Memoirs of the Duchesse de Dino (Afterwards Duchesse de Talleyrand et de Sagan), 1836-1840

by duchesse de Dorothée Dino

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• PAHLEN, Count.* Born in 1775. A Russian diplomatist and Ambassador at Paris.
• PALATINE, the Princess (1616-1684). Anne of Gonzague married Edward, Count Palatine, son of the Palatine Elector, Frederic V. and settled at Paris, where she was the ornament of the Court of Anne of Austria through her beauty and her wit. After a life of pleasure and political intrigue she suffered an overthrow by the influence of Mazarin and spent her last days in retirement. On her death Bossuet delivered a funeral oration upon her, one of the most remarkable that he composed.
• PALFFY the Princess. Born in 1774. Daughter of the Count of Hohenfeld and wife of Prince Joseph Palffy. She died in 1827.
• PALMELLA, the Duchess of. A descendant of Vasco di Gama, she had married Dom Pedro de Souza Holstein, Duke of Palmella, a Portuguese statesman.
• PALMERSTON, Lord* (1784-1865). English politician; for a long time Foreign Minister.
• PALMYRE, Madame.* A clever Parisian dressmaker.
• PARIS, the Comte de (1838-1894). Eldest son of the Duc d'Orléans and Princess Helena of Mecklenburg-Schwerin. After the death of the Comte de Chambord he became the head of the French house.
• PASCAL, Blaise (1623-1662). One of the greatest and most noble geniuses of the seventeenth century; a mathematician, physicist and philosopher. A quarrel between the Jansenists and the Jesuits gave him the opportunity of showing himself the most powerful writer in Port Royal.
• PASQUIER, Duc Etienne* (1767-1862). Politician and Peer of France. Appointed Chancellor in 1837.
• PASSY, Hippolyte Philibert* (1793-1880). French politician, deputy and member of the Institute.
• PEAN. One of the footmen of the Prince de Talleyrand.
• PEEL, Sir Robert* (1788-1850). English statesman and member of several Cabinets.
• PEMBROKE, Lady Catherine. Only daughter of Count Woronzoff, married in 1808, George Augustus, Lord Pembroke, who died in 1827.
• PENELOPE SMITH, Miss (1815-1882). Morganatic wife of Prince Charles of Naples, Count of Capua. Victor Emanuel recognised her possession of this title.
• PEPIN* (1780-1836). Grocer and accomplice of Fieschi, with whom he was executed.
• PÉRIGORD, the Comte Paul de (1811-1880). Paul Adalbert René de Talleyrand-Périgord, husband of Mlle. Amicide de Saint-Aignan, who died in 1854.
• PÉRIGORD, Mlle. Pauline de* (1820-1890). Daughter of the Duchesse de Dino. She married the Marquis Henri de Castellane in 1839.
• PÉRIGORD, Boson de (1832). Eldest son of the Duc de Valençay by his first wife, Mlle. de Montmorency. He afterwards bore the title of Duc de Talleyrand and de Sagan.
• PERPONCHER, the Comte Henri de (1771-1856). Infantry General in Holland. He became Minister of the Low Countries at the Court of Frederick William III.
• PERPONCHER, the Comtesse de. Died in 1861. Adélaïde, Countess of Reede, married in 1816, Comte Henri de Perponcher.
• PERREGEAUX, the Comte de (1785-1841). After acting as auditor to the Council of State, he occupied certain administrative posts under the Empire. At the Restoration he was set aside, but King Louis-Philippe made him a Peer of France in 1831.
• PETETOT, the Abbé Louis Pierre (1801-1887). General Superior of the Order of the Oratoire, he was first priest of Saint Louis d'Antin and of Saint Roch, and administered the affairs of the Order for more than twenty years, resigning in 1884.
• PEYRONNET, the Comte de (1778-1854). An émigré during the Revolution and the Empire, he was elected deputy under the Restoration and joined the ultra party; as Minister of Justice under M. de Villèle, he supported every retrograde measure. In 1829 he became Minister of the Interior under the Polignac Ministry and helped to draw up the ordinances which provoked the July Revolution. He was arrested and tried by the Court of Peers and condemned to perpetual imprisonment. He spent six years at the Fort of Ham, was then pardoned, after which he lived in complete retirement at his estate of Montferrand near Bordeaux.
• PIATOLI, the Abbé Scipion (1750-1809). Born at Florence, he took orders. Princess Lubomirska, née Czartoryska, who was travelling in Italy, appointed him tutor to her nephew, Prince Henry Lubomirski. The Abbé came with her to Poland in 1787, and Count Ignatius Potocki, who was struck with his capacity, secured him the post of Secretary to King Stanislas Augustus. The Abbé Piatoli persuaded the King to join the Polish patriotic party himself and drew up the Constitution of May 3, 1791, after taking the chief share in discussion upon it. After the second partition of Poland he left the country and became tutor to the household of Princess Dorothea of Courlande. Afterwards, through the good offices of Prince Adam Czartoryski, he obtained a post in the service of Russia. Very learned, with a powerful imagination and lofty ideas, he was strongly imbued with the principles of Voltaire.
• PIUS VII., Pope (1740-1823). Barbé Chiaramonti, a Benedictine monk, and Bishop of Tivoli, received the purple with the bishopric of Imola in 1795, and was elected Pope in 1800. He reorganised his papal states, signed a Concordat with Napoleon, and came to Paris to crown him as Emperor in 1804. Seven years afterwards, having refused to drive out the enemies of France, he saw his states invaded and his provinces were united to the French Empire. As he had excommunicated the French Emperor he was forced to undergo a rigorous confinement at Fontainebleau. The Congress of Vienna restored his possessions in 1814, and he returned to them. He was so generous as to grant a refuge in Rome to several members of the family of the deposed Emperor.
• PIMODAN, the Marquis de. Born in 1789. Camille de Rarécourt de la Vallée Marquis de Pimodan, cavalry captain and honorary gentleman of the Chamber to King Charles X., and knight of the Legion of Honour. He married Mlle. de Frénilly in 1819.
• PISCATORY, Théobald-Emile (1799-1870). He went to Greece under the Restoration to support the cause of independence. In 1832 he was elected deputy and afterwards voted with the Conservative majority. From 1844 to 1846 he was Plenipotentiary Minister in Greece and cleverly counteracted English influence. In 1846 he was made Peer of France and in 1847 Spanish Ambassador. He abandoned political life after the coup d'état of 1851.
• PLAISANCE, the Duchesse de (1786-1854). Marie Anne Sophie, daughter of the Marquis of Barbé Marbois, married Lebrun, Duc de Plaisance. Witty and somewhat foreign in manner, she left France at an early age for Greece, where she died.
• PLESSEN, Herr von. Died in 1837. In 1832 he was Minister of the Privy Council of the Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg, and negotiated the marriage of Princess Helena with the Duc d'Orléans.
• POLIGNAC, Prince Jules de* (1780-1847). A Minister of Charles X. He signed the July Ordinances and was condemned by the Court of Peers, but released after the amnesty of 1837.
• POLIGNAC, the Princesse de (1792-1864). Charlotte Parkyns, daughter of Lord Radcliffe, married as her first husband the Marquis de Choiseul and as her second, in 1821, Prince Jules de Polignac.
• POMPONNE, the Marquis of (1618-1699). Simon Arnauld, Marquis de Pomponne, son of Arnauld d'Andilly; King's Councillor in 1644, he fell into disgrace with Fouquet, and was relegated to Verdun in 1662. Three years later he returned to favour, and was sent to Stockholm as Ambassador; afterwards the King appointed him Minister of Foreign Affairs, and under his administration the glorious peace of Nimwegen was signed. He again fell into disfavour and did not return to office until after the death of Louvois.
• PONSONBY, Lord* (1770-1855). English Ambassador at Constantinople from 1822 to 1827.
• PONTOIS, Comte Charles Edouard de (1792-1871). A French diplomatist under Louis-Philippe; he was Plenipotentiary Minister of France in Brazil and then in the United States; afterwards he was French Ambassador at Constantinople. In 1846 he entered the Chamber of Peers.
• POTEMKIN, Ivan Alexiewitch (1778-1849). A Russian diplomatist and privy councillor. He was appointed Ambassador at Rome in 1840 and died at Naples.
• POZZO DI BORGO, Count (1764-1842). A Corsican by birth, he was a diplomatist in the service of Russia, and well known as Ambassador at Paris.
• PRASLIN, Marquis Charles Hughes Théobald de (1805-1847). He took the title of Duc on his father's death; became Knight of Honour to the Duchess d'Orléans in 1837; was a member of the Chamber of Deputies from 1839 to 1842, and was raised to the Peerage in 1845. In 1824 he married the daughter of Marshal Sébastiani. Both came to a tragic end in 1847, as M. de Praslin killed his wife in a fit of madness and then committed suicide.
• PREISSAC, Comte François Jean de (1778-1852). Prefect of the Gironde and Peer of France in 1832. He married Mlle. de Francfort, daughter of a retired Colonel of a Royal Cavalry Regiment.
• PRIMATE OF FRANKFORT, Prince Charles of Dalberg (1744-1817). He took orders and became Privy Councillor in 1772 of the Elector of Mayence, then Governor of Erfurth and coadjutor to the Archbishop of Mayence, whom he succeeded in 1802. In 1806 he became Prince Primate of the Confederation of the Rhine, Sovereign Prince of Ratisbon and Grand Duke of Fulda. Charles of Dalberg solemnised at Frankfort in April 1810 the marriage of the Princess of Courlande with the Comte Edmond de Périgord, afterwards Duc de Dino, and after his father's death Duc de Talleyrand.
• PRUSSIA, Prince Frederick of (1794-1863). Only son of Prince Ludwig of Prussia and of Princess Frederica of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, sister of Queen Louise.
• PRUSSIA, Princess Frederick of (1799-1882). Daughter of the Duke of Anhalt Bernbourg, she had married Prince Frederick in 1817.
• PRUSSIA, Princess William of (1785-1846). Amelie Marianne, daughter of the Landgrave Ludwig of Hesse-Homburg, married, in 1804, Prince William of Prussia, brother of Frederick William III.
• PRUSSIA, Prince William of (1797-1888). Second son of King Frederick William III. As his elder brother had no children, he assumed the title of Prince of Prussia in 1840, when Frederick William IV. came to the throne. He succeeded the latter as King in 1861, and in 1870 became the first Emperor of Germany of the House of Hohenzollern.
• PRUSSIA, Princess William of (1816-1890). Princess Augusta of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach married, in 1829, Prince William, son of Frederick William III. She afterwards became the Empress Augusta.
• PRUSSIA, Prince Charles of (1801-1883). Third son of King Frederick William III. and of Queen Louise.
• PRUSSIA, Princess Charles of (1808-1877). Marie, daughter of the Grand Duke of Saxe-Weimar, married Prince Charles of Prussia in 1827.
• PRUSSIA, Prince Albert of (1809-1872). Fourth son of King Frederick William IV., he married, in 1830, Princess Marianne of the Low Countries, whom he divorced in 1849. In 1853 he contracted a morganatic marriage with Fräulein von Rauch, who was given the title of Countess of Hohenau.
• PRUSSIA, Princess Albert of (1810-1883). Marianne, daughter of the King of the Low Countries, married, in 1830, Prince Albert of Prussia, the youngest son of Frederick William III., by whom she had two children. On her divorce in 1849 she left the Prussian court.
• PRUSSIA, Prince Adalbert of (1811-1837). Son of Prince William of Prussia, brother of Frederick William III. and of the Princess of Hesse-Homburg. He was Commander-in-Chief of the Prussian Navy. He contracted a morganatic marriage in 1850 with Therese Elssler, who received the title of Baroness of Barnim.
• PRUSSIA, Princess Marie of (1825-1889). Sister of the foregoing. In 1842 she married the Crown Prince of Bavaria, who became King in 1848 under the name of Maximilian II., and died in 1864.
• PÜCKLER, Prince Hermann Ludwig Heinrich (1795-1871). An officer in the Life Guards at Dresden in 1804; he entered the Russian service, in which he remained from 1813 to 1815, and married in 1817 the daughter of Prince Hardenburg, from whom he separated in 1826. In 1863 he became a Member of the House of Lords in Prussia. He travelled a great deal, and was a lover of parks and gardens.
• PÜCKLER, Princess (1776-1854). Princess Anna Hardenberg married the Count of Pappenheim as her first husband in 1796. In 1817 she divorced him to marry Prince Hermann Pückler, from whom she separated in 1826.
• PUTUS, Count Malte (1807-1837). Attaché to the Prussian Legation at Naples. He died of consumption. His sister was the Countess Lottum.

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• QUATREMÈRE DE QUINCY, Antoine Chrysostome (1755-1849). At an early age he devoted himself to the study of antiquity and art, and produced important works on these subjects. He was Deputy at Paris to the Legislative Assembly of 1791; member of the Council of the Five Hundred in 1797; theatrical censor in 1815; Professor of Archæology in 1818; and he was a member of the Academy of Inscriptions and Literature and of the Academy of Fine Arts.
• QUÉLEN, Mgr. de,* (1778-1839). Coadjutor to the Cardinal de Talleyrand Périgord, whom he succeeded as Archbishop of Paris in 1821.

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• RACHEL, Mlle. (1820-1858). A great tragic actress. She was the daughter of a poor Jewish pedlar called Felix. After a youth spent in poverty she entered the Conservatoire, made her first appearance at the Gymnase, and was admitted in 1838 to the Théâtre Français, where she gave an admirable exposition of the finest parts of Corneille and Racine. In 1856 she undertook a tour in America and contracted a pulmonary disease, of which she soon died.
• RACZYNSKI, Count Athanasius (1788-1874). A diplomatist in the Prussian service. For several years he was Minister at Lisbon and Madrid, showing the utmost unselfishness and never drawing his salary. The money thus accumulated is now in the hands of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, and is of the greatest service to diplomatists in distress. Count Raczynski was a very wealthy man, and made a fine collection of pictures, which he bequeathed to the Crown. He wrote several books upon art; his political correspondence has also been published. In 1816 he married Princess Anna Radziwill. He was a member of the House of Lords and a Privy Councillor.
• RADZIWILL, Princess Louise (1770-1836). Daughter of Prince Ferdinand of Prussia, youngest brother of Frederick the Great. She married Prince Antoine Radziwill in 1796.
• RADZIWILL, Prince William (1797-1870). An infantry general in the service of Prussia, he commanded in succession several army corps, and was a member of the House of Lords. His first wife, whom he married in 1825, was his cousin Helene Radziwill, who died in 1827. In 1832 he married the Countess Matilda Clary. He was the eldest son of Prince Antoine Radziwill and of Princess Louise of Prussia.
• RADZIWILL, Princess William (1806-1896). Matilda, daughter of Prince Charles Clary-Aldringen and of the Countess Louisa Chotek, married Prince William Radziwill in 1832.
• RADZIWILL, Princess Boguslaw (1811-1890). Léontine, third daughter of Prince Charles Clary, married, in 1832, Prince Boguslaw Radziwill, youngest son of Prince Antoine Radziwill.
• RANTZAU, the Comte Josias de (1609-1650). He entered the French service in 1635 under King Louis XIII., having previously served the Prince of Orange, Christian IV., King of Denmark, Gustavus Adolphus, and the Emperor Ferdinand II. He was Marshal of France.
• RANTZAU, Count Antony of (1793-1849). Chamberlain and captain in the service of the Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin.
• RAQUENA, the Count of (1821-1878). Son of the Duke of Rocca, he bore this title after his father's death. He was a Spanish artillery officer, and afterwards served in the Royal Halberdier Corps and died with the rank of general. He was a great lord, a great gambler, and led a most adventurous life.
• RATISBONNE, the Abbé Marie Théodore (1802-1884). Son of a Jewish banker of Strasburg, he had just concluded his study of the law when he was converted to Catholicism and took Orders. He was known as a writer and a preacher, and founded the congregation of Notre Dame of Sion.
• RATISBONNE, Alphonse (1812-1884). Brother of Théodore Ratisbonne. He was also converted to Catholicism and entered the congregation of Notre Dame of Sion, founded by his brother.
• RAUCH, Christian Daniel (1777-1857). A famous Prussian sculptor. He went to Rome in 1804 for study, returned to Berlin in 1811, where he was greatly patronised by the Court.
• RAULLIN, M. French Councillor of State.
• RAVIGNAN, the Abbé de (1795-1858). Born at Bayonne, he began his career in the magistracy. In obedience to a call he then left the world, entered the Jesuit seminary, and afterwards the Jesuit Order. He was distinguished for his lofty morality and his power as a preacher. He delivered the funeral oration of Monseigneur de Quélen, Archbishop of Paris.
• RAYNEVAL, Maximilian de (1778-1836). A French diplomatist who received the title of Comte and the peerage for his services.
• RAZUMOWSKI, the Countess. She was born Princess Wiasemski.
• RÉCAMIER, Madame* (1777-1849). Famous for her beauty and for the deep friendship which united her with the greatest literary personalities of her time, in particular with Chateaubriand.
• RECKE, the Baroness of (1754-1833). Elizabeth Charlotte, Countess of Medem, sister of the Duchess of Courlande, married, in 1774, the Baron of Recke. She was divorced from him in 1776 and lost her only daughter in the following year. She travelled a great deal in Italy and Germany, and was in connection with all the literary men of her age. She was herself the author of several works.
• REDERN, the Countess of (1772-1842). Wilhelmina of Otterstaedt married Count Wilhelm Jacob of Redern and had two sons, William and Henry.
• REDERN, Count William of (1802-1880). A great Prussian landowner, a member of the House of Lords, and afterwards High Chamberlain at the Court of the Emperor William I.
• REDERN, the Countess of (1811-1875). Bertha Ienisz, daughter of a Senator of Hamburg, married, in 1834, Count William of Redern. She had only one daughter, who died when a minor.
• REEDE, the Countess of (1769-1847); née Krusemacht, daughter and sister of two Prussian generals of that name. In 1823, when the Crown Prince of Prussia was married, she was appointed chief lady at the Court of the Crown Princess.
• REINHARD, Count Charles Frederick (1761-1837). Born at Würtemberg, he studied at the University of Tübingen and knew Goethe. He entered the French diplomatic service in 1792 and was Plenipotentiary Minister at Florence in 1797, and in 1799 replaced the Prince de Talleyrand at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. He was made a Peer of France in 1832, after having been made Count in 1814. He was a Member of the Academy of Inscriptions and Literature and of the Academy of Moral and Political Science.
• REUILLY, M. A lawyer, Mayor of Versailles, and Knight of the Legion of Honour. In 1840 he was Deputy for Seine-et-Oise, and was member of the Constituent Assembly in 1848.
• RÉMUSAT, Comte Charles de* (1797-1875). French writer and politician.
• RETZ, the Cardinal de* (1614-1679). He played a great part during the Fronde and left some remarkable memoirs.
• REUSS-SCHLEITZ-KOESTRITZ, Prince Henry LXIV. (1787-1856). General and Field Marshal in the service of Austria and divisional commander at Prague. He led the 7th regiment of Hussars.
• RUESS-SCHLEITZ, Princess Sophie Adelaide. Born in 1800; daughter of Prince Henri LI. of Reuss-Ebersdorff.
• RIBEAUPIERRE, Count Alexandre de (1785-1865). Born of a family of French Switzerland. His grandfather went to Russia in the suite of the Princess Sophie of Zerbst, afterwards Catherine II. His father had married the sister of General Bibikoff; he was Major-General when he died at the siege of Ismail. Alexandre de Ribeaupierre devoted himself to diplomacy, and became Russian Minister at Constantinople and Berlin. He was made a Count in 1856 and married Mlle. Potemkin.
• RICHELIEU, the Duc de (1696-1788). Marshal of France and a brilliant figure at the Court of Louis XIV. and XV. In 1720 he entered the French Academy and became a friend of Voltaire. On the female side he was a great-great-nephew of the Cardinal, godson of Louis XIV. and of the Duchesse de Bourgogne. He first saw service under Villars. While Ambassador at Vienna he showed dexterity in arranging an agreement between France and Austria. After some military exploits in Germany during the Seven Years War, he spent the remainder of his life in intrigue and pleasures.
• RIGNY, Comte Henri-Gauthier de* (1783-1835). French admiral. Several times Minister and Ambassador at Naples.
• RIGNY, Vicomte Alexandre de (1790-1873). Son of a cavalry officer and of the sister of the Abbé Louis, he left the military school at Fontainebleau in 1807, and took part in the campaigns of Prussia, Poland, Austria, and Spain. As field-marshal in 1830, he joined the first expedition to Constantinople in 1836, and though he displayed incontestable bravery during the retreat, the gravest charges were brought against him by General Clausel. The Council of War unanimously acquitted him in 1837, but he was relegated to the command of the subdivision of the Indre until 1848 and placed on the retired list in 1849.
• RIGNY, Mlle. Auguste de. She was the daughter of General de Rigny and heiress of her uncle, Baron Louis.
• RIVERS, Lady, died in 1866. Susan Georgiana Leveson Gower, daughter of Lord Granville. She married in 1833 George Pitt, Lord Rivers.
• ROHAN, the Duc de (1789-1869). Fernand de Rohan Chabot followed his father into exile while a child. He then returned to France and entered the army at the age of twenty with the rank of sub-lieutenant of Hussars. At that time bearing the title of Prince de Léon, he was present at the battle of Wagram and became aide-de-camp to the Emperor. In 1814 he was made a prisoner but was exchanged soon afterwards. Under the Restoration he became aide-de-camp to the Duc de Berry, then first equerry to the Duc de Bordeaux, and finally Field Marshal in 1824. After 1830 he retired.
• ROOTHE, Madame de. Famous for her beauty. She married the Duc de Richelieu who was then more than eighty years of age and whose third wife she was.
• ROOTHE, M. de. Son of the first marriage of the Duchesse de Richelieu.
• ROSAMEL, M. de (1774-1848). Claude Charles Marie du Camp de Rosamel. A French sailor; Captain in 1814 and Rear-Admiral in 1823. He went through the Algerian campaign in 1830; in 1836 he became Naval Minister in the Molé Ministry, and in 1839 entered the Chamber of Peers.
• ROSSE, Lawrence, Lord (1758-1841). In 1797 he married Miss Alice Lloyd. He was distinguished in the Irish Parliament for his popularity and his eloquence. On his father's death he succeeded to his seat in the House of Lords in 1807. He was the father of the learned astronomer William Rosse.
• ROSSI, the Countess (1803-1854). Henriette Sontag, of Swedish origin, was a famous singer. In 1830 she abandoned the theatre on her marriage with Count Rossi and was then a leading figure in aristocratic salons by reason of her intellectual grace and her dignified conduct. In 1848 pecuniary losses reduced her to reappear upon the stage in Paris and London. Afterwards she went to America and died of cholera in Mexico.
• ROTHSCHILD, Madame Salomon de* (1774-1855). She had married the second son of Mayer Anselme Rothschild, who founded the branches of the banking house in Vienna and Paris.
• ROTHSCHILD, James de (1792-1868). Fourth son of Mayer Anselme Rothschild, settled at Paris.
• ROUGÉ, Marquis Alexis de (1778-1838). Peer of France in 1815, he married in 1804 Mlle. de Crussol d'Uzès.
• ROUSSEAU, J. J. (1712-1778). Famous writer and philosopher. Son of a watchmaker at Geneva, his education was greatly neglected. With Voltaire he was an important revolutionary influence in the eighteenth century.
• ROUSSIN, Admiral* (1781-1854). Peer of France, Ambassador at Constantinople from 1832 to 1834 and Naval Minister in 1840.
• ROVIGO, the Duc de (1774-1833). Anne Jean Marie René Savary. Aide-de-camp to General Bonaparte in Egypt, and afterwards commander of the picked bodyguard of the First Council. He was ordered to carry out the death sentence pronounced upon the Duc d'Enghien in 1804, and was then appointed General. After the battle of Friedland, he was made Duc de Rovigo; in 1810 he succeeded Fouché as Minister of Police. After 1815, the English refused to send him to St. Helena with Napoleon and the Restoration condemned him to death, but he escaped and was afterwards acquitted. In 1831 he commanded the army of Algeria, terrorised the natives by his severity, and constructed fine strategical roads.
• ROY, the Comte Antoine (1764-1847). A lawyer and afterwards deputy he became Finance Minister in 1818, and introduced valuable reforms into this department. He was a Member of the Chamber of Peers under the Restoration and under the July Monarchy.
• ROYER COLLARD, Pierre Paul* (1763-1845). French philosopher statesman and Member of the Academy.
• RUBINI, J. B.* (1795-1854). Famous Italian tenor.
• RUMFORD, Madame de (1766-1836). Mlle. de Paulze married the scientist, Lavoisier, as her first husband. He died upon the scaffold of the Revolution, and in 1804 she married Rumford, a German physician and philosopher. In 1814 she was left a widow. Her drawing-room at Paris was famous.
• RUMIGNY, Comte Marie Théodore de (1789-1860). He took part in the wars of the First Empire and was aide-de-camp to General Gérard in 1812. In 1830 Louis-Philippe appointed him Field Marshal; after 1848 he accompanied the King to England and then lived in retirement.
• RUSSELL, Lord William* (1799-1846). English diplomatist and Ambassador at Berlin.
• RUSSELL, Lord John.* English statesman, member of several Ministries and twice Prime Minister.
• RUSSIA, Empress Marie of (1759-1828). Marie Feodorovna, formerly Sophie, daughter of Duke Frederick of Würtemberg, second wife of the Emperor Paul, mother of Alexander I. and of Nicholas I. She was left a widow in 1801.
• RUSSIA, the Grand Duchess Constantine of (1781-1831). Julienne, Princess of Saxe Coburg Gotha married in 1796 the Grand Duke Constantine of Russia and was baptized under the name of Anna Feodorovna.
• RUSSIA, the Emperor of (1796-1855). Nicholas I.*
• RUSSIA, the Empress of (1798-1860). Charlotte, daughter of Frederick William III. of Prussia, married in 1817 the Grand Duke Nicholas of Russia, who ascended the throne in 1825.
• RUSSIA, Grand Duchess Helena of (1807-1873). Daughter of Prince Paul of Würtemberg and of his first wife, a princess of Saxe Altenburg. She married in 1824 the Grand Duke Michael of Russia, youngest son of the Emperor Paul.
• RUSSIA, the Grand Hereditary Duke of (1818-1881). Alexander, son of the Emperor Nicholas, whom he succeeded in 1855 as Alexander II., married in 1841 the Princess of Hesse Darmstadt.
• RUSSIA, the Grand Duchess Olga of (1822-1892). Daughter of the Emperor Nicholas I. of Russia. She married in 1846 the Hereditary Prince of Würtemberg, who succeeded his father in the same year.

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• SAGAN, the Duchess of (1781-1839). Wilhelmina, eldest daughter of Peter, Duke of Courlande. She was married three times: (1) In 1800 to Prince Henri de Rohan; (2) to Prince Troubetskoi, and (3) to Count Charles of Schulenburg who survived her. She died suddenly at Vienna and left no children.
• SAINT AUGUSTINE (354-430). Bishop of Hippo, son of Saint Monica and one of the fathers of the church.
• SAINT BLANCARD, the Marquis de (1814-1897). At one time page to King Charles X. He married Mlle. de Bauffremont.
• SAINT CYRAN, the Abbé de (1581-1643). Jean Duvergier de Hauranne studied in the University of Louvain and became connected with the Jansenists, whose doctrines he ardently embraced, and obtained the Abbey of Saint Cyran in 1620. Among his numerous disciples and friends were Arnauld, Lemaistre de Sacy, Bignon, etc. He attacked the Jesuits in several works and Richelieu kept him in prison for four years.
• SAINTE ALDEGONDE, the Comtesse Camille de* (1793-1869). Widow of an aide-de-camp of King Louis-Philippe.
• SAINTE AULAIRE, the Comte de* (1778-1854). Peer of France, diplomatist, and Ambassador at Rome, Vienna and London.
• SAINTE AULAIRE, the Comtesse de. Née Louise Charlotte Victoire de Grimoard de Beauvoir du Roure-Brison. She married in 1809 M. de Sainte Aulaire, who was already a widower.
• SAINT LEU, the Duchesse de* (1783-1837). Née Hortense de Beauharnais, she was the widow of Louis Bonaparte, King of Holland and mother of Napoleon III.
• SAINT PRIEST, the Comte Alexis de,* diplomatist and French writer and member of the French Academy.
• SAINT SIMON, Louis de Rouvroy, Duc de (1675-1755). A lord at the Court of Louis XIV. He wrote famous memoirs, important to the history of his time.
• SALERNO, the Prince of (1790-1851). Leopold de Bourbon, brother of Francis I., King of Naples, was Inspector-General of the Royal Guard and leader of the 22nd Regiment of Austrian Infantry. In 1816 he married the Archduchess Maria of Austria, and had a daughter who became the Duchesse d'Aumale.
• SALERNO, the Princess of (1798-1880). Maria, daughter of the Emperor Francis I. of Austria.
• SALVANDY, the Comte de* (1795-1856). French man of letters and politician; Ambassador and several times Minister.
• SALVANDY, the Comtesse de. Julie Ferey, daughter of a manufacturer and politician, married the Comte de Salvandy in 1823.
• SANDWICH, Lady, died in 1853. Louisa, daughter of Lord Belmore, married, in 1804, George John Montagu, Lord Sandwich, who died in 1818. One of his daughters was the first wife of Count Walewski.
• SAULX-TAVANNES, Duc Roger Gaspard de (1806-1845). He became a peer in 1820 on his father's death, but took no share in the work of the Chamber, and committed suicide at the age of thirty-nine, when his old ducal family became extinct.
• SAUZET, Paul* (1800-1876). Lawyer, Deputy, and Minister of Justice in 1836.
• SAXE-WEIMAR, Duke Bernard of (1792-1862). Infantry General in the service of the Low Countries.
• SAXONY, Augustus II., the Strong, Elector of (1670-1733). Afterwards King of Poland, elected after the death of John Sobieski by intrigue and bribery, and crowned at Warsaw in 1697.
• SAXONY, Princess Augusta of, born in 1782.
• SAXONY, Princess Amelia of (1794-1870). Sister of King Frederick Augustus and of Prince John of Saxony.
• SAXONY, King Frederick Augustus II. of (1797-1854). Ascended the throne in 1836, after having been co-regent since 1830, and promulgating a liberal Constitution for his people. An enlightened, liberal, and well-educated prince, he died in consequence of a fall from his horse, leaving no children.
• SAXONY, the Queen of (1805-1877). Maria, daughter of King Maximilian of Bavaria and wife of King Frederick Augustus II.
• SAXONY, Prince John of (1801-1873). This prince succeeded his brother, King Frederick Augustus, in 1854. He had married Princess Amelia of Bavaria, by whom he had several children, and was distinguished throughout his life for his great virtue and his learning.
• SAXONY, Princess John of (1801-1877). Amelia, daughter of King Maximilian of Bavaria and wife of Prince John of Saxony.
• SCHÖNBURG, Princess (1803-1884). Louise Schwarzenberg, sister of the Cardinal of that name, married, in 1823, Prince Edward of Schönburg Waldenburg.
• SCHÖNLEIN, Dr. Jean Luc (1793-1864). Doctor of medicine at Zurich. He was summoned to Berlin, where he obtained a great reputation.
• SCHRECKENSTEIN, Baron Maximilian of (1794-1862). For a long time first Gentleman at the Court of Princess Stephanie of Baden, and governor of the houses and property of this princess.
• SCHULENBURG-KLOSTERRODE, the Count of (1772-1853). He served in the Austrian diplomatic service and died at Vienna. He had married his cousin, the Countess Armgard of Schulenburg.
• SCHULENBURG, Count Charles Rudolph of (1788-1856). Austrian lieutenant-colonel; he married the Duchess Wilhelmina of Sagan, the eldest daughter of the last Duke of Courlande; this marriage was soon dissolved. In 1846 he undertook to administer the property of the Duchesse de Talleyrand. He died at Sagan of an apoplectic stroke and was buried there.
• SCHWARZENBERG, Charles Philippe, Prince of (1771-1820). First a soldier and then Austrian Ambassador at Paris. He negotiated the marriage of Napoleon with the Archduchess Maria Louisa. On the occasion of this marriage, in 1810, he gave a large ball, which had a fatal conclusion owing to a fire at the Embassy, when his wife perished in the flames.
• SCHWEINITZ, Countess of (1799-1854). Fräulein Dullack, married, in 1832, Count Hans Hermann of Schweinitz and became, in 1840, chief lady at the Court of Princess William of Prussia, by birth the Princess of Saxe-Weimar.
• SÉBASTIANI DE LA PORTA, Marshal* (1775-1851). Ambassador at Constantinople, Naples, and London.
• SÉBASTIANI, wife of the foregoing, died in 1842. A daughter of the Duc de Gramont. She had become an émigré at the age of sixteen with the Bourbons. Her first husband had been General Davidow, whom she married at Milan, and her second husband was General Sébastiani, whose second wife she was.
• SÉGUR, the Comtesse de (1779-1847). Félicité d'Aguesseau, sole heiress of the last Marquis of this name, she married Count Octave de Ségur, major on the Staff of the Royal Guard, who died in 1818.
• SÉMONVILLE, the Marquis de* (1754-1839). Chief referendary of the Court of Peers.
• SERCEY, the Marquis de (1753-1856). Pierre César Charles Guillaume de Sercey was a very distinguished sailor. On the return of the Bourbons, in 1814, he was commissioned to treat with England for the exchange of the French prisoners. He was then appointed Vice-Admiral and entered the Chamber of Peers.
• SÉVIGNÉ, the Marquise de* (1626-1696). One of the most distinguished ladies at the Court of Louis XIV. and author of remarkable letters.
• SFORZA, Ludovico (1451-1508). Known as the Moor, he was the opponent of the House of Aragon in Italy, and summoned Charles VIII. there in 1494. After betraying the French he was attacked by Louis XII., who deprived him of his states and forced him to flee into Germany. The unpopularity of Trivulzo in the Duchy of Milan allowed Sforza to reconquer that province, but in 1500 he was defeated and captured at Novaro by the French. He was imprisoned at Loches, and died ten years later.
• SIDNEY, Lady Sophia,* died in 1837. Countess of Isle and of Dudley, fifth child of William IV. of England and of Mrs. Jordan.
• SIEYÈS, the Abbé (1748-1836). Vicar-General of Chartres and politician during the Revolution.
• SIGALON, Xavier (1790-1837). Historical painter. He was commissioned by the Government in 1833 to go to Rome and copy Michael Angelo's fresco of the Last Judgment. This magnificent reproduction, a tenth less in size than the original, is at the School of Fine Arts in Paris.
• SIMÉON, the Comte Joseph Balthazar (1781-1846). Master of requests at the Council of State and Peer of France in 1835; he had strong artistic tastes.
• SOLMS-SONNENWALD, Count William Theodore of (1787-1859). Cavalry captain and Chamberlain, son of the Countess Ompteda by her first marriage.
• SOLMS-SONNENWALD, the Countess of, born in 1790. By name, Clementina, daughter of the Count of Bressler.
• SOPHIA, the Archduchess (1805-1872). Daughter of King Maximilian of Bavaria. She married, in 1824, the Archduke Francis, and was the mother of the Emperor Francis Joseph I.
• SOULT, Marshal* (1769-1852). One of the most famous soldiers of the Empire and a Minister under Louis-Philippe.
• STACKELBERG, Count Gustavus of, Privy Councillor and Chamberlain to the Emperor Alexander I. He became Russian Ambassador and took part in the Congress of Vienna in 1815. In 1805 he married Mlle. Caroline de Ludolf, daughter of the Ambassador of Naples at St. Petersburg.
• STACKELBERG, the Countess of (1785-1868). Née Caroline de Ludolf, she married Count Stackelberg in 1805; when she was left a widow she settled at Paris.
• STANLEY, Lady. Henrietta Maria, daughter of Viscount Dillon, married in Italy, in 1826, Sir Edward John Stanley, member of the English Parliament.
• STOPFORD, Robert (1768-1847). An English Admiral who became famous in the chief naval campaigns of the Revolution and the Empire. In 1840 he bombarded Saint Jean d'Acre.
• STROGONOFF, Countess Julia. She had married a Spaniard, the Count of Ega, with whom she lived at Madrid, when she made the acquaintance of Count Gregory Strogonoff, who carried her off and married her. She was well received in St. Petersburg society, but owing to her false position, she could not obtain for a long time the Order of St. Catherine, which was her great ambition. She died at an advanced age between 1860 and 1870, after carefully tending her husband, who had become blind.
• STURMFEDER, Frau von (1819-1891). Camilla Wilhelmena of Münchingen had married the Baron of Sturmfeder and of Oppenweiller, and was Chief Lady at the Court of the Grand Duchess Stephanie of Baden.
• SUTHERLAND, the Duchess of,* died in 1868. Née Lady Carlisle. She was mistress of the robes to Queen Victoria.
• SYRACUSE, the Comte de (1813-1860). Léopold de Bourbon, son of Francis I., King of Naples and of Maria Isabella of Spain. He was promoted to the rank of Lieutenant-General, though he never received any command.
• SYRACUSE, the Countess of (1814-1874). See [Carignan], Philiberte de.

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