[11] The title is Algoritmi de numero Indorum. That he did not make this translation is asserted by Eneström in the Bibliotheca Mathematica, Vol. I (3), p. 520.
[12] Thus he speaks "de numero indorum per .IX. literas," and proceeds: "Dixit algoritmi: Cum uidissem yndos constituisse .IX. literas in uniuerso numero suo, propter dispositionem suam quam posuerunt, uolui patefacere de opera quod fit per eas aliquid quod esset leuius discentibus, si deus uoluerit." [Boncompagni, Trattati d'Aritmetica, Rome, 1857.] Discussed by F. Woepcke, Sur l'introduction de l'arithmétique indienne en Occident, Rome, 1859.
[13] Thus in a commentary by ‛Alī ibn Abī Bekr ibn al-Jamāl al-Anṣārī al-Mekkī on a treatise on ġobār arithmetic (explained later) called Al-murshidah, found by Woepcke in Paris (Propagation, p. 66), there is mentioned the fact that there are "nine Indian figures" and "a second kind of Indian figures ... although these are the figures of the ġobār writing." So in a commentary by Ḥosein ibn Moḥammed al-Maḥallī (died in 1756) on the Mokhtaṣar fī‛ilm el-ḥisāb (Extract from Arithmetic) by ‛Abdalqādir ibn ‛Alī al-Sakhāwī (died c. 1000) it is related that "the preface treats of the forms of the figures of Hindu signs, such as were established by the Hindu nation." [Woepcke, Propagation, p. 63.]
[14] See also Woepcke, Propagation, p. 505. The origin is discussed at much length by G. R. Kaye, "Notes on Indian Mathematics.—Arithmetical Notation," Journ. and Proc. of the Asiatic Soc. of Bengal, Vol. III, 1907, p. 489.
[15] Alberuni's India, Arabic version, London, 1887; English translation, ibid., 1888.
[16] Chronology of Ancient Nations, London, 1879. Arabic and English versions, by C. E. Sachau.
[17] India, Vol. I, chap. xvi.
[18] The Hindu name for the symbols of the decimal place system.
[19] Sachau's English edition of the Chronology, p. 64.
[20] Littérature arabe, Cl. Huart, Paris, 1902.