ARAWAK LINGUISTIC STOCK.
- Amarapas, in British Guiana.
- Antis or Campas, on Rio Apurimac.
- Araicus, on Rio Jatahy.
- Arawaks, on coast of Guiana.
- Atorais, on the upper Essequibo.
- Banivas, on Rio Atahuapo and Rio Içauna.
- Barés, on Rio Negro.
- Baures, on Rio de los Baures.
- Campas, see Antis.
- Canamirim, on Rio Jurua.
- Cariayos, on Rio Negro.
- Cauixanas, on Rio Jupura.
- Chontaquiros, see Piros.
- Goajiros, on Goajira peninsula.
- Guanas, on Rio Paraguay.
- Guinaus, on upper Orinoco.
- Haitians, on island of Hayti.
- Jabaanas, on Rio Marauia.
- Jucunas, on Rio Jupura.
- Jumanas, near Rio Jupura.
- Juris, on Rio Solimoes.
- Kustenaus, on Rio Schingu.
- Manaos, near Rio Negro.
- Manatenerys, on Rio Purus.
- Manivas, see Banivas.
- Maipures, on Rios Ventuari and Orinoco.
- Maranhos, on Rio Jatahy.
- Mariates, on Rio Iza.
- Mawakwas, on upper Orinoco.
- Moxos, on head-waters of Rio Mamore.
- Paiconecas, on Rio Blanco.
- Pareni, on Rio Orinoco.
- Parisis, in province Mato Grosso.
- Passés, on lower Jupura.
- Piapocos, on Rio Guaviare.
- Piros, on Rio Ucayali.
- Saravecas, near Santa Ana, Bolivia.
- Simirenchis, see Piros.
- Tainos, see Haitians.
- Tarianas, on Rio Negro.
- Tarumas, in British and Dutch Guiana.
- Uainambeus, on Rio Jupura.
- Uainumas, on Rio Jupura.
- Uirinas, on Rio Marari.
- Wapisianas, in Guiana.
- West Indians, on Bahamas and Antilles.
- Yuris, see Juris.
The Barés are now found along the banks of the Casaquiare and the Guainia, the Felipe, the Atabapo and some portions of the Rio Negro. They belong to the Arawak stock, their dialect being related to those of the Banivas and Maipures. About the middle of this century the traveller Richard Spruce found them in the regions assigned by Gilii to other tribes, indicating a displacement of the population. He collected a number of vocabularies, offering sufficient evidence in his opinion to establish the relationship of the following bands:[372]
BARÉ FAMILY OF THE ARAWAK STOCK.
- Barés, or Barrés, on Rio Negro, etc.
- Cunipusanas, on Rio Casaquiare.
- Guariquenas, on Rio Casaquiare.
- Jabaanas, on Rio Pacimoni.
- Mandauacas, on Rio Casaquiare and Siapa.
- Masacas, on Rio Masaca and Siapa.
- Pacimonarias, on Rio Casaquiare.
- Tarianas, on Rio Yupura.
To these I would add the Uirinas of the Rio Marari, on the strength of a vocabulary collected by Natterer.
4. The Caribs.
The Carib stock is one of the most extensively distributed in the southern continent. At the discovery its dialects were found on the Lesser Antilles, the Caribby Islands, and on the mainland from the mouth of the Essequibo River to the Gulf of Maracaibo. West of the latter it did not reach the coast, nor has any positive traces of its introduction above the straits of Panama earlier than the conquest been found, in spite of frequent assertions to the contrary. Inland from the Arawaks on the shore of Guiana are a number of Carib tribes, as the Macusi and Woyawoi, so numerous that this region has been thought by some to have been the original home of the stock; but the discovery by Dr. Karl von den Steinen of a tribe, the Bakairi, on the head-waters of the Schingu River, speaking a very pure form of the language,[373] and the recognition of the Carib affinities of the Palmellas on the Rio dos Baures, throw another light on the trend of Carib migrations, strongly supported by a series of other considerations. Thus, it has been satisfactorily shown by Im Thurn that the Caribs in Guiana wandered thither from the Orinoco district, some inland and some along the coast, and probably from the large islands adjacent to the coasts.[374]
These islands in turn were peopled from the mainland to the east, as I have already shown, their earlier population having been Arawak. All the Island, Orinoco and Guiana Caribs can thus be traced back to the mainland of northern Venezuela. In this vicinity was spoken the Cumanagoto dialect, in the province of Cumana or New Andalusia. According to the early missionaries, it was current along the coast for more than a hundred leagues, extending into the province of Caracas and beyond. The tribes who spoke it were the Chaymas, the Cores, the Cumanas, the Quacas, the Parias, the Palenques, the Varrigones, and others.[375] Other dialects to the west are the Opone and Carare, specimens of which were obtained by Lengerke in the vicinity of Bucaramanga, province of Santander.[376]