Therefore
cos dop = 1 ⁄ 3 and cos aod = − 1 ⁄ 3.
That is to say, the angle aod is just, as nearly as possible, 109° 28′ 16″. This angle, then, of 109° 28′ 16″, or very nearly 109 degrees and a half, is the angle at which, in this and every other solid system of liquid films, the edges of the partition-walls meet one another at a point. It is the fundamental angle in the solid geometry of our systems, just as 120° was the fundamental angle of symmetry so long as we considered only the plane projection, or plane section, of three films meeting in an edge.
Out of these two angles, we may construct a great variety of figures, plane and solid, which become all the more varied and complex when, by considering the case of unequal as well as equal cells, we admit curved (e.g. spherical) as well as plane boundary surfaces. Let us consider some examples and illustrations of these, beginning with those which we need only consider in reference to a plane.
Let us imagine a system of equal cylinders, or equal spheres, in contact with one another in a plane, and represented in section by the equal and contiguous circles of Fig. [121]. I borrow my figure, by the way, from an old Italian naturalist, Bonanni (a contemporary of Borelli, of Hay and Willoughby and of Martin Lister), who dealt with this matter in a book chiefly devoted to molluscan shells[362].
It is obvious, as a simple geometrical fact, that each of these equal circles is in contact with six surrounding circles. Imagine now that the whole system comes under some uniform stress. It may be of uniform surface tension at the boundaries of all the cells; it may be of pressure caused by uniform growth or expansion within the cells; or it may be due to some uniformly applied constricting pressure from without. In all of these cases the points of contact between the circles in the diagram will be extended into {319} lines of contact, representing surfaces of contact in the actual spheres or cylinders; and the equal circles of our diagram will be converted into regular and equal hexagons. The angles of these hexagons, at each of which three hexagons meet, are of course angles of 120°. So far as the form is concerned, so long as we are concerned only with a morphological result and not with a physiological process, the result is precisely the same whatever be the force which brings the bodies together in symmetrical apposition; it is by no means necessary for us, in the first instance, even to enquire whether it be surface tension or mechanical pressure or some other physical force which is the cause, or the main cause, of the phenomenon.
Fig. 121. Diagram of hexagonal cells. (After Bonanni.)
The production by mutual interaction of polyhedral cells, which, under conditions of perfect symmetry, become regular hexagons, is very beautifully illustrated by Prof. Bénard’s “tourbillons cellulaires” (cf. p. 259), and also in some of Leduc’s diffusion experiments. A weak (5 per cent.) solution of gelatine is allowed to set on a plate of glass, and little drops of a 5 or 10 per cent. solution of ferrocyanide of potassium are then placed at regular intervals upon the gelatine. Immediately each little drop becomes the centre, or pole, of a system of diffusion currents, {320} and the several systems conflict with and repel one another, so that presently each little area becomes the seat of a double current system, from its centre outwards and back again; until at length the concentration of the field becomes equalised and the currents {321}