[25] Pharaoh is derived from the words Per-aa, ‘Great House,’ and answers pretty nearly to the ‘Sublime Porte’ at Constantinople. Later on it is used as the sovereign’s name.
[26] This god, symbolised in the moon, was more especially the god of knowledge and science. He was the inventor of all arts, and the inspirer of the sacred writings, the lawgiver, and the advocate and justifier of the good before the tribunal of Osiris.
[27] Probably Hak-shasu, or Princes of the Shasu. The Shasu were wandering tribes on the north-east, and it is not unlikely, Brugsch thinks, that this name was assigned them in derision of their claim to be considered Kings of Egypt. Kings of Egypt, indeed! No—haks (petty princes) of the Shasu they were. An accidental coincidence of meaning between Shasu and shepherd led to their being designated in later times ‘Shepherd Kings.’
[28] Manetho, the Egyptian priest, who, in the days of the Ptolemies, wrote a history of his country in Greek. It is, unfortunately, lost, excepting his list of kings and dynasties, and a few fragments quoted by later writers.
[29] Even during the civil wars some branch of the ancient line was ruling, and it is probable that the eleventh dynasty was united by marriage to the early kings.
[30] These were the hands of the slain, which were cut off and counted to ascertain the number of the fallen.
[31] See Nile Gleanings, by Villiers Stuart.
[32] Nile Gleanings.
[33] Brugsch, History of Egypt.
[34] Honorific or crown name which Hatasu, like other Egyptian sovereigns, assumed at her accession, and which was distinct from the personal or family name.