[323] As Bethe points out (Zellgestalt, Plateausche Flüssigkeitstigur und Neurofibrille, Anat. Anz. XL. p. 209, 1911), the spiral fibres of which Koltzoff speaks must lie in the surface, and not within the substance, of the cell whose conformation is affected by them.
[324] See for a further but still elementary account, Michaelis, Dynamics of Surfaces, 1914, p. 22 seq.; Macallum, Oberflächenspannung und Lebenserscheinungen, in Asher-Spiro’s Ergebnisse der Physiologie, XI, pp. 598–658, 1911; see also W. W. Taylor’s Chemistry of Colloids, 1915, p. 221 seq., Wolfgang Ostwald, Grundriss der Kolloidchemie, 1909, and other text-books of physical chemistry; and Bayliss’s Principles of General Physiology, pp. 54–73, 1915.
[325] The first instance of what we now call an adsorptive phenomenon was observed in soap-bubbles. Leidenfrost, in 1756, was aware that the outer layer of the bubble was covered by an “oily” layer. A hundred years later Dupré shewed that in a soap-solution the soap tends to concentrate at the surface, so that the surface-tension of a very weak solution is very little different from that of a strong one (Théorie mécanique de la chaleur, 1869, p. 376; cf. Plateau, II, p. 100).
[326] This identical phenomenon was the basis of Quincke’s theory of amoeboid movement (Ueber periodische Ausbreitung von Flüssigkeitsoberflächen, etc., SB. Berlin. Akad. 1888, pp. 791–806; cf. Pflüger’s Archiv, 1879, p. 136).
[327] J. Willard Gibbs, Equilibrium of Heterogeneous Substances, Tr. Conn. Acad. III, pp. 380–400, 1876, also in Collected Papers, I, pp. 185–218, London, 1906; J. J. Thomson, Applications of Dynamics to Physics and Chemistry, 1888 (Surface tension of solutions), p. 190. See also (int. al.) the various papers by C. M. Lewis, Phil. Mag. (6), XV, p. 499, 1908, XVII, p. 466, 1909, Zeitschr. f. physik. Chemie, LXX, p. 129, 1910; Milner, Phil. Mag. (6), XIII, p. 96, 1907, etc.
[328] G. F. FitzGerald, On the Theory of Muscular Contraction, Brit. Ass. Rep. 1878; also in Scientific Writings, ed. Larmor, 1902, pp. 34, 75. A. d’Arsonval, Relations entre l’électricité animale et la tension superficielle, C. R. CVI, p. 1740. 1888; cf. A. Imbert, Le mécanisme de la contraction musculaire, déduit de la considération des forces de tension superficielle, Arch. de Phys. (5), IX, pp. 289–301, 1897.
[329] Ueber die Natur der Bindung der Gase im Blut und in seinen Bestandtheilen, Kolloid. Zeitschr. II, pp. 264–272, 294–301, 1908; cf. Loewy, Dissociationsspannung des Oxyhaemoglobin im Blut, Arch. f. Anat. und Physiol. 1904, p. 231.
[330] We may trace the first steps in the study of this phenomenon to Melsens, who found that thin films of white of egg become firm and insoluble (Sur les modifications apportées à l’albumine ... par l’action purement mécanique, C. R. Acad. Sci. XXXIII, p. 247, 1851); and Harting made similar observations about the same time. Ramsden has investigated the same subject, and also the more general phenomenon of the formation of albuminoid and fatty membranes by adsorption: cf. Koagulierung der Eiweisskörper auf mechanischer Wege, Arch. f. Anat. u. Phys. (Phys. Abth.) 1894, p. 517; Abscheidung fester Körper in Oberflächenschichten Z. f. phys. Chem. XLVII, p. 341, 1902; Proc. R. S. LXXII, p. 156, 1904. For a general review of the whole subject see H. Zangger, Ueber Membranen und Membranfunktionen, in Asher-Spiro’s Ergebnisse der Physiologie, VII, pp. 99–160, 1908.
[331] Cf. Taylor, Chemistry of Colloids, p. 252.
[332] Strasbürger, Ueber Cytoplasmastrukturen, etc. Jahrb. f. wiss. Bot. XXX, 1897; R. A. Harper, Kerntheilung und freie Zellbildung im Ascus, ibid.; cf. Wilson, The Cell in Development, etc. pp. 53–55.