Two particles form the dative; i.e., ni and ie. For example, Pedro ni móxita 'I told Peter,' Padre ie ague maraxita 'I gave, or offered, it to the priest.'
There are five particles which form the accusative case; i.e., vo, voba, va, ie, and ga. The first, vo, is the most used; e.g., Pedro vo iobe 'call Peter.' Va is used when one wishes to express in particular a noun in the accusative; e.g., niffon guchi va xiranu[[54]] 'I don't know Japanese.' The ending voba is the same as vo va, changing the second v to b they use it as va; e.g., fune voba nori sutete; cane bacari tori maraxita 'abandoning ship, I took only money, or gold, with me.' Ie is used to indicate the place to which one goes; e.g., Roma ie mairó 'I go to Rome.' Ga is used for nouns which indicate non-living or humble things; e.g., are ie gozare, mono ga móxitai 'go there! I have something to tell you.' The accusative is also formed without any particle, as has
been shown in the example second before last, where the second accusative is without a particle.
The vocative is formed with the particle icani. It is not suffixed to words as are the other particles but it is prefixed instead; e.g., icani qimi core vo goronjerarei 'look at this, My Lord.'[[55]] Usually, however, the vocative is formed without any particle; e.g., Padre sama (8 qicaxerareio 'listen, Reverend Father.'
There are three particles for the ablative; i.e., iori, cara, and ni. The third indicates the place in which; e.g., iglesia ni gozaru 'he is in church.' Sometimes ni is used after no; e.g., sonata no ni xi aru ca? 'are you going to make it yours, or take it for yours?' But this seems much more a dative than an ablative. The particles cara and iori are more common in the formation of the ablative; e.g., Madrid cara maitta 'I came from Madrid,' Pedro iori corosareta 'he was killed by Peter.'
There are four particles used to form the plural. They are placed immediately after the noun they pluralize and before the particles which indicate case. These four particles are tachi, xu, domo, and ra. The first, tachi, forms the plural of those noble things which one wishes to honor; e.g., tono tachi 'lords.' The particle xu forms the plural for noble things but not those of the highest rank; e.g., samurai xu 'nobles (nobiles), but not lords (domini).' The particle domo is suffixed to words which indicate humble things, either abstract, animate, or inanimate; e.g., fiacuxó domo 'farmer,' ixi domo 'stones,' mma domo 'horses.' The particle ra forms the plural of nouns which indicate very low things which are to be despised; e.g., Iudeo ra 'Jews.'[[56]] The case particles which are required by the sentence are placed after the pluralizing particles; e.g., tono tachi no coto domo vo varú iú na 'don't speak badly about the Lords' affairs.'
There are some words that are plural in themselves; e.g., tomo gara means 'men,' Nan ban mono 'European things,' Nan ban mono vo fomuru na 'don't praise European things.'
The particle icani, which as has been indicated above forms the vocative, is not placed after but always before the pronouns which are
made plural, while the particles which form the plural are placed after; e.g., icani Padre tachi vo qiqi nasare io 'listen to the priests.'
But two of the four particles which form the plural, domo and ra, are with certain words singular. Varera and midomo mean 'I.' Sometimes both are found together in the singular; e.g., midomora 'I,' midomora ga 'my, or mine.' The particles domo and ra are also (9 suffixed to the singular when one wishes to humiliate the thing mentioned; e.g., hara domo ga itai 'I have a stomach ache,' asu domo va aru mai 'tomorrow will not come,' asu ra va naró mode 'tomorrow will perhaps not come.'