Siredon, [62], [63].
• Siren, [237].
• Sirenia, [239].
• Skye-terrier, [121].
• Sloths, [114].
• Snail, [234].
• Snakes, [135], [136], [137], [138], [147], [148], [149].
• Snipe, [131].
• Social evolution, goal of, [220].
• Soil, [69].
• Somatic-cells, [45].
• Spermatozoid, [29], [43], [56].
• Sphinx fuciformis, [138].
• Spider, [141], [142], [143], [146], [158], [233].
• Spider, love-dance of, [156].
• Spindle, [27].
• Sponges, [25], [96], [97], [99], [230].
• Spongioplasm, [5].
• Sports, [48], [49], [53].
• Spring-bok, [151].
• Spruces, [245].
• Squids, [98], [234].
• Squirrels, [157].
• Stag, [157].
• Star-fishes, [96], [97], [99], [232].
• Stegocephala, [103], [104], [106], [238].
• Sticklebacks, [157], [158].
• Stone-lily, [232].
• Storks, [134].
• Struggle for Existence, [124].
• Sturgeon, [237].
• Stylonychia, [10], [230].
• Sumatra, [140].
• Sunbirds, [130], [131].
• Survival of the Fittest, [120], [122], [138], [143].
• Symmetry, bilateral, [231], [232], [233].
• Symmetry, radial, [231].
• Sympathy, [216].
• Tadpoles, [58], [59], [174], [175].
• Tail, [195].
• Tanagers, [152].
• Tapir, [112].
• Tarsius, [241].
• Tee Tees, [242].
• Teleostomi, [236].
• Teleosts, [101], [106], [109], [110], [237].
• Temperature, [54], [61].
• Tetrao cupido, [159].
• Thalamencephalon, [199].
• Thalami, [199].
• Thallophyta, [244].
• Theromorpha, [104], [105], [106], [238].
• Thomisus citreus, [141].
• Threads, chromatin, [6].
• Threads, hereditary, [31], [41].
• Threads, nuclear, [6].
• Tiger, protective coloration of, [128], [129].
• Tiger, saber-toothed, [114].
• Timor, island of, [132].
• Toad, [238].
• Tortoises, [157].
• Toxalbumin, [16].
• Toxines, [15].
• Tree of Life, [182], [183], [184].
• Trilobites, [96], [97], [98], [99], [100], [103], [233].
• Triton, [175], [237].
• Tumbler, [120].
• Tunicata, [234].
• Turtledoves, [154].
• Ungulata, [239].
• Ungulates, even-toed, [111].
• Ungulates, odd-toed, [111].
• Units, hereditary, [41], [42], [43], [45].
• Units, invisible, [7].
• Units, morphological, [4].
• Units, physiological, [6], [8].
• Units, structural, [4].
• Units, visible, [7].
• Urodela, [237].
• Use, [60], [63], [64], [216].
• Uterus, displacements of, [190].
• Vacuole, [5].
• Variations, [39], [46], [54], [120], [143], [167], [168].
• Variations, blastogenetic, [54], [55], [56].
• Variations, examples of, [39].
• Variations, harmful, [168].
• Variations, neutral, [168].
• Variations, somatogenetic, [54], [55], [60].
• Variations, through amphimixis, [46], [166].
• Variations, useful, [168].
• Varieties, commencing species, [168].
• Varieties, isolation of, [166].
• Velvet, [14].
• Vena cava, [236], [237].
• Ventricles, [233], [236], [237].
• Vermes, [232].
• Vermiform appendix, [194].
• Vertebrata, [100], [105], [108], [234].
• Vestigial structures, [198].
• Volvox globator, [24], [32].
• Waders, [157].
• Wasp, [146], [147].
• Weevils, [147].
• Whales, [107], [124], [165].
• White blood-corpuscles, [15].
• Will, [207], [223].
• Woodcock, [131].
• Woodpecker, [155], [157].
• Worms, [232].
• Worms, earth, [233].
• Worms, flat, [232].
• Worms, round, [232].
• Worms, sea or marine, [96], [233].
• Worms, star, [233].
• Worms, unsegmented, [232].
• Zebra, [129].

Important Biological Publications

THE PRIMARY FACTORS OF ORGANIC EVOLUTION. By Prof. E. D. Cope. Cuts, 121. Pp., xvi, 547. Cloth, $2.00 (10s.).

DARWIN AND AFTER DARWIN. An Exposition of the Darwinian Theory and a Discussion of Post-Darwinian Questions. By George John Romanes, LL. D., F. R. S., etc.