Modern Copper Smelting / being lectures delivered at Birmingham University, greatly extended and adapted and with and introduction on the history, uses and properties of copper.

by Donald M. Levy

• A
• Accretions in the blast furnace, [55], [124], [130], [158].
• Acidity of electrolyte, [231], [236].
• Acid-lined converters, [193–213].
• Acid-making from blast-furnace gas, [140], [146], [167], [181], [186], [188–191].
• Acid-making from roaster gas, [63], [68].
• Acid-plant, [190], [191].
• Acid-silicates, [148].
• Acids and copper, [33].
• Addicks, L., [23], [34].
• Advantages of basic linings, [202], [204], [213], [214].
• " blast furnaces, [114].
• " Brückner roasters, [72].
• " forced draft, [85].
• " high current density, [233].
• " large grates, [84].
• " " reverberatories, [91].
• " long blast furnaces, [129].
• " matte-pool, [91].
• " MacDougal roasters, [75], [76].
• " multiple system, [229].
• " pyritic smelting, [177].
• " roasting, [62], [67].
• " sectioning, [124].
• " series system, [228].
• " upright converter, [195].
• " water-jacketing, [123], [124].
• Aëration in electro-refining, [231], [232].
• " furnace refining, [222], [239–242].
• Africa, copper output, [15].
• Agglomeration of fines, [47], [51], [55–57], [110–112].
• Air and copper, [33].
• " for furnace refining, [221], [222], [241].
• " in roasting, [66].
• " -admission in reverberatory work, [86].
• " -holes in reverberatory furnace, [85], [86], [101].
• " -space under blast furnaces, [136].
• " -supply for blast furnaces, [141–145], [188].
• "" converters, [195–198], [213].
• "" pyritic smelting, [173–188].
• "" reverberatory work, [85], [92].
• Airing, [41].
• Alabaster, R. C., [191].
• Alaska copper output, [15].
• Alchemists, [2].
• Allen roaster, [70].
• Alloys, [18], [21], [34], [40], [42].
• Alumina in slags, [147], [150], [191].
• Aluminium and copper, [21], [23].
• Amalgamated Copper Company, [13].
• American copper mining, [7].
• " production, [15].
• Ammonium sulphate in electro-refining, [231].
• Anaconda, [9], [52], [80], [191], [220], [243].
• " blast-furnace practice, [120], [190].
• " blast furnaces, [125–128], [166], [191].
• " briquetting plant, [57].
• " Brückners at, [72].
• " Casting at, [226].
• " charge calculations, [150].
• "" -cars, [154], [155].
• " converter practice, [194], [201], [207], [214–216].
• " converters, [194], [197], [207], [216].
• " copper, [227].
• " costs of production, [14].
• " refining, [219].
• " reverberatory practice, [82], [85], [89], [91], [96–104].
• " roasting, [74–79].
• " sampling, [47], [48].
• " smelting scheme, [54].
• " wet concentration, [53].
• Analysis of copper, [20], [44], [50], [227].
• " costs of oil-fired reverberatories, [81], [107], [108].
• " " roasting, [79].
• Annealing of copper, [28], [31], [32].
• Anodes, [217], [219], [226], [229–238].
• Anode-casting machines, [226].
• " -copper, [54], [219], [230], [233], [243].
• " -scrap, [237].
• Antimony and copper, [20], [23–25], [30–32], [44], [207], [217], [230].
• " in copper matte, [37], [207], [217].
• " in electro-refining, [217], [230], [231].
• Apparatus for roasting, [66], et seq. (see Roasting furnaces).
• Appearance of copper-mattes, [38], [39].
• Apron-plates, [140], [153], [154].
• Arch of reverberatories, [96].
• Argall roaster, [73].
• Argentine copper output, [15].
• Argo smelter, [71], [88].
• Arizona copper output, [17].
• " costs of production, [14].
• " mines, [8], [17].
• " ores, [46].
• Arnold, J. O., [34].
• Arrangement of electrodes, [227–229], [234–237].
• " tanks, [234], [235].
• Arsenic in copper, [20], [23–25], [28–33], [41], [43], [44], [207], [217], [230].
• " " -matte, [37], [207], [215], [217].
• " electro-refining, [215], [217], [231].
• Arsenides, Roasting of, [66].
• Ash-beds, Copper-bearing, [45].
• Aspinall, [34].
• Assaying, [47].
• Associated Copper Smelters, [7].
• Atacamite, [47].
• Atlantic Mine, [45].
• Atmosphere of the blast furnace, [115], [186].
• " " reverberatory furnace, [63], [81].
• Auger-Former, [56].
• Austen, Roberts- [34].
• Austin, L. S., [80], [145], [170], [191].
• Australian copper output, [15].
• "mines, [7], [8], [15].
• Austria, copper production, [15].
• Azurite, [47].
• B
• Baggaley, [194], [200], [202], [215].
• Balakala, Cal., [75].
• Baltic Mine, [14].
• Baltimore Company’s Smelter, [194].
• Barilla, [45].
• Barnett, M., [229], [235], [243].
• Barrel-shaped converters, [193–197].
• Barring of blast furnaces, [124], [127], [130], [158], [185].
• Bases in slags, [148–150], [176], [180], [181].
• Basic converter practice, [51], [181], [193–202], [212–215].
• " linings, [193–197], [200], [202], [204], [207], [212–216].
• " silicate slags, [148], [149], [176], [179], [180], [183].
• Bauer, [50].
• Bedding systems, [156].
• Beds of refining furnaces, [219].
• " reverberatory furnaces (see Hearths).
• Bending tests for copper, [20].
• Bengough, G. D., [28].
• Bessemer, [170], [192], [195].
• Bessemerising of copper mattes, [42], [51], [191], [193–217].
• " of low-grade matte, [51], [193].
• " in pyritic smelting, [172–182].
• Best select copper, [40], [42], [44], [214], [215].
• " selecting process, [9], [40], [214], [215].
• Bi-silicate slags, [148], [149].
• Bismuth in copper, [23], [30–33], [44], [207], [217], [230].
• " bessemerising, [217].
• " electro-refining, [231].
• " refining, [217], [230].
• Black copper, [43], [44].
• Black copper smelting, [115], [116].
• Blast for blast furnaces, [125], [160], [161].
• " converters, [195–198], [207], [213], [215].
• " pyritic smelting, [178–184], [188].
• " sintering, [58].
• Blast furnaces, [52], [55].
• " furnace, early forms, [10].
• " " practice, [113–191].
• " " smelting, [10], [53], [54], [67], [108], [110], [111].
• " " water-jacketing, 10 (see also Water-jacketing).
• " mains, [141].
• " pressure, [135], [141], [159], [160], [167], [184], [188].
• " roasting, [51], [55–59], [80], [110–112], [169].
• Blister copper, [41], [43], [44], [205], [213].
• Blount, [34].
• Blowers for blast furnaces, [141].
• Blowing to blister, [213–215].
• " fine concentrates into converters, [55].
• " of converters, [192], [195], [205–216].
• Boiler tubes, Copper for, [19], [33].
• Boiling in furnace refining, [221].
• " point, [24].
• Bolivia, copper ores, [46].
• " " output, [15].
• Bornite, [46].
• Bosh-angle, [139].
• Boshes, [123], [138].
• Boston and Montana Smelter, [191].
• Bottoms, Copper, [40].
• Bottom-plate for blast furnaces, [136].
• Bottom of reverberatories (see Hearths).
• Bracing of reverberatories, [96], [99], [221].
• Brasque hearths, [117], [123], [134].
• Brasses, [21], [40].
• Breadth of reverberatories, [89].
• Breakdown of electrodes, [230], [233], [237], [238].
• Breast plate, [139], [159], [160].
• Brick furnaces, [124].
• Bridging of blast furnaces, [125–127].
• Brinell test, [32].
• Bringing to pitch, [19], [26], [28], [39], [40], [43], [217], [222], [223],
• [230], [238], [241], [242].
• Briquettes in blast-furnace charges, [150–152].
• " Coke in, [57], [101].
• Briquetting, [51], [54–57], [169].
• British copper mining, [2], [56].
• " production, [15].
• Brittleness of crude copper, [242].
• Bronzes, [21].
• Brown, W., [17].
• " roaster, [70], [71].
• Brückner roaster, [72], [75].
• " " Introduction of, [10].
• Brunton sampler, [49], [50].
• Bullion in electro-refining (see Values).
• Bustle pipes, [141].
• Butte mining, [8].
• " ores, [46], [63].
• " " Preliminary treatment, [52].
• " " Roasting of, [63].
• C
• Cadmium in copper, [23].
• Calculation of blast-furnace charges, [146], [147], [150–152].
• California, copper output, [17].
• " Practice in, [75], [168].
• Calumet and Hecla, [8], [14], [45].
• " " costs of production, [14].
• Canada, copper ores, [46].
• " " output, [15].
• Cananea, [80].
• " blast furnaces, [136], [142], [145], [156], [161].
• " Costs of production at, [14].
• " " roasting, [78].
• " reverberatories, [91], [105–108].
• " settlers, [163].
• Capacity of blast furnaces, [114], [123–125], [129], [131], [135], [151], [153],
• [174], [179], [184–188].
• " converters, [193], [195], [198], [201], [202], [204], [207], [212].
• " electrolytic tanks, [231], [234], [237].
• " refining furnaces, [219], [224–227], [240].
• " reverberatories, [88–92], [99], [102], [106].
• " roaster furnaces, [70–72], [76–79].
• Cape Copper Company, [68], [73].
• Carbon and copper, [28], [42].
• " " silicates, [39].
• " dioxide and copper, [23].
• " " and acid manufacture, [181], [189], [190].
• " " in blast-furnace gases, [181], [189], [190].
• " monoxide in copper, [25].
• Carbonaceous fuel in blast furnaces, [115], [119], [121] (see also Coke).
• Carbonate ores, [47].
• Cars for charging, [141], [153–155], [186].
• Cast copper, [32], [35].
• Casting furnaces, [219], [220], [224], [225].
• " machines, [224], [226], [242].
• " of copper anodes, [217], [219], [224].
• " of merchant copper, [217], [237–242].
• Cathode copper, [39], [43], [44], [230], [233], [238], [239].
• " plates, [227–231], [237].
• " sheets, [227], [230–232], [235], [237].
• Caypless, [37], [50].
• Cement copper, [43], [44], [236].
• Cerro de Pasco, [75].
• Chalcocite, [46].
• Chalcopyrite, [45–47].
• " in pyritic smelting, [171].
• " roasting of, [65].
• Chambers’ briquette machine, [56], [57].
• Changes during bessemerising, [206–210], [215], [216].
• Channelling in reverberatory grates, [86], [101].
• Channing, J. Parke, [170], [186], [191].
• Charge for blast furnaces, [130], [146], [147], [150], [151], [187], [211].
• " " blast roasting, [58], [111], [112].
• " " converters, [212], [213].
• " " pyritic smelting, [178–180], [187], [188].
• " " reverberatories, [102], [110–112].
• " " roaster furnaces, [76–79], [111], [112].
• " " sintering, [58], [111], [112].
• " -cars, [141], [153–156], [186].
• " -sheets, [153], [157], [158], [187].
• " trains for blast furnaces, [156–158].
• " " reverberatories, [99].
• Charging of blast furnaces, [140], [146], [153–158], [179], [186], [188].
• " of converters, [198], [199], [207], [208], [212–214].
• " of refining furnaces, [240].
• " of reverberatories, [85–87], [91–105]
• " -doors, [141].
• " -platform, [141].
• Checking of operations, [47].
• Chemical properties, [18], [33].
• Chili bar, [43], [44].
• " copper ores, [46].
• " " production, [15].
• " supplies of copper from, [7], [15], [45], [46].
• Chilling in blast-furnace hearths, [115], [117].
• " converters, [195], [199], [210], [212].
• " settlers, [117].
• China, [45].
• Chlorine and copper, [33].
• Chromite linings, [162].
• Circulation of electrolyte, [232–236].
• Claying of reverberatories, [95].
• Clean slags, [131–133], [148], [149], [188], [211].
• Cleaning of electrolytic tanks, [238].
• Cleaning-out of pyritic furnaces, [178–179].
• Clinkering of reverberatory fire-grates, [84], [85], [101].
• Cloud, T. C., [80].
• Coal for reverberatory furnaces, [89], [90], [101–102] , [105].
• " consumption in reverberatory work, [84], [102], [105].
• Coaling of reverberatories (see Firing).
• Cobalt in copper, [23], [217].
• Coinage alloys, [21].
• Coke charging in blast furnaces, [153], [158].
• " consumption in the blast furnace, [119–122], [143], [151], [152], [158],
• [169], [177], [178], [182], [187].
• " in the blast furnace, [121], [129], [143], [147].
• " in pyritic smelting, [169], [173], [174], [178], [180–184], [187], [188], [191].
• " recovery from reverberatories, [101].
• " used in briquettes, [57], [101].
• Cold rolling of copper, [31].
• Collection of slimes, [238].
• Colorado, practice in, [17].
• Colour of converter flame, [205], [207], [209], [210], [216].
• " copper, [23].
• Colour of matte, [39].
• Commercial copper, [29], [39], [44], [238].
• Composition of anodes, [217], [230–233], [238].
• " blast-furnace charges, [150–152].
• " blast-furnace gas for acid-making, [189–191].
• " blast-furnace slags, [147–153], [179], [180], [188].
• " briquettes, [57].
• " cathodes, [230], [232], [233].
• " charges for pyritic smelting, [173–176], [180], [187].
• " charges for reverberatory smelting, [82], [102], [108–112].
• " charges for blast-roasting, [111], [112].
• " converter copper, [218].
• " copper, [31], [34], [39], [40], [44], [217], [218], [230], [238].
• " " for fire-boxes, [19], [20], [34].
• " " mattes, [37], [50], [61–65], [82], [87], [131], [146], [147],
• [175–188], [207], [217].
• " " ores, [45], [46].
• " electrolyte, [231–237].
• " pyritic-smelting slags, [175–188].
• " reverberatory charges, [82], [102], [108–112].
• " reverberatory matte, [82], [103], [104].
• " slag, [103], [104].
• " roaster products, [79].
• Compounds of copper, [35].
• Concentrates, coarse, Treatment of, [53], [63], [150–152].
• " Fine, [53–55], [61], [63], [68], [108–112], [158].
• Concentration in the blast furnace, [57], [113–121], [179].
• " pyritic smelting, [174–183], [187], [194].
• " reverberatory smelting, [81], [110–112].
• " smelting, [62], [63], [66], [200].
• " Wet, [51], [53], [54], [61], [63].
• Condition of charge for blast roasting, [111], [112].
• " " reverberatory smelting, [81], [88], [91], [108–112].
• " " roasting, [62], [76], [78], [110–112].
• " copper market, [13].
• " impurities in copper, [26], [31], [34].
• Conditions for electro-refining, [232], [234], [237].
• " good settling, [117], [131], [133].
• " successful acid-making, [189–191].
• " for successful bessemerising, [192], [204], [211].
• " " pyritic smelting, [179].
• " " roasting, [66], [76], [110].
• Conductivity of electrolyte, [232].
• " Electrical, [23], [24].
• " High, copper, [18], [22], [39], [41], [44], [218], [242].
• " Thermal, [19], [25], [117], [221], [239].
• Conglomerate deposits, [45].
• Conker plate of reverberatories, [99].
• Connections in electro-refining, [228], [234].
• Construction of the blast furnace, [113], [114], [124], [131], [135].
• " MacDougal roasters, [73–79].
• " reverberatories, [87], [96], [97].
• Constituents of blast-furnace charges, [150–152].
• " briquettes, [57].
• " reverberatory charges, [103], [104], [108–112].
• " roaster charges, [76], [79], [109–112].
• Constitution of copper matte, [37], [38], [50].
• Consumption of copper for alloys, [21].
• " " in electrical work, [18].
• Contacts in electro-refining, [228].
• Contamination of cathodes, [231], [233], [235], [238].
• " electrolyte, [219], [230], [233–238].
• Continuous converting, [181], [202].
• " working in blast furnaces, [115], [130], [135].
• " " in pyritic smelting, [179].
• " " of reverberatories, [85], [87], [92], [94].
• " " of roasters, [72].
• Contraction of area, [20].
• Control in bessemerising, [196], [205], [211–213].
• " in blast-furnace working, [115], [117], [131], [178].
• " in pyritic smelting, [173–183].
• " in reverberatory smelting, [63], [87], [88].
• " in roasting, [72], [75].
• " of matte grade, [82], [175–186], [200], [203], [204].
• " of operations, [47], [82].
• Converter bars, [42].
• " copper, [42–44], [217], [218].
• " flames, [205], [207], [209], [210], [216].
• " -grade matte, [61], [63], [146], [147], [192].
• " -linings, [192], [194], [199–201], [211–216].
• " -matte, [181], [188], [192], [194], [203], [204], [207], [211], [212], [215–217].
• " -practice, [192], [199], [203–216].
• " -process, [35], [41].
• " " Losses in, [116].
• Converter-slags, [192], [203–205], [211], [212].
• Converters, [192–216].
• Converting, [54], [170], [192–216].
• Cooling of hearth in reverberatories, [83–87], [91], [96].
• Copper as electrical conductor, [14], [34], [242].
• " for stays, [19], [41].
• " for steam pipes, [19].
• " glance, [46].
• " High-conductivity, [18], [39].
• " in blast-furnace charges, [150–152].
• " in converter slags, [211], [213].
• " in matte, [147].
• " in refinery slags, [241].
• " industry, Present position of, [13].
• " losses in slags, [115–117], [131], [132], [145], [149], [179–181], [186], [188].
• " matte, [36], 37 (see Matte, also Grade of Matte).
• " oxide in copper, [26–29].
• " oxide in furnace refining, [221], [239–242].
• " oxides, [35], [43] (see Oxides).
• " Properties of, [22–34].
• " pyrites (see Chalcopyrite).
• " sand, [45].
• " silicates, [35], [39].
• " sulphate in electrolyte, [231], [236].
• " sulphides, [35], [36].
• " " Roasting of, [64].
• " Uses of, [18–22].
• " Varieties of, [24].
• Copperhill Smelter, Tennessee, [140], [162], [170], [184], [186], [188], [190], [214].
• Cornish copper mining, [5].
• " ores, [46].
• Corrosion of copper, [33].
• " reverberatory linings, [95].
• Costs in blast-furnace smelting, [124], [130], [143], [153], [177], [179].
• " blast roasting, [58].
• " electro-refining, [228], [229], [233].
• " oil-fired reverberatories, [81], [107], [108].
• " production of copper, [11], [14].
• " pyritic smelting, [179], [182], [185].
• " reverberatory smelting, [102],
• " roasting, [62], [75], [78], [177].
• Cottrell fume settler, [191].
• Cowper-Coles process, [19], [238], [243].
• Cranes, [214], [236], [237].
• Crucible-jackets, [137].
• Crude copper, [43].
• Crusting in blast-furnace work, [129], [130], [153], [154], [158], [178], [185], [188].
• Cuba, Copper output of, [15].
• Cuprite, [46].
• Cuprous oxide in copper, [26–29], [42].
• " Properties of, [35].
• Current-density, [229], [232], [233], [237].
• " in electro-refining, [227], [229], [232–235].
• " leakage, [228].
• Cutter for sampling, [49].
• D
• David, [193], [214].
• Dean, [34].
• Decline of British mining, [9].
• De Lamar refinery, [243].
• Density of copper, [24].
• "" mattes, [39], [179].
• " electrolyte, [231].
• " slags, [147], [148], [149].
• Depositing tanks (see Tanks).
• Deposition of copper, Electrolytic, [232], [233], [236], [237].
• "" from solution, [33], [43].
• " of moss copper, [38].
• Destruction of converter linings, [199–204].
• Details of blast furnaces, [113], [131].
• " MacDougal furnaces, [76].
• " pyritic smelting furnaces, [184], [185], [188].
• " refining furnaces, [220], [224], [239].
• " reverberatory furnaces, [96–99].
• Development of bessemerising, [192].
• " blast furnaces, [122–127], [145].
• " copper industry, [2].
• " reverberatory furnaces, [89], [90].
• " roasting furnaces, [69].
• " "practice, [69].
• " smelting practice, [9], [51].
• Difficulties in black-copper smelting, [115], [117].
• " in casting, [224].
• " in converting, [192], [193].
• " in electro-refining, [219].
• " in pyritic smelting, [177–181].
• " in series-system, [228].
• " with gaseous fuel, [108].
• " with matte-anodes, [26].
• Diffusion of arsenic in copper, [29].
• Dilution of blast-furnace gases, [189].
• Dimensions of blast furnaces, [123–127], [135], [184], [185], [188].
• " converters, [193], [195], [197], [198], [202], [204].
• " electrodes, [229], [230].
• " heaps, [68].
• " refining furnaces, [220–224].
• " reverberatories, [84], [88–89], [105].
• " roasting furnaces, [69], [72], [74], [76].
• " tanks, [234].
• Dimorphic change in sulphides, [36].
• Disadvantages of basic linings, [214].
• " bessemerising low-grade mattes, [203].
• " Brückner roaster, [72].
• " forced draught, [85].
• " high current density, [233].
• " impure anodes, [219].
• " roasting, [118].
• " series-system, [228].
• " small fire-grates, [85].
• Discharge of blast furnaces, 138 (see Withdrawal).
• Discharge of roasters, [72], [78].
• Disposal of blast-furnace products, [146], [159] (see also Withdrawal).
• Dissolved gases in copper, [25], [26], [31], [40], [42].
• Distribution of blast-furnace charges, [153], [156], [179], [186], [188].
• " electrolyte, [235].
• " impurities in copper, [31].
• Direct process, [35].
• Doctoring of furnaces, [178].
• Doors, [141].
• “Dope,” [210].
• “Doping” in converting, [210].
• “Doubling” in converting, [212].
• Douglas, James, [215].
• Draft in reverberatory work, [83–87], [93], [94].
• Draft-pressures, [85], [87], [92–94], [101], [102].
• Dry copper, [24], [28], [42], [222], [239], [241], [242].
• " Characteristics of, [24], [41], [42].
• Ducktown Smelter, Tennessee, [154], [170], [177], [184], [186], [188], [190].
• Ductility of copper, [20], [22], [31], [33].
• Dust, [159], [167], [168], [169], [186], [221].
• " chambers for blast furnaces, [140], [159], [167], [168], [190].
• " " roasters, [72], [78].
• " losses (see Flue-dust).
• Dwight-Lloyd sintering machine, [59], [60], [109], [169].
• E
• Earth-oxides in slags, [149], [176], [177].
• Economic factors in acid-making, [189], [190].
• Economy of pyritic process, [177], [181].
• Effects of impurities in copper, [18], [22], [23], [34].
• " mechanical treatment, [22].
• Efficiency of blast furnaces, [114], [129].
• " in electro-refining, [229], [234].
• " of reverberatory furnaces, [114].
• Elastic limit, [33].
• Elasticity in blast-furnace smelting, [114], [115], [124], [130].
• Electrical conditions (see Conditions).
• " conductivity, [23], [34].
• " resistance, [24].
• " uses, [18].
• Electrodes, [227], [229], [234].
• Electrolyte, [229–231], [235].
• Electrolytic copper, [33], [39], [40], [42], [44], [50], [218].
• " " Tough pitch, [41].
• " refining, [8], [43], [50], [215–218], [227–238].
• Elimination of constituents in converting, [205], [207], [210],
• [215], [217], [222].
• " impurities from copper-mattes, [50], [215], [217].
• " impurities in furnace refining, [221–223], [239].
• " iron in the blast furnace, [118], [174].
• " sulphur in the blast furnace, [113], [114], [117], [118], [120], [174].
• " sulphur in reverberatory smelting, [81], [82].
• Elkington, [227].
• Elmore depositing process, [19], [238].
• Elongation, [32].
• Emmons, W. H., [140], [145].
• End-feeding of blast furnaces, [154].
• Engineering and Mining Journal, [17].
• " progress and copper mining, [6].
• " uses of copper, [18], [21], [30], [33], [41], [42].
• Equilibrium diagrams, [22].
• Erection of blast furnaces, [114].
• Erubescite, [46].
• Evans’ Klepetko roaster, [74–79].
• Excrescences on anode-plates, [228], [230], [234], [237].
• Expansion-openings in reverberatories, [99].
• Expense of roasting, [62], [75], [78], [79], [177].
• Extension of blast furnaces, [124], [131].
• External settling, [113], [117], [122], [123], [131], [133].
• Extraction of values in converting, [194], [200], [201], [213–215].
• F
• Factors in slag calculations, [147].
• Fahl-ore, [46].
• Falding, F. J., [191].
• Features of blast-furnace practice, [113], [114].
• Fettling of reverberatories, [95].
• Fine concentrates in the blast furnace, [120].
• Fines, Agglomeration of, [47], [109].
• " in the blast furnace, [53], [55], [108], [110], [114], [120], [140], [154], [158], [167].
• " in the reverberatory, [81], [108], [109].
• " Preliminary treatment of, [53–57].
• " produced on wet-dressing, [52–55].
• " Roasting of, [66–68], [110].
• Fining of crude copper, [238].
• Fire-boxes (see Grates).
• Fire-box plates, [33], [41], [44].
• Fire-brick linings for settlers, [162].
• Firing of reverberatory furnaces, [83–87], [93], [100], [101].
• " roaster furnaces, [72].
• Flame in converting, [205–210].
• " furnace refining, [223], [224].
• " reverberatory furnaces, [86], [89], [91], [101], [103], [105–108].
• " roasting, [69].
• Flanging test for copper, [20].
• Flinn, F. B., [243].
• Fluctuations in price of copper, [11], [12].
• Fluidity of slags, [149], [150], [176].
• Flue-dust, [159], [167–169], [186], [221].
• " losses in the blast furnace, [55], [159].
• " " roasting [72], [78].
• " " smelting, [81], [110].
• " treatment, [82], [106], [108], [110], [111], [140], [167–169].
• Flues of blast furnaces, [140], [159], [168], [186].
• " reverberatories, [85].
• Fluxes in blast-furnace smelting, [147], [149], [211].
• " converting, [193], [199], [200], [203], [204], [212–214].
• " pyritic smelting, [173–176], [187].
• " reverberatory smelting, [76], [88], [110].
• " roasting, [79], [88], [110].
• " smelting, [52].
• Focus of pyritic furnace, [171].
• Forced draught in reverberatories, [85].
• Fore-hearths (see Settlers).
• Formation-temperature of slags, [148], [172], [175], [176], [180], [181], [183].
• Foundations for blast furnaces, [135].
• " refining furnaces, [239].
• " reverberatories, [96].
• Fracture of copper, [23], [242].
• Freeland, W. H., [170], [186], [188], [191].
• " charger, [154–158].
• Freezing-point curve for mattes, [38].
• Friedrich, [28].
• Fuel consumption in blast furnaces, [115], [120], [121], [125], [129], [153], [177], [178].
• " economy in blast furnaces, [114], [115], [129], [177], [178].
• " in blast-furnace practice (see Coke).
• " in reverberatory smelting, [81], [83], [84], [86], [91], [103], [105].
• " in roasting, [69], [72], [75], [78], [79].
• " value of charges in blast furnaces, [115], [119], [120], [152],
• [170], [177], [178], [184].
• " value of fine concentrates, [58], [111].
• " value of sulphides, [119–122], [152], [170], [173], [177], [178], [203],
• [212], [213].
• " value, Loss of, in roasting, [72], [78].
• Fulton, [50].
• Fume, [67], [140], [158], [159], [168], [191], [216].
• Functions of the blast furnace, [113–116], [131], [133], [134].
• " coke in pyritic work, [182].
• " the converter lining, [193], [199].
• " oxygen in copper, [20], [23], [26–33], [40], [41], [42], [44],
• [221–223], [238–243].
• " the refining furnace, [221], [223], [239].
• " the reverberatory, [81], [82–88].
• " the roasting furnace, [88].
• Furnaces for refining, [219], [239].
• " roasting, [69].
• Furnace-refined (tough pitch) copper, [41].
• Fusibility of slags, [148–150], [176].
• G
• Gangue, [43].
• Garfield Smelter, Utah, blast furnaces, [156].
• " " converters, [194].
• " " reverberatories, [91].
• " " roasters, [75], [78].
• Gases dissolved in copper, [25], [26], [31], [40], [42].
• " for acid manufacture, [140], [146], [167], [181], [186], [188–191].
• " in blast-furnace work, [140], [146], [156], [159].
• " in copper, [43].
• " in furnace refining, [223].
• " in pyritic process, [172], [181], [186].
• " in reverberatory smelting, [89–91].
• " in roasting, [63], [64], [68], [78], [177].
• Gaseous fuel for reverberatories, [108].
• " products of the blast furnace, [159], [166–168], [181], [182], [188–191].
• German copper mining, [5].
• "" production, [15].
• "" smelting, [3].
• " silver, [21].
• Gibb, A., [37], [50].
• Giroux blast-heater, [144].
• Gobbing of furnaces, [174], [178], [188].
• Gold and copper, [21], [23], [34], [40].
• " in copper, [44], [217], [218], [226].
• " " ores, [46], [217].
• " " -smelting, [217].
• " in electro-refining, [229], [230–233], [238].
• Goodner, [50].
• Gossan deposits, [45].
• Gowland, W., [3], [17], [34], [90], [126], [145].
• Grade of matte, [61–65], [82], [87], [131], [175–194], [200], [203], [204], [211].
• " Control of, [82], [175–186], [200], [203], [204].
• Granby smelter, [154], [191].
• Granulation of slags, [165].
• Grate-area in reverberatories, [83–85], [88], [89].
• Grating in reverberatory smelting, [83], [85], [86], [92], [101].
• Great Falls Smelter, [108], [191], [195].
• Greenawalt, W. E., [243].
• Green-ore matte, [179], [181], [187], [188].
• " smelting, [179], [181], [187], [188].
• Guess, G. A., [171].
• H
• Haas converter, [215], [216].
• Hallowell, [50].
• Hammering and mechanical properties, [31].
• Hampe, E., [26], [34].
• Hand calciner, [69].
• Hand-charging of blast furnaces, [153].
• Hand-ladling, [224].
• Handling of electrodes, [230].
• Hardening of copper by hammering, [1], [31].
• "" impurities, [21].
• Hardness of copper, [32].
• Harrington, [37], [50].
• Harvard, F. T., [191].
• Hayden, [50].
• Heap-roasting, [67].
• Hearth-area of blast furnaces, [127], [129], [130], [135].
• Hearth of blast furnaces, [123], [127], [129], [134], [159].
• " of refining furnace, [239].
• " of reverberatory furnace, [86], [89], [91], [95–99].
• " of roasting-furnace, [69].
• Heat, Conductivity for, [25].
• " losses in blast furnaces, [124], [181].
• " " converting, [212], [213].
• " " reverberatories, [83], [86].
• " " roasters, [75].
• " " settling, [133].
• " production in converting, [194], [198], [203–205], [210–213].
• " production in pyritic smelting, [173], [174–177], [180–184].
• Heaters of copper, [21].
• Heating air for blast furnaces, [143–145], [181–184].
• Height of blast furnaces, [136], [137], [188].
• " " furnace charges, [153], [172], [184], [188].
• " water-jackets, [123], [136–138].
• Henderson process, [7].
• Herrick, R. L., [191].
• Herreshof roaster, [74–79].
• Heyn, E., [27], [34], [50].
• Heywood, W. A., [194], [205], [215].
• High-conductivity copper, [18], [39].
• Hill, [28].
• Hiorns, A., [24], [28], [34].
• History of copper, [1].
• " pyritic smelting, [170].
• Hixon, H., [216].
• Hodge’s charge-car, [154], [155].
• Hoepfner, [238].
• Hofman, H. O., [37], [50], [80], [243].
• Holway, [119], [170], [172], [191–193].
• Hood of converter, [197], [198], [201].
• Hoppers in roaster furnaces, [69].
• Hopper-feed to blast furnaces, [140].
• Horse-Shoe roasting furnace, [71].
• Hot-blast stoves, [144], [145].
• Hot charges for reverberatories, [87], [92].
• Hughes, G., [34].
• Hungary copper output, [15].
• Hydrocarbons in copper, [25].
• Hydrochloric acid and copper, [33].
• Hydrogen dissolved in copper, [25].
• I
• Idaho copper output, [15].
• Improvements in roasting practice, [69–79].
• Impure anodes, [228–231], [235].
• Impurities and annealing temperature, [31].
• " and conductivity, [23], [24], [34].
• " and hardness, [32].
• " and specific gravity, [25].
• " elimination from mattes, [50], [217].
• " in anode copper, [219], [228–231], [233], [235].
• " in copper, [18], [20], [23], [24], [26], [28], [31], [40–42], [217], [218].
• " in electro-refining, [219], [228–231], [233], [236].
• " in furnace refining, [239], [241].
• Increase in blast-furnace size, [113].
• " reverberatories, [88–91].
• Incrustation in blast furnaces, [129].
• Industrial uses of copper, [18], [21].
• Influence of conditions on properties of copper, [30], [34].
• Ingot copper, [242].
• Intermittent working of roasters, [72].
• Internal settling, [123], [133], [134].
• Iron and copper silicates, [39].
• " in blast-furnace charges, [118], [147], [149–152].
• " in converting practice, [193], [200], [203], [205], [207], [212–217].
• " in copper, [20], [23], [31], [44].
• " in electro-refining, [229–232].
• " in furnace refining, [221], [241].
• " in pyritic smelting, [172–176], [179], [180], [181], [183], [188].
• " in slags, [149–153], [211].
• " pyrites (see Pyrites).
• " reduction in the blast furnace, [115], [116].
• " silicates, [148–150].
• " sulphide in matte, [37], [146], [147], [203].
• " " reactions on roasting, [64].
• Isabella Smelter (see Ducktown).
• Italy, Copper output of, [15].
• J
• Jacketing (see Water-jacketing).
• James (and Nicholl) process, [9], [35].
• Japan, Copper ores of, [46].
• " " output of, [15].
• " old smelting methods, [3].
• Johnson, F., [26], [34], [243].
• " T., [34].
• " on electrical conductivity, [23], [24].
• K
• Katanga, [46].
• Keith, [238].
• Keller, E., [50], [71], [193], [202], [215], [217], [243].
• Keswick Smelter, Cal., [119], [120].
• Kiddie blast heater, [144].
• Kilns, Roasting in, [67], [68].
• Kletko (and Evans) roaster, [74–79].
• Knudsen process, [194], [215].
• L
• Labour for blast furnaces, [130].
• " refining furnaces, [224].
• " reverberatories, [100].
• " roasters, [69], [70], [72], [75], [78], [79], [177].
• Ladles, [166].
• " for refining furnace, [224–226], [242].
• Ladling of copper, [224].
• Lake copper, [40], [42], [44], [45].
• " Superior ores, [43].
• Lamb, S., [24], [34].
• Lambert, [7].
• Large reverberatories, [81], [87], [88].
• Launders for matte, [116].
• " for slag, [164], [165].
• " -castings, [166].
• Law, E. F., [34].
• Lawrie, [34].
• Lay-out of blast-furnace plant, [156].
• Leaching processes, [67].
• Lead anodes, [236].
• " in copper, [20], [23], [30], [32], [44], [217].
• " " -matte, [37], [215–217].
• " in blast-furnace fume, [168].
• " sulphide, Roasting of, [66].
• Leakage of air in blast-furnace blowers, [141], [174].
• " of air in reverberatory furnaces, [83], [85], [86].
• " in electro-refining, [228].
• " in water-jackets, [139], [158].
• Length of blast furnaces, [131], [135].
• " reverberatories, [89], [91].
• Lengthening of blast furnaces, [124–127], [131].
• Levelling of charges in reverberatory smelting, [92].
• Levy, D. M., [216].
• Liberating tanks, [236].
• Lime in blast-furnace charges, [151–153], [180].
• " blast-roasting process, [58].
• " pyritic process, [180], [181], [186–188].
• " roaster charges, [76], [77], [88].
• " slags, [149–151], [153], [180].
• Linings for converters, [192–194], [197–201], [211–216].
• Lining of converters, [201–204].
• " settlers, [162], [163].
• " tanks, [228], [229], [234].
• Liquation of sulphides, [172], [182], [194].
• Liquid fuel for reverberatories (see Oil).
• Lloyd-Dwight sintering machine, [59].
• Loam lining for settlers, [162], [163].
• Locomotive work, Copper for, [20].
• Losses by fines in the blast furnace, [55], [110].
• " by fines in the reverberatory, [110].
• " in blast-furnace smelting, [115–117], [125], [146], [152], [179].
• " in converting, [195], [200], [204], [209], [210], [212], [214], [222].
• " in pyritic smelting, [179–181], [186], [188].
• " in refining, [116], [221], [222].
• " in roasting, [62], [67], [68], [177].
• " of heat (see Heat losses).
• Louis, H. (and Schnabel), [243].
• Low-grade mattes, [181], [200], [203], [204], [212–214].
• " ores, [52].
• Lugs of electrodes, [226], [229], [230], [236].
• Lump ores, Roasting of, [66], [67].
• M
• MacDougal roasters, [73–79].
• M‘Murty-Rogers sintering process, [58], [80].
• Magnesia in slags, [150].
• Magnesite linings (see Basic linings).
• Malachite, [46].
• Malleability, [1], [22], [31], [33].
• Management of converters, [212].
• Manganese and copper, [21], [23].
• Manhès, [193], [200].
• Mansfeld furnace, [122].
• Mantle plates, [140], [153], [154].
• Marchésé, [238].
• Mass influence, [194].
• Mathewson, E. P., [89], [125], [127], [145], [207], [211], [215].
• Matte, [36], [37], [50], [61], [118] (see also Grade of matte).
• " anodes, [238].
• " for converters, [134], [135], [192], [200], [202–204], [211–213].
• " in pyritic smelting, [178], [181], [183], [186], [188].
• " -pool in reverberatory smelting, [87], [91], [94–97].
• " Properties of, [38], [39], [91].
• Mechanical charging of blast furnaces, [140], [153], [167], [188].
• " operation of roasters, [69–75].
• " properties of copper, [18], [30], [33], [34], [43], [45], [238], [241], [242].
• " rabbling, [69–75].
• " treatment, Effects of, [20], [30], [32], [34].
• Mechanism of casting ladles, [225–226].
• " furnace refining process, [223].
• " pyritic process, [171], [172], [183].
• Melaconite, [46].
• Melting agent, Blast furnace as, [113], [114].
• " function of blast furnace, [114], [117].
• " point of copper, [24], [117].
• " " copper-mattes, [37], [38].
• " " slags, [148].
• Merchant copper, [238], [239].
• Metallic copper in blast-furnace slags, [116].
• Metallography, [26].
• Mexico copper ores, [46].
• " " output, [15].
• Michigan copper output, [17].
• Milton, J. T., [34].
• Mineral industry, [17], [191], [243].
• " statistics, [17].
• Mining in Britain, [2], [5], [6].
• " Germany, [5].
• " Spain, [5], [7], [8].
• Mitchell blast heater, [144].
• Mixed silicate slags, [149], [150].
• Mixing of samples, [49].
• Modern smelting practice, [37], [51], [61], [62], [65], [66].
• "" " Development of, [9].
• " reverberatory smelting, [87].
• Modifications of converter practice, [214], [216].
• " electro-refining, [238].
• Moisture in briquettes, [58].
• Monel metal, [21].
• Monopolies in copper industry, [11].
• Mono-silicates, [149], [150].
• Montana copper ores, [8], [46], [52], [63].
• "" output, [17].
• Moore, R. R., [80], [215].
• Moss copper, [38].
• Moulds of casting furnaces, [224–226].
• Mount Lyell, Tasmania, [171], [172], [174], [195].
• Mud (see Slimes).
• Muffles, [69].
• Multiple system, [227–229].
• Muntz metal, [21].
• N
• Native ores, [43], [45].
• " preliminary treatment, [51].
• Natural draft in reverberatories, [85].
• Neal, C. B., [215].
• Nevada, [8], [14], [17], [75].
• " copper output, [17].
• Newfoundland copper output, [15].
• New Mexico copper ores, [45].
• " " output, [17].
• Nicholl and James process, [7], [35].
• Nicholls, F. S., [191].
• Nickel and copper, [34].
• " in bessemerising, [205].
• " in copper, [20], [23], [33], [44], [217].
• " " mattes, [37], [205].
• " in electro-refining, [230].
• " in refining, [217], [230].
• Nitric acid and copper, [33].
• Nitrogen in blast-furnace gases, [189].
• “Normal” converter practice, [211].
• North American supply, [15], [17], [45].
• "Carolina ores, [46].
• Norway, copper output, [15].
• Nose-pieces of spouts, [159], [160], [164].
• Notches (see Slag notches).
• O
• Objections to external settling, [133].
• " internal settling, [134].
• " roasting, [62], [67].
• " water-jacketing, [124].
• Objects of electrolytic refining, [218].
• " furnace refining, [223].
• Offerhaus, C., [93], [112], [191], [216].
• Off-takes of blast furnaces, [140], [167].
• O’Harra calciner, [70].
• Oil burners, [106], [107].
• " fuel for reverberatory furnaces, [81], [91], [105], [106–108].
• Open-air roasting, [67].
• Operation of the blast furnace, [114], [146], [158], [178].
• " of converters, [192], [207], [210–214].
• " electro-refining process, [227], [230], [236].
• " furnace refining process, [221], [223], [238–243].
• " large reverberatories, [81].
• Ore bedding, [156].
• " of copper, [43–47].
• " for converter fluxes, [213], [214].
• " " linings, [201], [214].
• " for pyritic process, [171], [176], [177], [184], [187], [188].
• " -lining for settlers, [162], [163], [186].
• Organisation in bessemerising, [214].
• " at smelters, [47], [75].
• Outlets of blast furnaces, [160].
• " settlers, [164–166].
• Output of blast furnaces, [124], [129–131], [133], [135], [188].
• " copper, [15–17].
• " electrolytic tanks, [228], [229], [232], [234], [237].
• Over-fire, [176], [184].
• Over-poled copper, [24], [26], [42], [50], [242].
• Oxidation in bessemerising, [194], [195], [200], [205], [207], [208],
• [210], [211], [214], [217].
• " in the blast furnace, [113–122], [171].
• " in electro-refining, [231], [232].
• " in furnace refining, [221], [222], [239–242].
• " in pyritic smelting, [174–184].
• " in smelting, [62].
• " reactions in roasting, [64], [65].
• Oxides in copper, [26–29], [239–242].
• " of copper, [35], [43].
• " ores, [43], [45–47].
• " " Preliminary treatment of, [51].
• Oxidised constituents of the blast-furnace charge, [113–115], [118], [119].
• Oxland roaster, [72], [73].
• Oxygen and copper, [33], [40], [41].
• " in copper, [20], [23], [26–33], [42], [44], [218], [239–242].
• " in furnace gases, [171], [172], [182], [189], [190].
• " in furnace refining, [221], [222], [239–243].
• " in gases for acid manufacture, [189–190].
• " in pyritic smelting, [172–175], [182], [183].
• " ratio, [147], [150].
• P
• Panels of water-jackets, [129], [137], [185].
• Parallel system, [227–229].
• Parkes’ roaster, [73].
• Parrott Smelter, Butte, [125], [193].
• Partial pyritic smelting, [121], [143], [147], [149], [158], [169], [177], [184].
• Peacock ore, [46].
• Pearse, R., [88], [92].
• " roasting furnace, [71].
• Percy, John, [2], [17], [34].
• Perth Amboy Refinery, N.J., [194], [234].
• Peru copper output, [15].
• " smelting practice, [75].
• Peters, E. D., [65], [80], [110], [112], [143], [145], [170–172],
• [183], [191], [220], [243].
• Philp, [37], [50].
• Phosphorus in copper, [23], [242].
• Physical properties of copper, [18].
• Pierce (and Smith), [194], [202], [215].
• Piltz, [123].
• " blast furnace, [10].
• Pipe stoves, [144].
• Pitch of copper, [224].
• " Bringing to, [19], [26], [28], [39], [40], [43], [217],
• [222], [223], [238], [239–242].
• Pittsmont Smelter, Butte, [193].
• Plant for acid making, [190], [191].
• Platforms for charging blast furnaces, [141].
• " of reverberatory furnaces, [86], [100].
• Platinum in copper, [23].
• Poling of copper, [25], [42], [222], [223], [239], [240], [242], [243].
• Polybasic slags, [150], [176], [181].
• “Porphyry” camps, [14].
• Portuguese copper mines, [7], [15].
• " " output, [15].
• Pots for blast roasting, [58].
• Power for electro-refining, [233], [234].
• Precipitation of copper from solution, [33], [43].
• " impurities, [232], [233].
• Preliminary refining of copper, [217], [219], [222], [223], [228–230].
• " " fines, [53], [61], [110–112].
• " " ores, [47–49], [51], [54–61].
• Preparation of anodes, [217], [219], [230].
• " cathodes, [230].
• " floor for heap-roasting, [68].
• Pressing of briquettes, [27].
• Pressure of blast for blast furnaces, [135], [141], [159], [160],
• [167], [184], [188].
• Prevention of heat losses in reverberatory smelting, [86].
• " losses, [116].
• Price of copper, [11], [40].
• Primitive smelting methods, [3].
• Principles of converting, [194], [215].
• " copper smelting, [51], [61].
• " electro-refining, [229].
• " the MacDougal roaster, [73].
• " reverberatory smelting, [81], [83], [87].
• " the Welsh process, [9].
• Production, Statistics of, [5], [15–17].
• Products of the blast furnace, [114], [117], [146], [159], [186], [214].
• " blast roasting, [58], [110–112].
• " converting, [193], [199], [205], [209], [210], [212].
• Properties of copper, [18], [22], [34].
• " " matte, [38], [39].
• " of dry copper, [24], [41], [42], [239], [241–243].
• " Mechanical, [30].
• " Physical, [18].
• Prosser roaster, [71].
• Pulverised fuel for reverberatories, [105].
• Punching of tuyeres, [142], [158], [195], [198], [200], [210], [213], [214].
• Purification of copper, [217–243].
• " electrolyte, [230], [235], [236].
• Pyrites, [45].
• " reactions on roasting, [64].
• Pyritic effect, [121], [122].
• " principle, [62], [113], [118–122], [158], [169].
• " smelting practice, [67], [121], [140], [143], [145], [146],
• [158], [169–188], [191–194], [215].
• Pyrrhottite, [45].
• " reactions on roasting, [64].
• Q
• Quincy mine, [45].
• R
• Rabbles of MacDougal furnaces, [76], [77].
• Rabbling of roaster furnaces, [69–71].
• Rachette furnace, [10], [125].
• Radiation losses in reverberatory smelting, [83], [86].
• Rapidity of smelting in blast furnaces, [124], [129], [133], [135],
• [143], [159], [160].
• " " reverberatories, [83–92].
• Rate of deposition, [232].
• Reactions in the blast furnace, [113], [117–119].
• " converting, [194], [205], [207], [210].
• " furnace refining [239–243].
• " pyritic smelting, [171], [172], [178], [180], [182], [183].
• " reverberatory smelting, [81], [114], [119], [215].
• " roasting, [36], [63], [64], [65], [109–112].
• " sintering, [57], [110–111].
• " smelting, [61], [62].
• Re-concentration in pyritic smelting, [179], [181], [186–188].
• Recovery of copper from slags and residues, [116], [119], [211].
• Rectangular blast furnaces, [123].
• Reducing gases in annealing, [28].
• Reduction in the blast furnace, [113], [115–117].
• " of oxides in furnace refining, [223–240].
• " smelting, [113], [116], [117], [120], [122].
• Redruthite, [46].
• References, Lists of, [17], [34], [50], [80], [112], [191], [215], [243].
• Refinery slags, [221], [222].
• Refining of copper, [25], [26], [50], [54], [211], [214], [217–242].
• Refining, Electrolytic, [8], [43], [50], [215–218], [227–242].
• " of electrolytic copper, [50], [238–343].
• " furnaces, [219], [220], [224], [239].
• " Losses in, [116], [221], [222].
• Regeneration of electrolyte, [236].
• Regulation of reverberatory furnace working, [87], [92].
• Re-lining of converters, [199], [200], [204], [213], [214].
• Removal of blast-furnace products (see Withdrawal).
• " impurities in converting, [207], [215].
• " " furnace refining, [221], [222].
• Renwick, C. W., [191].
• Repairs in roaster furnaces, [79].
• " reverberatory furnaces, [95].
• Replacing jackets of blast furnaces, [127], [158].
• " values of bases, [150], [180].
• Requirements for good blast-furnace slags, [148].
• " good reverberatory practice, [81], [87], [109–112].
• " refining furnaces, [221].
• " roasting furnaces, [69].
• " successful pyritic practice, [176].
• Resistance, Electrical, [24].
• " of electrolyte, [232], [233].
• Reverberatory fore-hearths, [135].
• " furnaces, [52], [69], [88].
• " smelting, [54], [55], [61], [63], [76], [80–112], [215].
• " " compared with blast furnace, [114], [117].
• " " efficiency, [114], [124].
• " " reactions, [81], [114], [119], [215].
• Rice, C. T., [191].
• Richards, [53].
• Rickard, T. A., [145], [170], [191].
• Ricketts, L. D., [78], [80], [105–108], [112].
• Rigidity of arsenical copper, [33], [41].
• Rio Tinto, [8], [67].
• Roaster gases, [63].
• " process, [35].
• Roasting, [36], [47], [51], [54], [55], [61–68], [88], [109–112], [177].
• " in heaps, [67].
• " in pyritic process, [176], [182].
• " Objections to, [62], [67].
• " Open-air, [67].
• " practice, [66–71], [82], [87], [88].
• " " early improvements, [10].
• " preliminary to blast-furnace treatment, [113], [115], [118].
• " reactions in sintering, [57], [110], [111].
• " " on, [36], [63–65], [109–112].
• " yards, [67].
• Roberts-Austen, Sir W. C., [34].
• Rogers (and M‘Murty) sintering process, [58].
• Röntgen, [37], [50].
• Roofs of reverberatories, [99].
• Ropp roaster, [71].
• Rotary blowers, [141].
• Rotating furnaces for roasting, [72], [73].
• Rudeloff, E., [34].
• Russia, Copper output of, [15].
• S
• Sackett, B. L, [191].
• Sample-cutter, [49].
• Sampling, [47], [48], [50], [54].
• " Costs of, [79].
• " from blast furnaces, [166].
• " from converters, [213], [243].
• " in furnace refining, [222], [223], [226], [227], [239], [241], [242].
• Sand, Copper, [45].
• Scrap in electro-refining, [228], [237].
• Schnabel, C. (and Louis), [243].
• Schreyer, F., [215].
• Seasoning of basic converters, [203].
• " refining furnaces, [240].
• Secretan combination, [11].
• Sectioning of blast furnaces, [123], [124], [137], [158], [185].
• Selenium in copper, [26], [30], [207], [217].
• " electro-refining, [232].
• Semenikow, [192].
• Semple, C. C., [216].
• Separation of matte and slag (see Settling).
• Series-system, [227–229].
• Sesqui-silicates, [149].
• Settlers, [127], [130], [160], [162–166].
• Settling, [39], [113], [116], [117], [122], [123], [127], [128–135],
• [147], [158], [179], [181], [186], [211], [221].
• "(in reverberatory furnaces), [81], [91], [94].
• Shaft of blast furnaces, [122].
• “Shaking-out” of gases, [241].
• Shape of blast furnace, [123], [125], [135].
• Shelby, G., [145], [150], [191].
• " blast-furnace top, [140].
• " oil burner, [106], [107].
• Short-circuiting in electro-refining, [219], [227], [228], [233], [234].
• Shots from converters, [205], [210].
• Siemens gas-fired furnace, [108].
• Siemens-Halske process, [238].
• Silica in blast-furnace charges, [150–153], [180], [187], [188], [191].
• " in converting, [194], [200–203], [212], [213].
• " in pyritic process, [172–182].
• " in slags, [148–153], [180], [181], [191].
• " -lined converter, [193–197], [200], [201], [205], [207], [211–213].
• Silicates in the blast furnace, [116], [119], [148–152], [180],
• [181], [187], [188], [191].
• " of copper, [35], [39].
• " slags, [148–153], [180], [181], [187], [188], [191].
• Siliceous flux in converting, [194], [200–203], [212], [213].
• " linings of converters, [193–197], [200], [201], [205], [207], [211–213].
• Silicon in copper, [23], [242].
• Silver and copper, [21], [23], [24], [218].
• " in blast-furnace fume, [168].
• " in copper, [44], [217], [226].
• " " matte, [37], [217].
• " " ores, [46], [217].
• " in electro-refining (see Values).
• Sintering, [51], [55], [58], [59], [80], [110], [111], [112], [169].
• Sites for heap-roasting, [67].
• Situation of electro-refineries, [8], [9], [218].
• Size of blast furnaces, [113], [122], [125], [135], [184], [185], [188].
• " converters, [193], [195], [197], [198], [202], [204].
• " electrodes, [229], [239].
• " grates in reverberatories, [84].
• " material for blast furnaces, [55], [110].
• " " " roasting, [59].
• " " roasting, [68].
• " refining furnaces, [220], [224].
• " reverberatories, [84], [87–90], [105].
• " tanks, [234].
• Skimming of refining furnaces, [240], [241].
• " reverberatory furnaces, [94], [95], [100].
• Slags, [35], [39], [62].
• " in blast-furnace smelting, [116], [129–133], [145], [147–154],
• [180], [181], [187–191].
• " in converting, [192], [203–205], [209–213].
• " in furnace refining, [222], [241].
• " in pyritic smelting, [172–188].
• " in refining, [221].
• " in reverberatory smelting, [94], [95], [102–104].
• Slag-formation in roasting, [88].
• " -foundations for reverberatories, [96].
• " -notch of blast furnaces, [136], [158–162].
• " -spouts, [128], [158–166].
• Slagging-stage in bessemerising, [205], [207].
• Slimes in briquetting, [57], [152].
• " in electro-refining, [228–234], [236], [238].
• " Treatment of, [53–56], [152].
• Slotted tuyeres, [185].
• Smelting practice, [51], [54], [81], [204].
• " scheme at Anaconda, [54], [55].
• Smith (and Pierce converter), [194], [202], [215].
• Smoke problem, [171], [188].
• Soluble constituents of electrodes, [229], [231].
• Solubility of copper in iron sulphide, [38].
• " " slags, [116].
• " gases in copper, [25], [28].
• " matte in slag, [132].
• " sulphides in slag, [116], [149], [179].
• Sound anodes, [229], [230].
• Sources of copper, [43].
• South Wales, [4], [5], [71], [73].
• Span of reverberatory arch, [89].
• Spanish copper mining, [7], [15].
• " " ores, [46].
• " production, [15].
• Special bronzes, [21].
• Specific gravity of copper, [24].
• " " mattes, [39], [179].
• " electrolyte, [231].
• " slags, [147–149].
• Specifications for copper, [19], [20].
• " " for fire-box plates, [20].
• " " for Post Office work, [19].
• Speculation in copper markets, [11], [12].
• “Spewing” of copper, [222].
• Spindles of MacDougal roasters, [74], [79].
• Spouts, [128], [158–166].
• Sprouting of copper, [222].
• Stacks of blast furnaces, [140], [169].
• " reverberatories, [89].
• Staffordshire, Copper smelting in, [4].
• Stages in converting, [205], [209], [210], [213], [216].
• " refining, [223].
• Stahl, [50].
• Stamping of briquettes, [57].
• Stamp-milling of native copper ores, [51].
• Statistics of copper, [15].
• Staying of reverberatories, [96], [99], [221].
• Stays, Copper for, [19], [41].
• Steam-pipes, Copper for, [19].
• Steptoe Smelter, Nevada, [75].
• Stevens, H. J., [17].
• Sticht, R., [171], [172], [182], [183], [191].
• Storing of matte in blast furnaces, [134].
• " " reverberatories, [94].
• " " settlers, [135].
• Stoves for heating blast, [145].
• Straightening of anodes, [228].
• Strength of cathode copper, [18], [232], [238], [239].
• " copper, [21], [32], [33], [41], [238], [239], [241].
• " electrolyte solutions, [231].
• Stripping of cathodes, [228], [230].
• Sub-silicates, [147].
• Success in pyritic smelting, [181].
• Sulijtelma Smelter, Norway, [194].
• Sulphide ores, [43], [45].
• " Preliminary treatment of, [52].
• Sulphides, Fuel values of, [119–122], [152], [170], [173],
• [177], [178], [203], [212], [213].
• " in the blast furnace, [113], [115], [117–121], [147], [158],
• [171–176], [180], [182], [189], [191].
• " of copper, [35–37], [39], [146], 147
• Sulphur and copper, [33], [36], [61], [146], [147], [217], [238].
• " dioxide in blast-furnace gases, [188–191].
• " " copper, [25], [43], [222].
• " " furnace gases, [189], [190].
• " " furnace refining, [221–223].
• " " gases for acid-making, [189], [190].
• Sulphur dioxide in pyritic smelting practice, [182].
• " elimination in blast-furnace smelting, [113], [114], [117], [118],
• [120], [146], [147], [152].
• " elimination in blast roasting, [58].
• " elimination in reverberatory smelting, [81].
• " elimination in roasting, [65], [77], [78], [88], [110], [177].
• " in blast-furnace charges, [146], [147], [150–152], [177], [189].
• " in blast-furnace smelting, [116], [120], [146], [147], [189].
• " in converting, [194], [205], [207], [211], [212], [215], [217].
• " in copper, [20], [23], [31], [32], [44], [222].
• " in electro-refining, [230].
• " in furnace refining, [221].
• " in pyritic smelting, [171–173], [177], [178].
• " in roasted products, [65], [70], [102], [104], [110].
• Sulphuric acid and copper, [33].
• " in electrolyte, [231], [236].
• " manufacture, [146], [147], [181], [188–191].
• Superior (Lake) copper, [40].
• " " mining, [7], [8].
• " " ores, [43], [45].
• " " production, [15].
• " costs of production, [14].
• " treatment of ores, [51].
• Superstructure of blast furnaces, [140], [168], [186].
• Suspension of electrodes, [230], [231], [234–237].
• Swansea smelters, [4], [5], [71], [73].
• Sweden, Copper output of, [15].
• Systems of working in converting, [192], [211], [212].
• " " electro-refining, [227], [228].
• T
• Tamarack Mine, [45].
• Tanganyika ores, [8], [45].
• Tank efficiency, [229].
• " liquors, [219], [230], [231].
• " slimes, [219], [231], [232].
• Tanks for electro-refining, [219], [227–230], [234], [237].
• Tasmanian mining, [8].
• Tap-holes of blast furnaces, [127], [136], [159–161].
• " refining furnaces, [224], [225].
• " reverberatories, [101], [103].
• " settlers, [152–166].
• Tapping of blast furnaces, [122], [135], [159], [160], [165], [166].
• " of refining furnaces, [224], [225], [242].
• " of reverberatories, [94], [95], [100], [101], [103].
• Tapping of settlers, [166].
• " -breast of blast furnaces, [136], [159], [160].
• " -piece of settlers, [165], [166].
• " -plate of reverberatories, [103].
• " " settlers, [165], [166].
• " -slot of refining furnaces, [224], [225].
• Telegraph, Use of copper for, [19].
• Telephone, Use of copper for, [19].
• Tellurium in copper, [23], [26], [30–32], [207], [217].
• " electro-refining, [232].
• Temperature, Effects of, on strength, [20], [22], [32].
• " for annealing, [31].
• " for roasting, [69], [70], [77], [78].
• " for reverberatory smelting, [83], [84], [87], [89], [91], [94], [96], [99–105].
• " for settling, [117], [123], [130], [133].
• " in blast-furnace smelting, [123], [129], [133], [136], [143], [188].
• " in converting, [194], [199], [203], [205], [207], [210–214].
• " in electro-refining, [231–233], [235], [237].
• " in furnace refining, [224], [225], [242].
• " in pyritic smelting, [172–176], [179], [180], [183], [188].
• Tenacity of copper, [20], [32], [33], [241].
• Tennessee, acid-making, [189–191].
• " blast furnaces, [140].
• " converting practice, [202], [211], [214].
• " Costs of production at, [14].
• " mining, [8].
• " ores, [46].
• " " Treatment of, [52].
• " pyritic smelting practice, [171], [174], [179], [184–188], [191].
• " Roasting at, [62], [68].
• " settlers, [162], [164], [165].
• Tensile strength, [20], [32], [33], [241].
• Testing of refined copper, [223], [241], [242].
• Tests during bessemerising, [210], [213].
• " for copper, [20].
• Tetrahedrite, [46].
• Textile work, Copper in, [21].
• Thermal conductivity, [19], [22], [25].
• Tiers of water-jackets, [137].
• Tilt Cove, Newfoundland, [171], [191].
• Timber for poling, [222], [223].
• Time-element, [194].
• Tin-copper alloys, [21], [34].
• Tin in copper, [20–23], [32], [33], [44].
• Tomlinson, [34].
• Tooele, Utah, Practice at, [75], [91], [211], [214].
• Tops of blast furnaces, [140], [144], [145], [186].
• " charge in blast furnace, [158].
• Toston, Montana, [170].
• Tough (tough-pitch) copper, [24], [31], [33], [40], [41], [42], [44],
• [223], [231], [238], [239].
• Toughening of copper, [238–241].
• Toughness of copper, [22], [25], [40], [241].
• Trapping of blast, [159], [160].
• Treatment of converter slags, [211].
• " copper ores, [47], [50].
• " fine concentrates, [110–112].
• " flue-dust, [82], [106], [108], [110], [111], [167–169].
• " slimes in electro-refining, [238].
• True pyritic smelting, [121], [122], [143], [146], [147], [173],
• [176], [178–184], [189].
• Turkey, Copper output of, [15].
• Turnbull (and W. Brown), [17].
• Tuyeres, [122], [123], [141], [142], [158], [185], [188].
• " for converters, [192], [193], [195], [197], [198], [215].
• Tuyere holes in water-jackets, [137], [140].
• " -jackets of blast furnaces, [138], [140].
• " -pieces, [140].
• " -zone, [171], [174–185].
• Tyee Smelter, B.C., Hot blast, [144].
• " " roasting at, [68].
• Typical pyritic smelting charge-sheets, [206].
• " reverberatory-furnace charge, [82].
• U
• Ulke, T., [229], [237], [243].
• United States copper output, [15–17].
• Uses of copper, [18].
• " " alloys, [21].
• Utah, copper mining, [8].
• " " output, [17].
• " costs of production, [14].
• " smelting practice, [75].
• Utilisation of heat in reverberatory work, [83], [87], [91].
• V
• Vail, R. H., [215].
• Values in anode copper, [230].
• " converter copper, [43], [215], [218].
• " " slags, [211].
• " copper ores, [46].
• " electro-refining, [229–231], [233], [238].
• Varieties of commercial copper, [39], [40].
• Vats for electro-refining, [219], [227–230], [234], [237].
• Vein deposits in Superior, [45].
• Vertical converters, [195].
• Virginia copper ores, [46].
• Viscosity of slags, [148–150].
• Volatile hydrocarbons in reverberatory smelting, [85], [86], [105].
• Voltage for electro-refining, [227], [228], [232], [234], [238].
• Vortex converter, [215], [216].
• W
• Walker, A. L., [34], [191], [224], [226].
• Wallaroo sintering process, [58].
• Walls of reverberatory furnaces, [99].
• Wanjukoff, W., [132].
• Washoe Smelter (see Anaconda).
• Waste heat in reverberatory-furnace gases, [83], [87], [107], [144].
• " Utilisation of, [83], [87], [107], [143].
• Water and copper, [33].
• " in blast roasting, [58].
• " -cooling in roaster furnaces, [74–79].
• " -jacketing of blast furnaces, [10], [113], [122–124], [134–139], [158], [185].
• " -supply for jackets, [124], [137], [139], [140].
• Watson, D., [34].
• Webb, [34].
• Welsh process, [9], [40], [214], [219], [222–224].
• " smelting, [82].
• Wethey roaster, [71].
• Wet concentration of ores, [47], [50], [53–55], [61], [63].
• " processes, [43].
• White-Howell roaster, [73].
• White-metal, [40], [205], [210], [212], [213], [215].
• " stage, [209], [211–214].
• White roaster, [73].
• Width of blast furnaces, [125], [135], [184], [186].
• " reverberatories, [89].
• Wintle, F. H., [191].
• Wire, Preparation of copper, [19], [238], [243].
• " Strength of copper, [32].
• " -bar copper, [40], [242].
• Withdrawal of products from blast furnaces, [124], [130], [133], [135], [158–171].
• ""reverberatories, [83], [86], [94].
• Work, Effects of mechanical, [32].
• Working of blast furnaces, [114], [146], [158], [178].
• " converters, [178], [185], [186], [188].
• " electro-refining plant, [227], [230], [236].
• " large reverberatories, [84], [92], [97], [99].
• " MacDougal roasters, [76–80].
• " pyritic process, [178], [185], [186], [188].
• Wraith, W., [243].
• Wright, L. T., [132], [145], [191].
• Wyoming, Copper production of, [17].
• Y
• Yunnan, Native copper from, [45].
• Z
• Zinc-copper alloys, [21], [22], [34].
• " -sulphide, Roasting of, [66].
• " in copper, [23], [33].
• " in electro-refining, [229], [230].
• " in mattes, [37], [217].
• " in slags, [150].

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BELL AND BAIN, LTD., PRINTERS, GLASGOW.

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Griffin’s Metallurgical Series.

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Sixth Edition, thoroughly Revised
and considerably Enlarged. 18s. net.

An Introduction to the Study of

METALLURGY.

By Sir W. ROBERTS-AUSTEN, K.C.B., D.C.L., F.R.S., A.R.S.M.