FOOTNOTES:
[47] Septem.
[48] This flag is small and square, and hangs from a rod which is hoisted to an iron crane, to give it play and spread it out in calm weather, like the vexillum. I do not suppose it to be a relic of the Romans, but rather, that when the Romans landed, it had already fluttered for a thousand years on the leafy sides of Atlas. It is called Alem, and is hoisted at the hours of prayer. On Friday it is white, on other days blue.
[49] I am told that where there are in Barbary Christian houses, they are coloured yellow by means of copperas water over the lime.
[50] “Aristote en donnant des éloges à ce gouvernement lui fait des reproches qui paraissent mal fondés. Le premier porte sur la cumulation des emplois. Il est certain qui cette coutume forma de grands hommes dans la Grèce, à Carthage, et à Rome, en obligeant les citoyens à étudier également l’art de la guerre, la science de l’administration et celle des lois, parties differentes mais qui se touchent plus qu’on ne pense. Leur séparation dans les temps modernes a fait naitre de dangereux esprits de corps et de funestes rivalités.”—Segur, Hist. Univ. Carthage, p. 83.
[51] Marshal Bugeaud published an order on attendance at worship—alleging as a reason that it was requisite to secure the respect of the Arabs.
[52] See circular of the Bishop of Chalons, in 1843, for prayers of thanksgiving.
[53] “A great fact is written at full length at p. 9 of the report:—‘In 1831, the effective of the French troops amounted to 18,000 men of all arms; in 1834, to 30,000; in 1838, to 48,000; in 1841, to 70,000; in 1843, to 76,000; in 1845, to 83,000; in 1846, to 101,000.’ Is it not the contrary which would appear simple? We could understand having commenced with 101,000 men in Africa, and now having only 18,000; but that we should have commenced with 18,000 men, to arrive after fifteen years, at 101,000—is not this the most severe condemnation that could be pronounced against the absurd and false system which has been followed?”—La Presse.
[54] “De tous les fléaux que la France doit combattre en Algérie, l’ignorance est sans contredit le plus terrible. Vis-à-vis d’un peuple éclairé, un raisonnement juste et droit produit toujours un résultat avantageux, mais vis-à-vis d’une nation barbare, les paroles sont vaines et les leçons stériles. Nous sommes obligés de recourir sans cesse à la force pour contraindre les indigènes à suivre nos avis et se pénetrer du bien que nous voulons leur faire.”—Les Khouan Ordres Religieux chez les Musulmans de l’Algérie, p. 109.
[55] “This great movement of emigration, 5,000 cavalry, 30,000 foot, and more than 30,000 tents, changes the character of the struggle. Abd-el-Kader carries off the population that we have been unable to organize, administer, or govern.”—L’Algérie.