[14] First published by O. Benndorf, E. Weiss, and A. Rehm, Jahreshefte des österreichischen archäologischen Institut in Wien, 1903, vol. 6, pp. 32-49. I have given further details of its construction in A history of technology, ed. Singer, Holmyard, and Hall, 1957, vol. 3, pp. 604-605.
[15] L. Maxe-Werly, Mémoires de la Société Nationale des Antiquaires de France, 1887, vol. 48, pp. 170-178.
[16] The first definitive account of the Antikythera machine was given by Perikles Rediadis in J. Svoronos, Das Athener Nationalmuseum, Athens, 1908, Textband I, pp. 43-51. Since then, other photographs (mostly very poor) have appeared, and an attempt at a reconstruction has been made by Rear Admiral Jean Theophanidis, Praktika tes Akademias Athenon, Athens, 1934, vol. 9, pp. 140-149 (in French). I am deeply grateful to the Director of the Athens National Museum, M. Karouzos, for providing me with an excellent new set of photos, from which figures 6-8 are now taken.
[17] H. Diels Über die von Prokop beschriebene Kunstuhr von Gaza, Abhandlungen, Akademie der Wissenschaften, Berlin, Philos.-Hist. Klasse, 1917, No. 7.
[18] L. A. Mayer, Islamic astrolabists and their works, Geneva, 1956, p. 62.
[19] The translation which follows is quoted from J. Beckmann, op. cit. (footnote [1]), p. 349.
[20] E. Wiedemann, "Ein Instrument das die Bewegung von Sonne und Mond darstellt, nach al Biruni," Der Islam, 1913, vol. 4, p. 5.
[21] I acknowledge with thanks to the Curator of that museum the permission to reproduce photographs of this instrument. It is item 5 in R. T. Gunther, Astrolabes of the world, Oxford, 1932.
[22] Abulcacim Abnacahm, Libros del saber, edition by Rico y Sinobas, Madrid, 1866, vol. 3, pp. 241-271. The design of the instrument has been very fully discussed by A. Wegener, "Die astronomischen Werke Alfons X," Bibliotheca Mathematica, 1905, pp. 129-189. A more complete discussion of the historical evolution of the equatorium is given in Derek J. Price, The equatorie of the planetis, Cambridge (Eng.), 1955, pp. 119-133.
[23] E. Wiedemann, and F. Hauser, "Uber die Uhren im Bereich d. islamischen Kultur," Nova Acta; Abhandlungen der königliche Leopoldinisch-Carolinische Deutsche Akademie der Naturforscher zu Halle, 1915, vol. 100, no. 5.