[CONTENTS]
VOL. I.

CHAPTER I.
THE LIFE OF THE FISH (Lepomis megalotis).
PAGE
What is a Fish?—The Long-eared Sunfish.—Form of the Fish.—Face of the Fish.—How the Fish Breathes.—Teeth of the Fish.—How the Fish Sees.—Color of the Fish.—The Lateral Line.—The Fins of the Fish.—The Skeleton of the Fish.—The Fish in Action.—The Air-bladder.—The Brain of the Fish.—The Fish's Nest.[3]
CHAPTER II.
THE EXTERIOR OF THE FISH.
Form of Body.—Measurement of the Fish.—The Scales or Exoskeleton.—Ctenoid and Cycloid Scales.—Placoid Scales.—Bony and Prickly Scales.—Lateral Line.—Function of the Lateral Line.—The Fins of Fishes.—Muscles.[16]
CHAPTER III.
THE DISSECTION OF THE FISH.
The Blue-green Sunfish.—The Viscera.—Organs of Nutrition.—The Alimentary Canal.—The Spiral Valve.—Length of the Intestine.[26]
CHAPTER IV.
THE SKELETON OF THE FISH.
Specialization of the Skeleton.—Homologies of Bones of Fishes.—Parts of the Skeleton.—Names of Bones of Fishes.—Bones of the Cranium.—Bones of the Jaws.—The Suspensorium of the Mandible.—Membrane Bones of Head.—Branchial Bones.—The Gill-arches.—The Pharyngeals.—The Vertebral Column.—The Interneurals and Interhæmals.—The Pectoral Limb.—The Shoulder-girdle.—The Posterior Limb.—Degeneration.—The Skeleton in Primitive Fishes.—The Skeleton of Sharks.—The Archipterygium.[34]
CHAPTER V.
MORPHOLOGY OF THE FINS OF FISHES.
Origin of the Fins of Fishes.—Origin of the Paired Fins.—Development of the Paired Fins in the Embryo.—Evidences of Palæontology.—Current Theories as to Origin of Paired Fin.—Balfour's Theory of the Lateral Fold.—Objections.—Objections to Gegenbaur's Theory.—Kerr's Theory of Modified External Gills.—Uncertain Conclusions.—Forms of the Tail in Fishes.—Homologies of the Pectoral Limb.—The Girdle in Fishes other than Dipnoans.[62]
CHAPTER VI.
THE ORGANS OF RESPIRATION.
How Fishes Breathe.—The Gill Structures.—The Air-bladder.—Origin of the Air-bladder.—The Origin of Lungs.—The Heart of the Fish.—The Flow of Blood.[91]
CHAPTER VII.
THE NERVOUS SYSTEM.
The Nervous System.—The Brain of the Fish.—The Pineal Organ.—The Brain of Primitive Fishes.—The Spinal Cord.—The Nerves.[109]
CHAPTER VIII.
THE ORGANS OF SENSE.
The Organs of Smell.—The Organs of Sight.—The Organs of Hearing.—Voices of Fishes.—The Sense of Taste.—The Sense of Touch.[115]
CHAPTER IX.
THE ORGANS OF REPRODUCTION.
The Germ-cells.—The Eggs of Fishes.—Protection of the Eggs.—Sexual Modification.[124]
CHAPTER X.
THE EMBRYOLOGY AND GROWTH OF FISHES.
Post-embryonic Development.—General Laws of Development.—The Significance of Facts of Development.—The Development of the Bony Fishes.—The Larval Development of Fishes.—Peculiar Larval Forms.—The Development of Flounders.—Hybridism.—The Age of Fishes.—Tenacity of Life.—Effect of Temperature on Fishes.—Transportation of Fishes.—Reproduction of Lost Parts.—Monstrosities among Fishes.[131]
CHAPTER XI.
INSTINCTS, HABITS, AND ADAPTATIONS.
The Habits of Fishes.—Irritability of Animals.—Nerve-cells and Fibers.—The Brain or Sensorium.—Reflex Action.—Instinct.—Classification of Instincts.—Variability of Instincts.—Adaptations to Environment.—Flight of Fishes.—Quiescent Fishes.—Migratory Fishes.—Anadromous Fishes.—Pugnacity of Fishes.—Fear and Anger in Fishes.—Calling the Fishes.—Sounds of Fishes.—Lurking Fishes.—The Unsymmetrical Eyes of the Flounder.—Carrying Eggs in the Mouth.[152]
CHAPTER XII.
ADAPTATIONS OF FISHES.
Spines of the Catfishes.—Venomous Spines.—The Lancet of the Surgeon-fish.—Spines of the Sting-ray.—Protection through Poisonous Flesh of Fishes.—Electric Fishes.—Photophores or Luminous Organs.—Photophores in the Iniomous Fishes.—Photophores of Porichthys.—Globefishes.—Remoras.—Sucking-disks of Clingfishes.—Lampreys and Hogfishes.—The Swordfishes.—The Paddle-fishes.—The Sawfishes.—Peculiarities of Jaws and Teeth.—The Angler-fishes.—Relation of Number of Vertebræ to Temperature, and the Struggle for Existence.—Number of Vertebræ: Soft-rayed Fishes; Spiny-rayed Fishes; Fresh-water Fishes; Pelagic Fishes.—Variations in Fin-rays.—Relation of Numbers to Conditions of Life.—Degeneration of Structures.—Conditions of Evolution among Fishes.[179]
CHAPTER XIII.
COLORS OF FISHES.
Pigmentation.—Protective Coloration.—Protective Markings.—Sexual Coloration.—Nuptial Coloration.—Coral-reef Fishes.—Recognition Marks.—Intensity of Coloration.—Fading of Pigments in Spirits.—Variation in Pattern.[226]
CHAPTER XIV.
GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF FISHES.
Zoogeography.—General Laws of Distribution.—Species Absent through Barriers.—Species Absent through Failure to Maintain Foothold.—Species Changed through Natural Selection.—Extinction of Species.—Barriers Checking Movements of Marine Species.—Temperature the Central Fact in Distribution.—Agency of Ocean Currents.—Centers of Distribution.—Distribution of Marine Fishes.—Pelagic Fishes.—Bassalian Fishes.—Littoral Fishes.—Distribution of Littoral Fishes by Coast Lines.—Minor Faunal Areas.—Equatorial Fishes most Specialized.—Realms of Distribution of Fresh-water Fishes.—Northern Zone.—Equatorial Zone.—Southern Zone.—Origin of the New Zealand Fauna.[237]
CHAPTER XV.
ISTHMUS BARRIERS SEPARATING FISH FAUNAS.
The Isthmus of Suez.—The Fish Fauna of Japan.—Fresh-water Faunas of Japan.—Faunal Areas of Marine Fishes of Japan.—Resemblance of Japanese and Mediterranean Fish Faunas.—Significance of Resemblances.—Differences between Japanese and Mediterranean Fish Faunas.—Source of Faunal Resemblances.—Effects of Direction of Shore Lines.—Numbers of Genera in Different Faunas.—Significance of Rare Forms.—Distribution of Shore-fishes.—Extension of Indian Fauna.—The Isthmus of Suez as a Barrier to Distribution.—Geological Evidences of Submergence of Isthmus of Suez.—The Cape of Good Hope as a Barrier to Fishes.—Relations of Japan to the Mediterranean Explained by Present Conditions.—The Isthmus of Panama as a Barrier to Distribution.—Unlikeness of Species on the Shores of the Isthmus of Panama.—Views of Dr. Günther on the Isthmus of Panama.—Catalogue of Fishes of Panama.—Conclusions of Evermann & Jenkins.—Conclusions of Dr. Hill.—Final Hypothesis as to Panama.[255]
CHAPTER XVI.
DISPERSION OF FRESH-WATER FISHES.
The Dispersion of Fishes.—The Problem of Oatka Creek.—Generalizations as to Dispersion.—Questions Raised by Agassiz.—Conclusions of Cope.—Questions Raised by Cope.—Views of Günther.—Fresh-water Fishes of North America.—Characters of Species.—Meaning of Species.—Special Creation Impossible.—Origin of American Species of Fishes.[282]
CHAPTER XVII.
DISPERSION OF FRESH-WATER FISHES. (Continued.)
Barriers to Dispersion of Fresh-water Fishes: Local Barriers.—Favorable Waters Have Most Species.—Watersheds.—How Fishes Cross Watersheds.—The Suletind.—The Cassiquiare.—Two-Ocean Pass.—Mountain Chains.—Upland Fishes.—Lowland Fishes.—Cuban Fishes.—Swampy Watersheds.—The Great Basin of Utah.—Arctic Species in Lakes.—Causes of Dispersion still in Operation.[297]
CHAPTER XVIII.
FISHES AS FOOD FOR MAN.
The Flesh of Fishes.—Relative Rank of Food-fishes.—Abundance of Food-fishes.—Variety of Tropical Fishes.—Economic Fisheries.—Angling.[320]
CHAPTER XIX.
DISEASES OF FISHES.
Contagious Diseases: Crustacean Parasites.—Myxosporidia or Parasitic Protozoa.—Parasitic Worms: Trematodes, Cestodes.—The Worm of the Yellowstone.—The Heart Lake Tape-worm.—Thorn-head Worms.—Nematodes.—Parasitic Fungi.—Earthquakes.—Mortality of Filefish.[340]
CHAPTER XX.
THE MYTHOLOGY OF FISHES.
The Mermaid.—The Monkfish.—The Bishop-fish.—The Sea-serpent.[359]
CHAPTER XXI.
THE CLASSIFICATION OF FISHES.
Taxonomy.—Defects in Taxonomy.—Analogy and Homology.—Coues on Classification.—Species as Twigs of a Genealogical Tree.—Nomenclature.—The Conception of Genus and Species.—The Trunkfishes.—Trinomial Nomenclature.—Meaning of Species.—Generalization and Specialization.—High and Low Forms.—The Problem of the Highest Fishes.[367]
CHAPTER XXII.
THE HISTORY OF ICHTHYOLOGY.
Aristotle.—Rondelet.—Marcgraf.—Osbeck.—Artedi.—Linnæus.— Forskål.—Risso.—Bloch.—Lacépède.—Cuvier.—Valenciennes.— Agassiz.—Bonaparte.—Günther.—Boulenger.—Le Sueur.—Müller.— Gill.—Cope.—Lütken.—Steindachner.—Vaillant.—Bleeker.— Schlegel.—Poey.—Day.—Baird.—Garman.—Gilbert.—Evermann.— Eigenmann.—Zittel.—Traquair.—Woodward.—Dean.—Eastman.—Hay.— Gegenbaur.—Balfour.—Parker.—Dollo.[387]
CHAPTER XXIII.
THE COLLECTION OF FISHES.
How to Secure Fishes.—How to Preserve Fishes.—Value of Formalin.—Records of Fishes.—Eternal Vigilance.[429]
CHAPTER XXIV.
THE EVOLUTION OF FISHES.
The Geological Distribution of Fishes.—The Earliest Sharks.—Devonian Fishes.—Carboniferous Fishes.—Mesozoic Fishes.—Tertiary Fishes.—Factors of Extinction.—Fossilization of a Fish.—The Earliest Fishes.—The Cyclostomes.—The Ostracophores.—The Arthrodires.—The Sharks.—Origin of the Shark.—The Chimæras.—The Dipnoans.—The Crossopterygians.—The Actinopteri.—The Bony Fishes.[435]
CHAPTER XXV.
THE PROTOCHORDATA.
The Chordate Animals.—The Protochordates.—Other Terms Used in Classification.—The Enteropneusta.—Classification of Enteropneusta.—Family Harrimaniidæ.—Balanoglossidæ.—Low Organization of Harrimaniidæ.[460]
CHAPTER XXVI.
THE TUNICATES, OR ASCIDIANS.
Structure of Tunicates.—Development of Tunicates.—Reproduction of Tunicates.—Habits of Tunicates.—Larvacea.—Ascidiacea.—Thaliacea.—Origin of Tunicates.—Degeneration of Tunicates.[467]
CHAPTER XXVII.
THE LEPTOCARDII, OR LANCELETS.
The Lancelet.—Habits of Lancelets.—Species of Lancelets.—Origin of Lancelets.[482]
CHAPTER XXVIII.
THE CYCLOSTOMES, OR LAMPREYS.
The Lampreys.—Structure of the Lamprey.—Supposed Extinct Cyclostomes.—Conodontes.—Orders of Cyclostomes.—The Hyperotreta, or Hagfishes.—The Hyperoartia, or Lampreys.—Food of Lampreys.—Metamorphosis of Lampreys.—Mischief Done by Lampreys.—Migration or "Running" of Lampreys.—Requisite Conditions for Spawning with Lampreys.—The Spawning Process with Lampreys.—What Becomes of Lampreys after Spawning?[486]
CHAPTER XXIX.
THE CLASS ELASMOBRANCHII, OR SHARK-LIKE FISHES.
The Sharks.—Characters of Elasmobranchs.—Classification of Elasmobranchs.—Subclasses of Elasmobranchs.—The Selachii.—Hasse's Classification of Elasmobranchs.—Other Classifications of Elasmobranchs.—Primitive Sharks.—Order Pleuropterygii.—Order Acanthodii.—Dean on Acanthodii.—Order Ichthyotomi.[506]
CHAPTER XXX.
THE TRUE SHARKS.
Order Notidani.—Family Hexanchidæ.—Family Chlamydoselachidæ.—Order Asterospondyli.—Suborder Cestraciontes.—Family Heterodontidæ.—Edestus and its Allies.—Onchus.—Family Cochliodontidæ.—Suborder Galei.—Family Scyliorhinidæ.—The Lamnoid, or Mackerel-sharks.—Family Mitsukurinidæ, the Goblin-sharks.—Family Alopiidæ, or Thresher-sharks.—Family Pseudotriakidæ.—Family Lamnidæ.—Man-eating Sharks.—Family Cetorhinidæ, or Basking Sharks.—Family Rhineodontidæ.—The Carcharioid Sharks, or Requins.—Family Sphyrnidæ, or Hammer-head Sharks.—The Order of Tectospondyli.—Suborder Cyclospondyli.—Family Squalidæ.—Family Dalatiidæ.—Family Echinorhinidæ.—Suborder Rhinæ.—Family Pristiophoridæ, or Saw-sharks.—Suborder Batoidei, or Rays.—Pristididæ, or Sawfishes.—Rhinobatidæ, or Guitar-fishes.—Rajidæ, or Skates.—Narcobatidæ, or Torpedoes.—Petalodontidæ.—Dasyatidæ, or Sting-rays.—Myliobatidæ.—Family Psammodontidæ.—Family Mobulidæ. 523
CHAPTER XXXI.
THE HOLOCEPHALI, OR CHIMÆRAS.
The Chimæras.—Relationship of Chimæras.—Family Chimæridæ.—Rhinochimæridæ.—Extinct Chimæroids.—Ichthyodorulites.[561]
CHAPTER XXXII.
THE CLASS OSTRACOPHORI.
Ostracophores.—Nature of Ostracophores.—Orders of Ostracophores.—Order Heterostraci.—Order Osteostraci.—Order Antiarcha.—Order Anaspida.[568]
CHAPTER XXXIII.
ARTHRODIRES.
The Arthrodires.—Occurrence of Arthrodires.—Arthrognathi.—Anarthrodira.—Stegothalami.— Arthrodira.—Temnothoraci.—Arthrothoraci.—Relations of Arthrodires.—Suborder Cycliæ.—Palæospondylus.—Gill on Palæospondylus.—Views as to the Relationships of Palæospondylus: Huxley, Traquair, 1890. Traquair, 1893. Traquair, 1897. Smith Woodward, 1892. Dawson, 1893. Gill, 1896. Dean, 1896. Dean, 1898. Parker & Haswell, 1897. Gegenbaur, 1898.—Relationships of Palæospondylus[581]
CHAPTER XXXIV.
THE CROSSOPTERYGII.
Class Teleostomi.—Subclass Crossopterygii.—Order of Amphibians.—The Fins of Crossopterygians.—Orders of Crossopterygians.—Haplistia.—Rhipidistia.—Megalichthyidæ.—Order Actinistia.—Order Cladistia.—The Polypteridæ[598]
CHAPTER XXXV.
SUBCLASS DIPNEUSTI, OR LUNGFISHES.
The Lungfishes.—Classification of Dipnoans.—Order Ctenodipterini.—Order Sirenoidei.—Family Ceratodontidæ.—Development of Neoceratodus.—Lepidosirenidæ.—Kerr on the Habits of Lepidosiren[609]

FOOTNOTES:

[1] For most of this list of errata I am indebted to the kindly interest of Dr. B. W. Evermann.

[LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS]
VOL. I.

PAGE
Lepomis megalotis, Long-eared Sunfish[2]
Lepomis megalotis, Long-eared Sunfish[4]
Eupomotis gibbosus, Common Sunfish[7]
Ozorthe dictyogramma, a Japanese Blenny[9]
Eupomotis gibbosus, Common Sunfish[13]
Monocentris japonicas, Pine-cone Fish[16]
Diodon hystrix, Porcupine-fish[17]
Nemichthys avocetta, Thread-eel[17]
Hippocampus hudsonius, Sea-horse[17]
Peprilus paru, Harvest-fish[18]
Lophius litulon, Anko or Fishing-frog[18]
Epinephelus adscensionis, Rock-hind or Cabra Mora[20]
Scales of Acanthoessus bronni[21]
Cycloid Scale[22]
Porichthys porosissimus, Singing-fish[23]
Apomotis cyanellus, Blue-green Sunfish[27]
Chiasmodon niger, Black Swallower[29]
Jaws of a Parrot-fish, Sparisoma aurofrenatum[30]
Archosargus probatocephalus, Sheepshead[31]
Campostoma anomalum, Stone-roller[33]
Roccus lineatus, Striped Bass[35]
Roccus lineatus. Lateral View of Cranium[36]
Roccus lineatus. Superior View of Cranium[37]
Roccus lineatus. Inferior View of Cranium[38]
Roccus lineatus. Posterior View of Cranium[40]
Roccus lineatus. Face-bones, Shoulder and Pelvic Girdles, and Hyoid Arch[42]
Lower Jaw of Amia calva, showing Gular Plate[43]
Roccus lineatus. Branchial Arches[46]
Pharyngeal Bone and Teeth of European Chub, Leuciscus cephalus[47]
Upper Pharyngeals of Parrot-fish, Scarus strongylocephalus[47]
Lower Pharyngeal Teeth of Parrot-fish, Scarus strongylocephalus[47]
Pharyngeals of Italian Parrot-fish, Sparisoma cretense[48]
Roccus lineatus, Vertebral Column and Appendages[48]
Basal Bone of Dorsal Fin, Holoptychius leptopterus[49]
Inner View of Shoulder-girdle of Buffalo-fish, Ictiobus bubalus[51]
Pterophryne tumida, Sargassum-fish.[52]
Shoulder-girdle of Sebastolobus alascanus.[52]
Cranium of Sebastolobus alascanus.[53]
Lower Jaw and Palate of Sebastolobus alascanus.[54]
Maxillary and Premaxillary of Sebastolobus alascanus.[55]
Part of Skeleton of Selene vomer.[55]
Hyostylic Skull of Chiloscyllium indicum, a Scyliorhinoid Shark.[56]
Skull of Heptranchias indicus, a Notidanoid Shark.[56]
Basal Bones of Pectoral Fin of Monkfish, Squatina.[56]
Pectoral Fin of Heterodontus philippi.[57]
Pectoral Fin of Heptranchias indicus.[57]
Shoulder-girdle of a Flounder, Paralichthys californicus.[58]
Shoulder-girdle of a Toadfish, Batrachoides pacifici.[59]
Shoulder-girdle of a Garfish, Tylosurus fodiator.[59]
Shoulder-girdle of a Hake, Merluccius productus.[60]
Cladoselache fyleri, Restored.[65]
Fold-like Pectoral and Ventral Fins of Cladoselache fyleri.[65]
Pectoral Fin of a Shark, Chiloscyllium.[66]
Skull and Shoulder-girdle of Neoceratodus forsteri, showing archipterygium.[68]
Acanthoessus wardi.[69]
Shoulder-girdle of Acanthoessus.[69]
Pectoral Fin of Pleuracanthus.[69]
Shoulder-girdle of Polypterus bichir.[70]
Arm of a Frog.[71]
Pleuracanthus decheni.[74]
Embryos of Heterodontus japonicas, a Cestraciont Shark.[75]
Polypterus congicus, a Crossopterygian Fish with External Gills. [78]
Heterocercal Tail of Sturgeon, Acipenser sturio.[80]
Heterocercal Tail of Bowfin, Amia calva.[82]
Heterocercal Tail of Garpike, Lepisosteus osseus.[82]
Coryphænoides carapinus, showing Leptocercal Tail.[83]
Heterocercal Tail of Young Trout, Salmo fario.[83]
Isocercal Tail of Hake, Merluccius productus.[84]
Homocercal Tail of a Flounder, Paralichthys californicus.[84]
Gephyrocercal Tail of Mola mola.[85]
Shoulder-girdle of Amia calva.[86]
Shoulder-girdle of a Sea-catfish, Selenaspis dowi.[86]
Clavicles of a Sea-catfish, Selenaspis dowi.[87]
Shoulder-girdle of a Batfish, Ogcocephalus radiatus.[88]
Shoulder-girdle of a Threadfin, Polydactylus approximans.[89]
Gill-basket of Lamprey.[92]
Weberian Apparatus and Air-bladder of Carp.[93]
Brain of a Shark, Squatina squatina.[110]
Brain of Chimæra monstrosa.[110]
Brain of Polypterus annectens.[110]
Brain of a Perch, Perca flavescens.[111]
Petromyzon marinus unicolor. Head of Lake Lamprey, showing Pineal Body.[111]
Chologaster cornutus, Dismal-swamp Fish.[116]
Typhlichthys subterraneus, Blind Cavefish.[116]
Anableps dovii, Four-eyed Fish.[117]
Ipnops murrayi.[118]
Boleophthalmus chinensis, Pond-skipper.[118]
Lampetra wilderi, Brook Lamprey.[120]
Branchiostoma lanceolatum, European Lancelet.[120]
Pseudupeneus maculatus, Goatfish.[122]
Xiphophorus helleri, Sword-tail Minnow.[124]
Cymatogaster aggregatus, White Surf-fish, Viviparous, with Young. [125]
Goodea luitpoldi, a Viviparous Fish.[126]
Egg of Callorhynchus antarcticus, the Bottle-nosed Chimæra. [127]
Egg of the Hagfish, Myxine limosa.[127]
Egg of Port Jackson Shark, Heterodontus philippi.[128]
Development of Sea-bass, Centropristes striatus.[135]
Centropristes striatus, Sea-bass.[137]
Xiphias gladius, Young Sword-fish.[139]
Xiphias gladius, Sword-fish.[139]
Larva of the Sail-fish, Istiophorus, Very Young.[140]
Larva of Brook Lamprey, Lampetra wilderi, before Transformation.[140]
Anguilla chrisypa, Common Eel.[140]
Larva of Common Eel, Anguilla chrisypa, called Leptocephalus grassii.[141]
Larva of Sturgeon, Acipenser sturio.[141]
Larva of Chætodon sedentarius.[142]
Chætodon capistratus, Butterfly-fish.[142]
Mola mola, Very Early Larval Stage of Headfish, called Centaurus boöps.[143]
Mola mola, Early Larval Stage called Molacanthus nummularis.[144]
Mola mola, Advanced Larval Stage.[144]
Mola mola, Headfish, Adult.[146]
Albula vulpes, Transformation of Ladyfish from Larva to Young.[147]
Development of the Horsehead-fish, Selene vomer.[148]
Salanx hyalocranius, Ice-fish.[149]
Dallia pectoralis, Alaska Blackfish.[149]
Ophiocephalus barca, Snake-headed China-fish.[150]
Carassius auratus, Monstrous Goldfish.[151]
Jaws of Nemichthys avocetta.[156]
Cypsilurus californicus, Flying-fish.[157]
Ammocrypta clara, Sand-darter.[158]
Fierasfer acus, Pearl-fish, issuing from a Holothurian.[159]
Gobiomorus gronovii, Portuguese Man-of-war Fish.[160]
Tide Pools of Misaki.[161]
Ptychocheilus oregonensis, Squaw-fish.[162]
Ptychocheilus grandis, Squaw-fish, Stranded as the Water Falls.[164]
Larval Stages of Platophrys podas, a Flounder of the Mediterranean, showing Migration of Eye.[174]
Platophrys lunatus, the Wide-eyed Flounder.[175]
Young Flounder Just Hatched, with Symmetrical Eyes.[175]
Pseudopleuronectes americanus, Larval Flounder.[176]
Pseudopleuronectes americanus, Larval Flounder (more advanced stage).[176]
Face View of Recently-hatched Flounder.[177]
Schilbeodes furiosus, Mad-Tom.[179]
Emmydrichthys vulcanus, Black Nohu or Poison-fish.[180]
Teuthis bahianus, Brown Tang.[181]
Stephanolepis hispidus, Common Filefish.[182]
Tetraodon meleagris.[183]
Balistes carolinensis, the Trigger-fish.[184]
Narcine brasiliensis, Numbfish.[185]
Torpedo electricus, Electric Catfish.[186]
Astroscopus guttatus, Star-gazer.[187]
Æthoprora lucida, Headlight-fish.[188]
Corynolophus reinhardti, showing Luminous Bulb.[188]
Etmopterus lucifer.[189]
Argyropelecus olfersi.[190]
Luminous Organs and Lateral Line of Midshipman, Porichthys notatus.[192]
Cross-section of Ventral Phosphorescent Organ of Midshipman, Porichthys notatus.[193]
Section of Deeper Portion of Phosphorescent Organ, Porichthys notatus.[194]
Leptecheneis naucrates, Sucking-fish or Pegador.[197]
Caularchus mæandricus, Clingfish.[198]
Polistotrema stouti, Hagfish.[199]
Pristis zysron, Indian Sawfish.[200]
Pristiophorus japonicus, Saw-shark.[201]
Skeleton of Pike, Esox lucius.[203]
Skeleton of Red Rockfish, Sebastodes miniatus.[214]
Skeleton of a Spiny-rayed Fish of the Tropics, Holacanthus ciliaris.[214]
Skeleton of the Cowfish, Lactophrys tricornis.[215]
Crystallias matsushimæ, Liparid.[218]
Sebastichthys maliger, Yellow-backed Rockfish.[218]
Myoxocephalus scorpius, European Sculpin.[219]
Hemitripterus americanus, Sea-raven.[220]
Cyclopterus lumpus, Lumpfish.[220]
Psychrolutes paradoxus, Sleek Sculpin.[221]
Pallasina barbata, Agonoid-fish.[221]
Amblyopsis spelæus, Blindfish of the Mammoth Cave.[221]
Lucifuga subterranea, Blind Brotula.[222]
Hypsypops rubicunda, Garibaldi.[227]
Synanceia verrucosa, Gofu or Poison-fish.[229]
Alticus saliens, Lizard-skipper.[230]
Etheostoma camurum, Blue-breasted Darter.[231]
Liuranus semicinctus and Chlevastes colubrinus, Snake-eels.[233]
Coral Reef at Apia.[234]
Rudarius ercodes, Japanese Filefish.[241]
Tetraodon setosus, Globefish.[244]
Dasyatis sabina, Sting-ray.[246]
Diplesion blennioides, Green-sided Darter.[247]
Hippocampus mohnikei, Japanese Sea-horse.[250]
Archoplites interruptus, Sacramento Perch.[258]
Map of the Continents, Eocene Time.[270]
Caulophryne jordani, Deep-sea Fish of Gulf Stream.[276]
Exerpes asper, Fish of Rock-pools, Mexico.[276]
Xenocys jessiæ.[279]
Ictalurus punctatus, Channel Catfish.[280]
Drawing the Net on the Beach of Hilo, Hawaii.[281]
Semotilus atromaculatus, Horned Dace.[285]
Leuciscus lineatus, Chub of the Great Basin.[287]
Melletes papilio, Butterfly Sculpin.[288]
Scartichthys enosimæ, a Fish of the Rock-pools of the Sacred Island of Enoshima, Japan.[294]
Halichœres bivittatus, the Slippery Dick.[297]
Peristedion miniatum.[299]
Outlet of Lake Bonneville.[303]
Hypocritichthys analis, Silver Surf-fish.[309]
Erimyzon sucetta, Creekfish or Chub-sucker.[315]
Thaleichthys pretiosus, Eulachon or Ulchen.[320]
Plecoglossus altivelis, the Japanese Ayu.[321]
Coregonus clupeiformis, the Whitefish.[321]
Mullus auratus, the Golden Surmullet.[322]
Scomberomorus maculatus, the Spanish Mackerel.[322]
Lampris luna, the Opah or Moonfish.[323]
Pomatomus saltatrix, the Bluefish.[324]
Centropomus undecimalis, the Robalo.[324]
Chætodipterus faber, the Spadefish.[325]
Micropterus dolomieu, the Small-mouthed Black Bass.[325]
Salvelinus fontinalis, the Speckled Trout.[326]
Salmo irideus, the Rainbow Trout.[326]
Salvelinus oquassa, the Rangeley Trout.[326]
Salmo gairdneri, the Steelhead Trout.[327]
Salmo henshawi, the Tahoe Trout.[327]
Salvelinus malma, the Dolly Varden Trout.[327]
Thymallus signifer, the Alaska Grayling.[328]
Esox lucius, the Pike.[328]
Pleurogrammus monopterygius, the Atka-fish.[328]
Chirostoma humboldtianum, the Pescado blanco.[329]
Pseudupeneus maculatus, the Red Goatfish.[329]
Pseudoscarus guacamaia, Great Parrot-fish.[330]
Mugil cephalus, Striped Mullet.[330]
Lutianus analis, Mutton-snapper.[331]
Clupea harengus, Herring.[331]
Gadus callarias, Codfish.[331]
Scomber scombrus, Mackerel.[332]
Hippoglossus hippoglossus, Halibut.[332]
Fishing for Ayu with Cormorants.[333]
Fishing for Ayu. Emptying Pouch of Cormorant.[335]
Fishing for Tai, Tokyo Bay.[338]
Brevoortia tyrannus, Menhaden.[340]
Exonautes unicolor, Australian Flying-fish.[341]
Rhinichthys atronasus, Black-nosed Dace.[342]
Notropis hudsonius, White Shiner.[343]
Ameiurus catus, White Catfish.[344]
Catostomus ardens, Sucker.[348]
Oncorhynchus tschawytscha, Quinnat Salmon.[354]
Oncorhynchus tschawytscha, Young Male.[355]
Ameiurus nebulosus, Catfishes.[358]
"Le Monstre Marin en Habit de Moine".[360]
"Le Monstre Marin en Habit d'Évêque".[361]
Regalecus russelli, Oarfish.[362]
Regalecus glesne, Glesnæs Oarfish.[363]
Nemichthys avocetta, Thread-eel.[365]
Lactophrys tricornis, Horned Trunkfish.[373]
Ostracion cornutum, Horned Trunkfish.[376]
Lactophrys bicaudalis, Spotted Trunkfish.[377]
Lactophrys bicaudalis, Spotted Trunkfish (Face).[377]
Lactophrys triqueter, Spineless Trunkfish.[378]
Lactophrys trigonus, Hornless Trunkfish.[378]
Lactophrys trigonus, Hornless Trunkfish (Face).[379]
Bernard Germain de Lacépède.[399]
Georges Dagobert Cuvier.[399]
Louis Agassiz.[399]
Johannes Müller.[399]
Albert Günther.[403]
Franz Steindachner.[403]
George Albert Boulenger.[403]
Robert Collett.[403]
Spencer Fullerton Baird.[407]
Edward Drinker Cope.[407]
Theodore Nicholas Gill.[407]
George Brown Goode.[407]
Johann Reinhardt.[409]
Edward Waller Claypole.[409]
Carlos Berg.[409]
Edgar R. Waite.[409]
Felipe Poey y Aloy.[413]
Léon Vaillant.[413]
Louis Dollo.[413]
Decio Vinciguerra.[413]
Bashford Dean.[417]
Kakichi Mitsukuri.[417]
Carl H. Eigenmann.[417]
Franz Hilgendorf.[417]
David Starr Jordan.[421]
Herbert Edson Copeland.[421]
Charles Henry Gilbert.[421]
Barton Warren Evermann.[421]
Ramsay Heatley Traquair.[425]
Arthur Smith Woodward.[425]
Karl A. Zittel.[425]
Charles R. Eastman.[425]
Fragment of Sandstone from Ordovician Deposits.[435]
Fossil Fish Remains from Ordovician Rocks.[436]
Dipterus valenciennesi.[437]
Hoplopteryx lewesiensis.[438]
Paratrachichthys prosthemius, Berycoid fish.[439]
Cypsilurus heterurus, Flying-fish.[440]
Lutianidæ, Schoolmaster Snapper.[440]
Pleuronichthys decurrens, Decurrent Flounder.[441]
Cephalaspis lyelli, Ostracophore.[444]
Dinichthys intermedius, Arthrodire.[445]
Lamna cornubica, Mackerel-shark or Salmon-shark.[447]
Raja stellulata, Star-spined Ray.[448]
Harriotta raleighiana, Deep-sea Chimæra.[449]
Dipterus valenciennesi, Extinct Dipnoan.[449]
Holoptychius giganteus, Extinct Crossopterygian.[451]
Platysomus gibbosus, Ancient Ganoid fish.[452]
Lepisosteus platystomus, Short-nosed Gar.[452]
Palæoniscum macropomum, Primitive Ganoid fish.[453]
Diplomystus humilis, Fossil Herring.[453]
Holcolepis lewesiensis.[454]
Elops saurus, Ten-pounder.[454]
Apogon semilineatus, Cardinal-fish.[455]
Pomolobus æstivalis, Summer Herring.[455]
Bassozetus catena.[456]
Trachicephalus uranoscopus.[456]
Chlarias breviceps, African Catfish.[457]
Notropis whipplii, Silverfin.[457]
Gymnothorax moringa.[458]
Seriola lalandi, Amber-fish.[458]
Geological Distribution of the Families of Elasmobranchs.[459]
"Tornaria" Larva of Glossobalanus minutus.[463]
Glossobalanus minutus.[464]
Harrimania maculosa.[465]
Development of Larval Tunicate to Fixed Condition.[471]
Anatomy of Tunicate.[472]
Ascidia adhærens.[474]
Styela yacutatensis.[475]
Styela greeleyi.[476]
Cynthia superba.[476]
Botryllus magnus, Compound Ascidian.[477]
Botryllus magnus.[478]
Botryllus magnus, a Single Zooid.[479]
Aplidiopsis jordani, a Compound Ascidian.[479]
Oikopleura, Adult Tunicate of Group Larvacea.[480]
Branchiostoma californiense, California Lancelet.[484]
Gill-basket of Lamprey.[485]
Polygnathus dubium.[488]
Polistotrema stouti, Hagfish.[489]
Petromyzon marinus, Lamprey.[491]
Petromyzon marinus unicolor, Mouth Lake Lamprey.[492]
Lampetra wilderi, Sea Larvæ Brook Lamprey.[492]
Lampetra wilderi, Mouth Brook Lamprey.[492]
Lampetra camtschatica, Kamchatka Lamprey.[495]
Entosphenus tridentatus, Oregon Lamprey.[496]
Lampetra wilderi, Brook Lamprey.[505]
Fin-spine of Onchus tenuistriatus.[509]
Section of Vertebræ of Sharks, showing Calcification.[510]
Cladoselache fyleri.[514]
Cladoselache fyleri, Ventral View.[515]
Teeth of Cladoselache fyleri.[515]
Acanthoessus wardi.[515]
Diplacanthus crassissimus.[517]
Climatius scutiger.[518]
Pleuracanthus decheni.[519]
Pleuracanthus decheni, Restored.[520]
Head-bones and Teeth of Pleuracanthus decheni.[520]
Teeth of Didymodus bohemicus.[520]
Shoulder-girdle and Pectoral Fins of Cladodus neilsoni.[521]
Teeth of Cladodus striatus.[522]
Hexanchus griseus, Griset or Cow-shark.[523]
Teeth of Heptranchias indicus.[524]
Chlamydoselachus anguineus, Frill-shark.[525]
Heterodontus francisci, Bullhead-shark.[526]
Lower Jaw of Heterodontus philippi.[526]
Teeth of Cestraciont Sharks.[527]
Egg of Port Jackson Shark, Heterodontus philippi.[527]
Tooth of Hybodus delabechei.[528]
Fin-spine of Hybodus basanus.[528]
Fin-spine of Hybodus reticulatus.[528]
Fin-spine of Hybodus canaliculatus.[529]
Teeth of Cestraciont Sharks.[529]
Edestus vorax, Supposed to be a Whorl of Teeth.[529]
Helicoprion bessonowi, Teeth of.[530]
Lower Jaw of Cochliodus contortus.[531]
Mitsukurina owstoni, Goblin-shark.[535]
Scapanorhynchus lewisi, Under Side of Snout.[536]
Tooth of Lamna cuspidata.[537]
Isuropsis dekayi, Mackerel-shark.[537]
Tooth of Isurus hastalis.[538]
Carcharodon mega odon.[539]
Cetorhinus maximus, Basking-shark.[540]
Galeus zyopterus, Soup-fin Shark.[541]
Carcharias lamia, Cub-shark.[542]
Teeth of Corax pristodontus.[543]
Sphyrna zygæna, Hammer-head Shark.[544]
Squalus acanthias, Dogfish.[545]
Etmopterus lucifer.[546]
Brain of Monkfish, Squatina squatina.[547]
Pristiophorus japonicus, Saw-shark.[548]
Pristis pectinatus, Sawfish.[550]
Rhinobatus lentiginosus, Guitar-fish.[551]
Raja erinacea, Common Skate.[552]
Narcine brasiliensis, Numbfish.[553]
Teeth of Janassa linguæformis.[554]
Polyrhizodus radicans.[555]
Dasyatis sabina, Sting-ray.[556]
Aëtobatis narinari, Eagle-ray.[558]
Manta birostris, Devil-ray or Sea-devil.[559]
Skeleton of Chimæra monstrosa.[564]
Chimæra colliei, Elephant-fish.[565]
Odontotodus schrencki, Ventral Side.[570]
Odontotodus schrencki, Dorsal Side.[570]
Head of Odontotodus schrencki, from the Side.[571]
Limulus polyphemus, Horseshoe Crab.[572]
Lanarkia spinosa.[574]
Drepanaspis gmundenensis.[575]
Pteraspis rostrata.[575]
Cephalaspis lyelli, Restored.[576]
Cephalaspis dawsoni.[577]
Pterichthyodes testudinarius.[578]
Pterichthyodes testudinarius, Side View.[579]
Birkenia elegans.[579]
Lasianius problematicus.[580]
Coccosteus cuspidatus, Restored.[582]
Jaws of Dinichthys hertzeri.[583]
Dinichthys intermedius, an Arthrodire.[584]
Palæospondylus gunni.[591]
Shoulder-girdle of Polypterus bichir.[600]
Arm of a Frog.[601]
Polypterus congicus, a Crossopterygian Fish.[602]
Basal Bone of Dorsal Fin, Holoptychius leptopterus.[603]
Gyroptychius microlepidotus.[604]
Cœlacanthus elegans, showing Air-bladder.[604]
Undina gulo.[605]
Lower Jaw of Polypterus bichir, from Below.[606]
Polypterus congicus.[607]
Polypterus delhezi.[607]
Erpetoichthys calabaricus.[608]
Shoulder-girdle of Neoceratodus forsteri.[609]
Phaneropleuron andersoni.[613]
Teeth of Ceratodus runcinatus.[614]
Neoceratodus forsteri.[614]
Archipterygium of Neoceratodus forsteri.[614]
Upper jaw of Neoceratodus forsteri.[615]
Lower Jaw of Neoceratodus forsteri.[616]
Adult Male of Lepidosiren paradoxa.[619]
Lepidosiren paradoxa. Embryo Three Days before Hatching; Larva Thirteen Days after Hatching.[620]
Larva of Lepidosiren paradoxa Forty Days after Hatching.[621]
Larva of Lepidosiren paradoxa Thirty Days after Hatching.[621]
Larva of Lepidosiren paradoxa Three Months after Hatching.[621]
Protopterus dolloi.[622]