LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.
| [Frontispiece] —The Colour of the Converter Flame during the Bessemerising of Copper Matte. | ||
| page | ||
| Fig. 1. | —Fluctuations in the Price of Best Select Copper, | [ 12] |
| " 2. | —Annual Production of Copper, | [ 16] |
| " 3. | —Equilibrium Diagram, Cu-Zn Series, | [ 22] |
| " 4. | —Influence of Arsenic and Antimony on the Electrical Conductivity of Copper, | [ 25] |
| " 5. | —Relations of Copper and Oxygen, | [ 27] |
| " 6. | —Microstructure of Copper containing Oxygen (Heyn), | |
| Plate to face | [ 28] | |
| " 7. | —Relations of Copper and Arsenic, | [ 29] |
| " 8. | —Freezing-Point Curve of Iron-Copper Sulphides (Mattes), | [ 38] |
| " 9. | —Outline of Sampling Scheme, Anaconda, | [ 48] |
| " 10. | —Section through Sampling Mill, | [ 48] |
| " 11. | —Brunton Sampler, | [ 49] |
| " 12. | —Outline of Smelting Scheme at the Anaconda Smelter, Montana, U. S. A., | [ 54] |
| " 13. | —Sketch Plan of Briquetting Plant, | [ 56] |
| " 14. | —Section through Auger-Former, showing Briquetting Mechanism of Chambers’ Machine, | [ 56] |
| " 15. | —Chambers’ Briquette-making Machine, | |
| Plate to face | [ 57] | |
| " 16. | —Dwight-Lloyd Sintering Machine, | [ 60] |
| " 17. | —O’Harra Furnace (Fraser-Chalmers), illustrating Principle of Mechanical Rabbling by Travelling Ploughs, | [ 71] |
| " 18. | —Section through Mechanically Rabbled Roaster Furnace (illustrating Improvements for Protecting Driving Mechanism), | [ 71] |
| " 19. | —MacDougal Roaster—Vertical Section, | [ 74] |
| " 20. | —Herreshof Furnace—Section indicating Connections for Cooling Rabbles and Spindles, | [ 74] |
| " 21. | —Spindle Connections and Guide Shields of Evans-Klepetko Roasters, | [ 76] |
| " 22. | —Rabble-blades and Bases, | [ 77] |
| " 23. | —Development of the Reverberatory Furnace (Gowland), | [ 90] |
| " 24. | —Draft Pressure Record of Anaconda Reverberatory Furnace, | [ 94] |
| " 25. | —Skimming Reverberatory Furnace, Anaconda, | |
| Plate to face | [ 96] | |
| " 26. | —Transverse Section of Modern Reverberatory Furnace, Anaconda, indicating Foundations, Hearth, and Bracing, | [ 96] |
| " 27. | —Reverberatory Furnace under Construction, | |
| Plate to face | [ 96] | |
| " 28. | —Sectional Plan and Elevation of Reverberatory Furnace at Anaconda, | [ 98] |
| " 29. | —Fire-box End of Reverberatory Furnace, showing massive Bracing, Charge Bins, and Charging Levers, Anaconda, | |
| Plate to face | [100] | |
| " 30. | —Interior of Reverberatory Furnace (looking towards Skimming Door), showing Expansion Spaces in Roof, and Charging Holes, Anaconda, | |
| Plate to face | [100] | |
| " 31. | —Shelby Oil-Burner for Reverberatory Furnace Use, | [106] |
| " 32. | —Modern Blast-Furnace Shell of Sectioned Jackets (P. & M. M. Co.), | |
| Plate to face | [122] | |
| " 33. | —Blast-Furnaces under Construction, showing Fixing of Jackets, Bottom Plate, Method of Support, Sectioning, etc. (T. E. Co.), | |
| Plate to face | [124] | |
| " 34. | —Development of the Blast Furnace (Gowland), | [126] |
| " 35. | —Plan of 51-foot Blast Furnace, Anaconda, indicating Position of Crucibles, Spouts, and Connecting Bridge between Old Furnaces, | [128] |
| " 36. | —Longitudinal Section and Part Elevation of 87-foot Blast-Furnace, Anaconda, indicating Crucibles of Old Furnaces, Bridge, and Jacketing, | [128] |
| " 37. | —Copper Contents in the Slags accompanying Mattes of Various Grades, | [132] |
| " 38. | —Water-Jacketed Blast Furnace, lower portion indicating Air and Water Connections, Bottom Supports, End Slag Spouts, etc. (P. & M. M. Co.), | |
| Plate to face | [134] | |
| " 39. | —Tapping Breast of Blast Furnace, Cananea, | [136] |
| " 40. | —Rivetted Steel Water-Jacket, showing Tuyere Holes and Water Inlets, etc. (P. & M. M. Co.), | [137] |
| " 41. | —Transverse Section through Modern Blast Furnace, showing Arrangements of Boshed Lower Jackets, Upper Jackets, and Plates, Stays and Supports, etc., | [138] |
| " 42. | —Interior of Anaconda Blast Furnace, showing Jacketing, Tuyere Holes, and Bridge, | |
| Plate to face | [138] | |
| " 43. | —Showing Upper Jackets, Apron and Mantle Plates and Superstructure of Blast Furnace, Anaconda, | |
| Plate to face | [140] | |
| " 44. | —Charging Blast Furnaces, Anaconda, | |
| Plate to face | [140] | |
| " 45. | —Blast-Furnace Shell, with Air Connections (P. & M. M. Co.), | [142] |
| " 46. | —Details of Tuyere, Cananea Blast Furnace, | [142] |
| " 47. | —V-Shaped Charging Car, indicating Mechanism for Release and Tilting, | [153] |
| " 48. | —End View of Blast Furnace, showing Tilting of Charge Car, Anaconda, | [155] |
| " 49. | —Hodge’s Charging Car, | [155] |
| " 50. | —Freeland Charging Machine (D. S. C. & I. Co.), | [157] |
| " 51. | —Freeland Charger-Details, | [157] |
| " 52. | —Slag Spout, showing Method of Trapping Blast, also Replaceable Nose-Piece of Spout (A), | [159] |
| " 53. | —Details of Slag Spout, Cananea, | [161] |
| " 54. | —Slag Spout, showing Method of Support, | [161] |
| " 55. | —General View of Settler (T. E. Co.), | [163] |
| " 56. | —Method of Lining Settler, Cananea, | [163] |
| " 57. | —Arrangement for Matte and Slag Discharge from Settlers (T. C. C.), | [164] |
| " 58. | —Tap-hole Casting and Detail for Settlers, | [165] |
| " 59. | —Anaconda Blast Furnace (51 feet long), showing Settlers, | |
| Plate to face | [166] | |
| " 60. | —Hoppers of Flue-Dust Chambers and Tracks for Cars underneath, | [167] |
| " 61. | —Slotted Tuyeres, 12 inches by 4 inches (T. C. C.), | [185] |
| " 62. | —Sectional Elevation and Plan of Barrel-Shaped Silica-Lined Converter (Peters), | [196] |
| " 63. | —Latest Form of Silica-Lined Barrel Converter, | [197] |
| " 64. | —Longitudinal Section of Basic-Lined Converter, | [198] |
| " 65. | —Basic-Lined Converter, indicating Tuyeres, Lining, &c., | [199] |
| " 66. | —Composition of a Charge during Bessemerising Operation, | [208] |
| " 67. | —Pouring Slag, Anaconda, | [209] |
| " 68. | —General View of Converter Shop, Anaconda, | |
| Plate to face | [214] | |
| " 69. | —Sectional Plan, Elevation, and Transverse Sections of Refining and Anode-Casting Furnace, Anaconda (Peters), | [220] |
| " 70. | —Indicating Tilting and Pouring Mechanism of Ladle of Casting and Refining Furnaces, | [225] |
| " 71. | —Walker’s Anode-Casting Machine, | |
| Plate to face | [226] | |
| " 72. | —General View of Tank-room of Electrolytic Refinery (Perth Amboy, N.J.), | |
| Plate to face | [226] | |
| " 73. | —Indicating Methods of Suspending and Connecting Electrodes (Perth Amboy, N.J.), | [234] |
| " 74. | —Indicating Connections for Circulation of Electrolyte (Barnett), | [235] |
| " 75. | —Tank-house, showing Anode Crane (Ulke), | [237] |
| " 76. | —Microstructure of Commercial Copper containing Oxygen (Hofman), | |
| Plate to face | [242] | |
TABLES.
| table | page | |
| I. | The Production of Copper, | [15] |
| II. | North American Production of Copper, | [17] |
| III. | Influence of Impurities on the Electrical Conductivity of Copper, | [23] |
| IV. | Analysis of Various Commercial Coppers, | [44] |
| V. | Development in Size of the Reverberatory Furnace, | [89] |
| VI. | Daily Reports. Reverberatory Furnaces, | [102] |
| VII. | Daily Assay Report. Reverberatory Furnaces, | [103] |
| VIII. | Monthly Report. Reverberatory Furnaces, | [104] |
| IX. | Effect on Coke Consumption of Increased Sulphur in the Furnace Charge, | [120] |
| X. | Blast-Furnace Charge Calculations, | [151] |
| XI. | Typical Charging Tables at Pyritic Smelter, | [187] |
| XII. | Changes in Composition during Bessemerising, | [206] |