Edinburgh, January 1896.
CONTENTS.
| INTRODUCTION. | ||
| Various branches of early art in Scotland—Cells ofAnchorites—Celtic art—Round towers and sculptured monuments,succeeded by Norman and Gothic architecture—Nativedevelopments—Previous writers on Celtic art ([3])—PrimitiveChristianity—Candida Casa—Crosses and caves—St.Palladius—Irish monasteries—Wattles—Beehive cells([7])—Cashels—“Deserts”—Christian structures ([9])—Irish MSS. andslabs—Symbolic sculptures—St. Columba—Iona—Missionaries fromNorthumbria—Lindisfarne—Roman influence—St. Augustine—BenedictBiscop—St. Winifred ([12])—Pre-Norman churches—Columbansexpelled—Culdees—Roman system introduced ([14])—Revival of Celticsystem—Celtic art ([15])—Symbols ([16])—Upright slabs([17])—Development of design of—Sculptures, origin of—Westerncrosses ([20])—Early Ecclesiastical Structures in Scotland([24])—Beehive huts—Churches—Round towers ([26])—Brechin andAbernethy—St. Regulus—Churches erected by QueenMargaret—Alexander I.—David I.—Parochial system ([31])—Romanesquearchitecture ([32])—Vaulting, development of ([34])—Subordination ofmembers ([35])—Norman Style, examples ([36])—Norman Style in Scotland([38])—First Pointed Style ([39])—Salisbury Cathedral ([41])—Franceand England compared ([43])—Examples of the style ([45])—FirstPointed Style in Scotland ([46])—Derived from England ([47])—Examples([48])—Architecture of Fourteenth, Fifteenth, and SixteenthCenturies in Scotland ([50])—Divided into Decorated and Late Pointed([52])—Middle Pointed or Decorated Style ([53])—Middle Pointed orDecorated Style in Scotland ([55])—Examples—Third or Late PointedStyle ([58])—Examples—Third or Late Pointed Style in Scotland([60])—Effects of English and French influence ([62]). | ||
| CELTIC MONASTIC AND ECCLESIASTICAL STRUCTURES IN SCOTLAND. | ||
|---|---|---|
| [I.]Simple Oblong Churches, associated with Beehive Cells and Churches in Groups. | ||
| PAGE | ||
| Eilean Naomh, | Argyleshire, | [66] |
| Skeabost, | Skye, | [68] |
| Mugstot, | Do., | [69] |
| Howmore, | South Uist, | [70] |
| Kilbar, | Barra, | [71] |
| [II.]Hermits’ Cells, | [73] | |
| The Chapel of St. Ronan, | North Rona, | [73] |
| Teampull Sula Sgeir, | [75] | |
| Flannain Isles, or Seven Hunters, | [77] | |
| Teampull Beannachadh, | [77] | |
| [III.]Celtic Churches standing alone, | [78] | |
| 1. One oblong chamber. 2. Do., with modifications. 3. With architecturally distinguished chancel. 4. With chancel or nave added. 5. With pointed arches, | [79] | |
| (A) Churches dry-built and Churches with sloping jambs, | [80] | |
| Tigh Beannachadh, | Lewis, | [80] |
| Dun Othail, | Do., | [81] |
| Carinish, | North Uist, | [81] |
| (B) Simple oblong Churches with modified features, | [82] | |
| Cara, off Gigha, | Kintyre, | [82] |
| Eilean Munde, | Lochleven, | [83] |
| Church of Holy Cross, South Galston, Lewis, | [83] | |
| Teampull Pheadair, | Lewis, | [83] |
| St. Aula, Gress, | Do., | [83] |
| Toehead, | Harris, | [83] |
| Nuntown, | Benbecula, | [83] |
| Pabba, | Sound of Harris, | [84] |
| Kilmuir, | Skye, | [84] |
| Trumpan, | Do., | [84] |
| Churches showing signs of Norman influence:— | ||
| St. Carmaig, Kiels, | Knapdale, | [84] |
| Kilmory, | Do., | [85] |
| Kirkapoll, | Tiree (Ithica Terra), | [87] |
| Kilchenich, | Do., | [88] |
| (C) Churches with Chancel,or Nave added to an older structure, | [88] | |
| St. Columba, Balivanich, | Benbecula, | [88] |
| Eilean Mor, | Knapdale, | [89] |
| St. Columba’s, Ey., | Lewis, | [91] |
| St. Columba, Kiels, | Kintyre, | [92] |
| Kilchouslan, Campbeltown, | Do., | [92] |
| Kilchenzie, | Do., Do., | [93] |
| [IV.]Churches built with Chancel and Nave. | ||
| St. Mary’s, Lybster, | Caithness, | [93] |
| Church of John the Baptist, South Bragair, Lewis, | [95] | |
| St. Michael’s, Borve, | Barra, | [95] |
| (D) Churches with pointed or late features. | ||
| St. Catan’s, Gigha, | Kintyre, | [95] |
| Kildalton, | Islay, | [96] |
| Kilnaughton, | Do., | [96] |
| Kilneave, | Do., | [96] |
| Kilchieran, | Do., | [96] |
| St. Ninian’s, Sanda, | Kintyre, | [97] |
| St. Columba’s Isle, | Lewis, | [97] |
| Pennygowan, | Mull, | [98] |
| Laggan, | Do., | [98] |
| Inchkenneth, | Ulva, | [98] |
| St. Moluac, | Raasay, | [98] |
| Killean, | Kintyre, | [98] |
| Kilbride, | Knapdale, | [98] |
| Eorrapidh, | Lewis, | [99] |
| Olrig, | Caithness, | [99] |
| Kilchieven or Kilcoiven, | Kintyre, | [100] |
| CHURCHES IN ORKNEY AND SHETLAND. | ||
| Drawn and described by Sir Henry Dryden, Bart. | ||
| Chapel on the Brough of Deerness, | [101] | |
| Chapel on the North Shore of Head of Holland, | [105] | |
| Halcro Chapel, | South Ronaldshay, | [105] |
| St. Tredwell’s Chapel, | Papa Westray, | [106] |
| Church at Swendro, | Rousay, | [108] |
| St. Ola, | Kirkwall, | [109] |
| Churches of type containing Chancel and Nave. | ||
| Church on the Island of Wyre, | [113] | |
| Church on the Island of Enhallow, | [116] | |
| Chapel at Linton, Shapinsay, | [122] | |
| Chapel in Westray, | [124] | |
| Church on Island of Egilsey, | [127] | |
| Church on Brough of Birsay, | [135] | |
| Church at Orphir, | [141] | |
| Churches in Shetland ([145]). | ||
| Chapel of Noss, | Bressay, | [146] |
| Kirkaby, Westing, | Unst, | [147] |
| Meal, Colvidale, | Do., | [148] |
| St. John’s Kirk, Norwick, | Do., | [148] |
| Church at Uya, | [149] | |
| Kirk of Ness, | North Yell, | [151] |
| Church at Culbinsbrough, | Bressay, | [157] |
| General Characteristics, | [159] | |
| Monuments, | [160] | |
| Proportions, | [161] | |
| Dates, | [162] | |
| Chapel at Lybster, Reay, Caithness, | [162] | |
| Chapel, Effigy, and Cross on Inch Kenneth, Mull, Argyleshire, | [165] | |
| TRANSITION FROM CELTIC TO NORMAN ARCHITECTURE. | ||
| Abernethy Round Tower, Perthshire, | [175] | |
| Restennet Priory, Forfarshire, | [178] | |
| St. Regulus’, or St. Rule’s, St. Andrews, Fifeshire, | [185] | |
| NORMAN ARCHITECTURE. | ||
| Markinch Tower, | Fifeshire, | [193] |
| Muthill Church, | Perthshire, | [196] |
| St. Serf’s, Dunning, | Do., | [204] |
| Cruggleton Church, | Wigtonshire, | [212] |
| Monymusk Church, | Aberdeenshire, | [215] |
| St. Brandon’s, Birnie, | Morayshire, | [218] |
| St. Oran’s Chapel, Iona, | Argyleshire, | [220] |
| Chapel in Edinburgh Castle (St. Margaret’s Chapel), | [224] | |
| Dunfermline Abbey, | Fifeshire, | [230] |
| St. Magnus’ Cathedral, Kirkwall, | Orkney, Dunfermline Abbey, | [259] |
| St. Blane’s Church, | Buteshire, | [292] |
| Dalmeny Church, | Linlithgowshire, | [298] |
| Leuchars Church, | Fifeshire, | [309] |
| Bunkle Church, | Berwickshire, | [314] |
| Edrom Church, | Do., | [316] |
| Legerwood Church, | Do., | [320] |
| Chirnside Church, | Do., | [322] |
| St. Helen’s Church, | Do., | [323] |
| Tynninghame Church, | Haddingtonshire, | [326] |
| Stobo Church, | Peeblesshire, | [329] |
| Duddingston Church, | Mid-Lothian, | [333] |
| St. Andrew’s, Gullane, | Haddingtonshire, | [339] |
| Uphall Church and St. Nicholas’, | Strathbroc, Linlithgowshire, | [342] |
| Abercorn Church, | Linlithgowshire, | [346] |
| Kelso Abbey, | Roxburghshire, | [347] |
| St. Martin’s Church, | Haddington, | [362] |
| Kirkliston Church, | Linlithgowshire, | [366] |
| St. Mary’s, Ratho, | Mid-Lothian, | [371] |
| St. Peter’s, Peterhead, | Aberdeenshire, | [371] |
| St. Mary’s, Rutherglen, | Lanarkshire, | [372] |
| Lamington Church, | Do., | [376] |
| St. Boswells Church, | Roxburghshire, | [377] |
| Smailholm Church, | Do., | [378] |
| Linton Church, | Do., | [379] |
| Duns Church, | Berwickshire, | [381] |
| St. Lawrence, Lundie, | Forfarshire, | [382] |
| Kirkmaiden Church, | Wigtonshire, | [383] |
| Herdmanston Font, | Haddingtonshire, | [384] |
| THE TRANSITION STYLE. | ||
| Dundrennan Abbey, | Kirkcudbrightshire, | [388] |
| Jedburgh Abbey, | Roxburghshire, | [398] |
| Kinloss Abbey, | Morayshire, | [416] |
| The Nunnery, Iona, | Argyleshire, | [421] |
| St. Nicholas’, | Aberdeen, | [426] |
| Coldingham Priory, | Berwickshire, | [437] |
| Dryburgh Abbey, | Do., | [448] |
| Airth Church, | Stirlingshire, | [465] |
| Lasswade Church, | Mid-Lothian, | [471] |
| Bathgate Church, | Linlithgowshire, | [474] |
THE ECCLESIASTICAL ARCHITECTURE OF SCOTLAND
FROM THE EARLIEST CHRISTIAN TIMES TO THE REFORMATION.
INTRODUCTION.
Among the various branches of Mediæval Art in Europe, the Church Architecture of Scotland fills an interesting and valuable place. This country cannot claim to have originated a new style in the sense in which the Ile de France gave birth to pointed Gothic, but it can show a continuous series of Christian structures, beginning with the primitive cells and oratories of the early Anchorites, and extending through all the periods of Mediæval Art.
Two distinct phases of artistic development are exemplified in the History of Scotland—the first comprises the rise and decline of Celtic Art in early Christian times, and the second is allied to the various stages of general European culture.