The copper is then poured into a ladle, and conveyed to the refining and casting furnaces.

The whole operation for a straight run occupies about two hours, but the time required in general naturally depends upon the rapidity of working, and particularly on the grade of matte, and the volume and pressure of the blast.

The slags during the early part of the blow generally carry about 2 per cent. of copper, after the white metal stage is passed, they are usually much richer, on account of the intensely oxidising atmosphere which prevails, and the decreasing quantity of protecting sulphur. These later slags often contain upwards of 20 per cent. of copper, and in consequence as much slag as possible is poured off during the early stages of the blow, and the quantity towards the close is kept at a minimum.

The subsequent treatment of the converter slag depends very much upon the conditions of work at the smelter; at Anaconda, the iron contents of this slag are very useful in the blast-furnace charge, as there is a shortage of suitable basic flux for the silica of the rather siliceous charges. The slag is poured from the converters into ladles, and conveyed to a slag-casting machine, consisting of a conveyor belt carrying cast-iron moulds which are sprayed with cold water, the slag being thus cast into cakes suitable for the blast-furnace charge.

At Tennessee, the pyritic-smelting slags are already too ferruginous for any addition of irony converter-slags in the blast-furnace charge to be desirable, and the only metallurgical treatment for which these are suited is that of recovering from them the large amount of copper which they carry. The molten converter slag is, therefore, poured directly into the blast-furnace settlers, and by this means, the slags are cleaned and the values recovered.

At the new Tooele Smelter, under Mathewson’s organisation, the molten converter slags are poured directly into the reverberatory furnaces, there being no blast-furnace or settler plant, and the cleaning and settling are thus very satisfactorily conducted.

Systems of Working: Acid-lined Converter.—The “normal” system of working—i.e., blowing a matte-charge first to white metal, then to blister copper—is not always practicable nor economically the best practice, and the system of operating the charges depends largely upon the working conditions, which are subject to much variation at different smelters. Even at the same plant, the procedure has to be varied according to the attendant circumstances.

Conditions which may influence the system of working include:—

As instances of the way in which some of these circumstances affect procedure, the following examples may be quoted.