The Steam Engine Familiarly Explained and Illustrated / With an historical sketch of its invention and progressive improvement; its applications to navigation and railways; with plain axioms for railway speculators

by Dionysius Lardner

(c) An improvement has been made in the United States in the mode of working the puppet valve. It consists in placing them by pairs in two different vertical planes instead of one. The rods then work through four separate stuffing boxes, and the necessity of making two of them hollow cylinders is avoided.—A. E.

(62.) There are various other contrivances for regulating the circulation of steam through the cylinder. In [figs. 22, 23]. is represented a section of a slide valve suggested by Mr. Murray of Leeds. The steam-pipe from the boiler enters the valve-box D E at S. Curved passages, A A, B B, communicate between this valve-box and the top and bottom of the cylinder; and a fourth passage leads to the tube C, which passes to the condenser. A sliding piece within the valve-box opens a communication alternately between each end of the cylinder and the tube C, which leads to the condenser. In the position of the apparatus in [fig. 22]. steam is passing from the steam-pipes, through the curved passage A A above the piston, and at the same time the steam below the piston is passing through the passage B B into the tube C, and thence to the condenser. A vacuum is thus formed below the piston, and steam is introduced above it. The piston, therefore, descends; and when it arrives at the bottom of the cylinder, the slide is moved into the position represented in [fig. 23]. Steam now passes from S through B B below the piston, and the steam above it passes through A A and C to the condenser. A vacuum is thus produced above the piston, and steam pressure is introduced below it, and the piston ascends; and in this way the motion is continued.

The slide is moved by a lever, which is worked by the eccentric from the fly-wheel.

(63.) Watt suggested a method of regulating the circulation of steam, which is called the D valve, from the resemblance which the horizontal section of the valve has to the letter D. This method, which is very generally used, is represented in section in [figs. 24, 25]. Steam from the boiler enters through S. A rod of metal connects two solid plugs, A B, which move steam-tight in the passage D. In the position of the apparatus represented in [fig. 24]. the steam passes from S through the passage D, and enters the cylinder above the piston; while the steam below the piston passes through the open passage by the tube C to the condenser. A vacuum is thus formed below the piston, while the pressure of steam is introduced above it, and it accordingly descends. When it has arrived at the bottom of the cylinder, the plugs A B are moved into the position in [fig. 25]. Steam now passing from S through D, enters the cylinder below the piston; while the steam which is above the piston, and has just pressed it down, passes through the open passage into the condenser. A vacuum is thus produced above the piston, and the steam pressure below forces it up. When it has arrived at the top of the cylinder, the position of the plugs A B is again changed to that represented in [fig. 24]., and a similar effect to that already described is produced, and the piston is pressed down; and so the process is continued.

The plugs A B, and the rod which connects them, are moved up and down by proper levers, which receive their motion from the eccentric.

This contrivance is frequently modified, by conducting the steam from above the piston to the condenser, through a tube in the plugs A B, and their connecting rod. In [figs. 26, 27]. a tube passes through the plugs A B and the rod which joins them. In the position [fig. 26]. steam entering at S passes through the tube to the cylinder above the piston, while the steam below the piston passes through C into the condenser. A vacuum being thus made below the piston, and steam pressing above it, it descends; and when it has arrived at the bottom of the cylinder, the position of the plugs A B and the tube is changed to that represented at [fig. 27]. The steam now entering at S passes to the cylinder below the piston, while the steam above the piston passes through C into the condenser. A vacuum is thus produced above the piston, and steam pressure introduced below it, so that it ascends. When it has arrived at the top of the cylinder, the plugs are moved into the position represented in [fig. 26]., and similar effects being produced, the piston again descends; and so the motion is continued.

The motion of the sliding tube may be produced as in the former contrivances, by the action of the eccentric. It is also sometimes done by a bracket fastened on the piston-rod of the air-pump. This bracket, in the descent of the piston, strikes a projection on the valve-rod, and drives it down; and in the ascent meets a similar projection, and raises it.

(64.) Another method, worthy of notice for its elegance and simplicity, is the four-way cock. A section of this contrivance is given in [figs. 28, 29].: C T S B are four passages or tubes; S leads from the boiler, and introduces steam; C, opposite to it, leads to the condenser; T is a tube which communicates with the top of the cylinder; and B one which communicates with the bottom of the cylinder. These four tubes communicate with a cock, which is furnished with two curved passages, as represented in the figures; and these passages are so formed, that, according to the position given to the cock, they may be made to open a communication between any two adjacent tubes of the four just mentioned. When the cock is placed as in [fig. 28]. communication is opened between the steam-pipe and the top of the cylinder by one of the curved passages, and between the condenser and the bottom of the cylinder by the other curved passage. In this case the steam passes from below the piston to the condenser, leaving a vacuum under it, and steam is introduced from the boiler above the piston. The piston therefore descends; and when it has arrived at the bottom of the cylinder, the position of the cock is changed to that represented in [fig. 29]. This change is made by turning the cock through one fourth of an entire revolution, which may be done by a lever moved by the eccentric, or by various other means. One of the curved passages in the cock now opens a communication between the steam-pipe and the bottom of the cylinder; while the other opens a communication between the condenser and the top of the cylinder. By these means, the steam from the boiler is introduced below the piston, while the steam above the piston is drawn off to the condenser. A vacuum being thus made above the piston, and steam introduced below it, it ascends; and when it has arrived at the top of the cylinder, the cock being moved back, it resumes the position in [fig. 28]., and the same consequences ensue, the piston descends; and so the process is continued. In [figs. 30, 31]. the four-way cock with the passages to the top and bottom of the cylinder is represented on a larger scale.

This beautiful contrivance is not of late invention. It was used by Papin, and is also described by Leupold in his Theatrum Machinarum, a work published about the year 1720, in which an engine is described acting with steam of high pressure, on a principle which we shall describe in a subsequent chapter.