[322] Georgics, II, 170-172. So Propertius (Elegies, III, 4):
Arma deus Caesar dites meditatur ad Indos
Et freta gemmiferi findere classe maris.
"The divine Cæsar meditated carrying arms against opulent India, and with his ships to cut the gem-bearing seas."
[323] Heyd, loc. cit., Vol. I, p. 4.
[324] Reinaud, loc. cit., p. 393.
[325] The title page of Calandri (1491), for example, represents Pythagoras with these numerals before him. [Smith, Rara Arithmetica, p. 46.] Isaacus Vossius, Observationes ad Pomponium Melam de situ orbis, 1658, maintained that the Arabs derived these numerals from the west. A learned dissertation to this effect, but deriving them from the Romans instead of the Greeks, was written by Ginanni in 1753 (Dissertatio mathematica critica de numeralium notarum minuscularum origine, Venice, 1753). See also Mannert, De numerorum quos arabicos vocant vera origine Pythagorica, Nürnberg, 1801. Even as late as 1827 Romagnosi (in his supplement to Ricerche storiche sull' India etc., by Robertson, Vol. II, p. 580, 1827) asserted that Pythagoras originated them. [R. Bombelli, L'antica numerazione italica, Rome, 1876, p. 59.] Gow (Hist. of Greek Math., p. 98) thinks that Iamblichus must have known a similar system in order to have worked out certain of his theorems, but this is an unwarranted deduction from the passage given.
[326] A. Hillebrandt, Alt-Indien, p. 179.
[327] J. C. Marshman, loc. cit., chaps. i and ii.
[328] He reigned 631-579 A.D.; called Nuśīrwān, the holy one.