THE
PRINCIPLES OF CHEMISTRY
By D. MENDELÉEFF
TRANSLATED FROM THE RUSSIAN (SIXTH EDITION) BY
GEORGE KAMENSKY, A.R.S.M.
OF THE IMPERIAL MINT, ST PETERSBURG: MEMBER OF THE RUSSIAN PHYSICO-CHEMICAL SOCIETY
EDITED BY
T. A. LAWSON, B.Sc. Ph.D.
EXAMINER IN COAL-TAR PRODUCTS TO THE CITY AND GUILDS OF LONDON INSTITUTE FELLOW OF THE INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY
IN TWO VOLUMES
VOLUME II.
LONGMANS, GREEN, AND CO
39 PATERNOSTER ROW, LONDON
NEW YORK AND BOMBAY
1897
All rights reserved
The periodic dependence of the composition of the simplest compounds and properties of the simple bodies upon the atomic weights of the elements.
| Molecular composition of the higher hydrogen and metallo-organic compounds | Atomic weights of the elements | Composition of the saline compounds, X=Cl | Peroxides | Lower hydrogen compounds | Simple bodies | |||||||||||||||
| Sp. gr. | Sp. vol. | Melting point | ||||||||||||||||||
| Br, (NO3), ½O, ½(SO4), OH, (OM)=Z, where M=K | ||||||||||||||||||||
| ½Ca, ⅓Al, &c. | ||||||||||||||||||||
| E=CH3, C2H5, &c. | Form | RX | RX2 | RX3 | RX4 | RX5 | RX6 | RX7 | RX8 | |||||||||||
| Oxides | R2O | RO | R2O3 | RO2 | R2O5 | RO3 | R2O7 | RO4 | ||||||||||||
| [1] | [2] | [3] | [4] | [5] | [6] | [7] | [8] | [9] | [10] | [11] | [12] | [13] | [14] | [15] | [16] | [17] | [18] | [19] | ||
| HH | H | 1,005 | (mean) | HX or H2O | H2O2 | — | *0·05 | 20 | -250°? | |||||||||||
| Li | 7·02 | (Stas) | LiX | — | — | 0·59 | 11·9 | 180° | ||||||||||||
| Be | 9·1 | (Nilson Pettersson) | — | BX2 | — | BeH | 1·64 | 5·5 | 900°? | |||||||||||
| BE3 | — | — | B | 11·0 | (Ramsay Ashton) | — | — | BX3 | — | — | 2·5 | 4·4 | 1,300°? | |||||||
| CH4 | C2H6 | C2H4 | C2H2 | C | 12·0 | (Roscoe) | — | CO | — | COZ2 | C2O5* | — | *1·9 | 6·3 | 2,600°? | |||||
| NH3 | N2H4 | — | N | 14·04 | (Stas) | N2O | NO | NOZ | NO2 | NO2Z | N2O6* | N3H | *0·6 | 23 | -203° | |||||
| OH2 | — | O | 16 | (conventional) | — | OX2 | O3 | — | *0·9 | 18 | -230°? | |||||||||
| — | FH | F | 19·0 | (Christiansen) | FZ | — | — | — | ?1·0 | 19 | ? | |||||||||
| NaE | Na | 23·04 | (Stas) | NaX | NaO | Na2H | 0·98 | 23·5 | 96° | |||||||||||
| MgE2 | — | Mg | 24·3 | (Burton) | — | MgX2 | — | MgH | 1·74 | 14 | 500° | |||||||||
| AlE3 | — | — | Al | 27·1 | (Mallet) | — | — | AlX3 | — | — | 2·6 | 11 | 600° | |||||||
| SiH4 | Si2E6 | — | — | Si | 28·4 | (Thorpe Young) | — | — | — | SiOZ2 | — | — | 2·3 | 12 | 1,300°? | |||||
| PH3 | P2H4 | — | P | 31·0 | (v. d. Plaats) | — | — | PX3 | — | POZ3 | — | P2H | 2·2 | 14 | 44° | |||||
| SH2 | — | S | 32·06 | (Stas) | — | SX2 | — | SOZ2 | — | SO2Z2 | S2O7 | — | 2·07 | 15 | 114° | |||||
| ClH | Cl | 35·45 | (Stas) | ClZ | — | ClOZ | — | ClO2Z | — | ClO3Z | — | — | *1·3 | 27 | -75° | |||||
| K | 39·15 | (Stas) | KX | KO2 | K2H | 0·87 | 45 | 58° | ||||||||||||
| Ca | 40·0 | (Dumas) | — | CaX2 | CaO2 | CaH | 1·56 | 26 | 800° | |||||||||||
| Sc | 44·0 | (Nilson) | — | — | ScX3 | — | — | ?2·5 | ?18 | 1,200°? | ||||||||||
| Ti | 48·1 | (Thorpe) | — | TiX2 | TiX3 | TiX4 | TiO3 | — | 3·6 | 13 | 2,500°? | |||||||||
| V | 51·2 | (Roscoe) | — | VO | VOX | — | VOZ3 | — | — | — | 5·5 | 9 | 3,000°? | |||||||
| Cr | 52·1 | (Rawson) | — | CrX2 | CrX3 | CrO2 | — | CrO2Z2 | Cr2O7 | — | 6·7 | 7·7 | 2,000°? | |||||||
| Mn | 55·1 | (Marignac) | — | MnX2 | MnX3 | MnO2 | — | MnO2Z2 | MnO3Z | — | — | 7·5 | 7·3 | 1,500° | ||||||
| Fe | 56·0 | (Dumas) | — | FeX2 | FeX3 | — | — | FeO2Z2 | — | FenH* | 7·8 | 7·2 | 1,450° | |||||||
| Co | 58·9 | (Zimmermann) | — | CoX2 | CoX3 | CoO2 | — | — | 8·6 | 6·8 | 1,400° | |||||||||
| Ni | 59·4 | (Winkler) | — | NiX2 | NiX3 | — | NinH | 8·7 | 6·8 | 1,350° | ||||||||||
| Cu | 63·6 | (Richards) | CuX | CuX2 | Cu2O5* | CuH | 8·8 | 7·2 | 1,054° | |||||||||||
| ZnE2 | — | Zn | 65·3 | (Marignac) | — | ZnX2 | ZnO2 | — | 7·1 | 9·2 | 418° | |||||||||
| GaE3 | — | — | Ga | 69·9 | (Boisbaudran) | — | — | GaX3 | — | — | 5·96 | 11·7 | 30° | |||||||
| GeE4 | — | — | — | Ge | 72·3 | (Winkler) | — | GaX2 | — | GaX4 | — | — | 5·47 | 13·2 | 900° | |||||
| AsH3 | — | — | As | 75·0 | (Dumas) | — | AsS | AsX3 | AsS2 | AsO2Z | — | As4H* | 5·65 | 13·3 | 500° | |||||
| SeH2 | — | Se | 79·0[A] | (Pettersson) | — | — | — | SeOZ2 | — | SeO2Z2 | — | — | 4·8 | 16 | 217° | |||||
| BrH | Br | 79·95 | (Stas) | BrZ | — | BrOZ | — | BrO2Z | — | BrO3Z | — | — | 3·1 | 26 | -7° | |||||
| Rb | 85·5 | (Godeffroy) | RbX | RbO | Rb2H* | 1·5 | 57 | 39° | ||||||||||||
| Sr | 87·6 | (Dumas) | — | SrX2 | SrO2 | SrH | 2·5 | 35 | 600°? | |||||||||||
| Y | 89 | (Clève) | — | — | YX3 | — | — | *3·4 | *26 | 1,000°? | ||||||||||
| Zr | 90·6 | (Bailey) | — | — | — | ZrX4 | — | Zr4nH* | 4·1 | 2·2 | 1,500°? | |||||||||
| Nb | 94 | (Marignac) | — | — | NbX3 | — | NbO2Z | — | NbnH* | 7·1 | 13 | 1,800°? | ||||||||
| Mo | 96·1 | (Maas) | — | — | MoX3 | MoX4 | — | MoO2Z2 | Mo2O7 | — | 8·6 | 11 | 2,200°? | |||||||
| Unknown metal (eka-manganese, Em = 99). | EmO3Z | — | — | — | — | — | ||||||||||||||
| Ru | 101·7 | (Joly) | — | RuX2 | RuX3 | RuX4 | — | RuO2Z2 | — | RuO4 | — | RunH* | 12·2 | 8·4 | 2,000°? | |||||
| Rh | 102·7 | (Seubert) | — | RhX2 | RhX3 | RhX4 | — | RhO2Z2 | — | RhnH* | 12·1 | 8·6 | 1,900°? | |||||||
| Pd | 106·4 | (Keller Smith) | PdX | PdX2 | — | PdX4 | — | Pd2H | 11·4 | 8·3 | 1,500° | |||||||||
| Ag | 107·92 | (Stas) | AgX | AgO | — | 10·5 | 10·3 | 950° | ||||||||||||
| CdE2 | — | Cd | 112·1 | (Lorimer Smith) | — | CdX2 | CdO2 | — | 8·6 | 13 | 320° | |||||||||
| InE3 | — | — | In | 113·6 | (Winkler) | — | InX2 | InX3 | — | — | 7·4 | 14 | 176° | |||||||
| SnE4 | — | — | — | Sn | 119·1 | (Classen) | — | SnX2 | — | SnX4 | SnO3 | — | 7·2 | 16 | 232° | |||||
| SbH3 | — | — | Sb | 120·4 | (Schneider) | — | — | SbX3 | — | SbO2Z | — | — | 6·7 | 18 | 432° | |||||
| TeH2 | — | Te | 125·1 | (Brauner) | — | — | — | TeOZ2 | — | — | 6·4 | 20 | 455° | |||||||
| IH | I | 126·85 | (Stas) | IZ | — | IZ3 | — | IO2Z | — | IO3Z | — | — | 4·9 | 26 | 114° | |||||
| Cs | 132·7 | (Godeffroy) | CsX | — | Cs2H* | 2·37 | 56 | 27° | ||||||||||||
| Ba | 137·4 | (Richards) | — | BaX2 | BaO2 | BaH | 3·76 | 36 | ? | |||||||||||
| La | 138·2 | (Brauner) | — | — | LaX3 | — | — | 6·1 | 23 | ? | ||||||||||
| Ce | 140·2 | (Brauner) | — | — | CeX3 | CeX4 | — | — | 6·6 | 21 | 700°? | |||||||||
| Little known Di = 142.1 and Yb = 173.2, and over 15 unknown elements. | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Ta | 182·7 | (Marignac) | — | — | — | — | TaO2Z | — | TanH* | 10·4 | 18 | ? | ||||||||
| W | 184·0 | (Waddel) | — | — | — | WX4 | — | WO2Z2 | W2O7 | — | 19·1 | 9·6 | 2,600° | |||||||
| Unknown element. | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Os | 191·6 | (Seubert) | — | — | OsX3 | OsX4 | — | OsO2Z2 | — | OsO4 | — | — | 22·5 | 8·5 | 2,700°? | |||||
| Ir | 193·3 | (Joly) | — | — | IrX3 | IrX4 | — | IrO2Z2 | — | IrnH* | 22·4 | 8·6 | 2,000° | |||||||
| Pt | 196·0 | (Dittmar McArthur) | — | PtX2 | — | PtX4 | — | PtnH* | 21·4 | 9·2 | 1,775° | |||||||||
| Au | 197·5 | (Dittmar McArthur) | AuX | — | AuX3 | — | — | 19·3 | 10 | 1,045° | ||||||||||
| HgE2 | — | Hg | 200·5 | (Erdmann Mar.) | HgX | HgX2 | — | — | 13·6 | 15 | -39° | |||||||||
| TlE3 | — | — | Tl | 204·1 | (Crookes) | TlX | — | TlX3 | — | — | 11·8 | 17 | 294° | |||||||
| PbE4 | — | — | — | Pb | 206·90 | (Stas) | — | PbX2 | — | PbOZ2 | — | — | 11·3 | 18 | 328° | |||||
| BiE3 | — | — | Bi | 208·9 | (Classen) | — | — | BiX3 | — | BiO2 | — | — | 9·8 | 21 | 269° | |||||
| Five unknown elements. | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Th | 232·4 | (Krüss Nilson) | — | — | — | ThX4 | — | — | 11·1 | 21 | ? | |||||||||
| Unknown element. | ||||||||||||||||||||
| U | 239·3 | (Zimmermann) | — | — | — | UO2 | — | UO2X2 | — | UO4 | — | — | 18·7 | 13 | 2,400°? | |||||
[A] From analogy there is reason for thinking that the atomic weight of selenium is really slightly less than 79·0.
Columns 1, 2, 3, and 4 give the molecular composition of the hydrogen and metallo-organic compounds, exhibiting the most characteristic forms assumed by the elements. The first column contains only those which correspond to the form RX4, the second column those of the form RX3, the third of the form RX2, and the fourth of the form RX, so that the periodicity stands out clearly (see Column 16).
Column 5 contains the symbols of all the more or less well-known elements, placed according to the order of the magnitude of their atomic weights.
Column 6 contains the atomic weights of the elements according to the most trustworthy determinations. The names of the investigators are given in parenthesis. The atomic weight of oxygen, taken as 16, forms the basis upon which these atomic weights were calculated. Some of these have been recalculated by me on the basis of Stas's most trustworthy data (see Chapter [XXIV.] and the numbers given by Stas in the table, where they are taken according to van der Plaats and Thomsen's calculations).