The student must recollect that the winged female ants cast their wings previously to assuming the social life. The winglessness of these females is a totally different phenomenon from that we here allude to.

[57]

See Forel, Verh. Ges. deutsch. Naturf. lxvi. 1894, 2, pp. 142-147; and Emery Biol. Centralbl. xiv. 1894, p. 53. The term ergatoid applies to both sexes; a species with worker-like female is ergatogynous; with a worker-like male ergatandrous.

[58]

Nature li. 1894, p. 125.

[59]

Biol. Centralbl. xv. 1895, p. 640.

[60]

Prof. Forel has favoured the writer by informing him of several cases of these rare intermediate forms he has himself detected.

[61]