Our earthly habitation, then, seems assured for many millions of years. But millions of years are, after all, but relative, and they vanish before the vast age of the stellar universe[1] and the enormous vistas of time yet to come.
[1] Dr. Jeans, on very modern data, puts this age at seven million million years.
How far can our gaze penetrate the fog which obscures our future? Can we build for eternity? Must we prepare for a catastrophe or an inevitable decay? Can we assure to our descendants an indefinitely prolonged future of perpetual progress and ever-increasing happiness?
The answer to these questions is ultimately based upon psychological factors. Human life requires certain physical conditions for its maintenance. It also requires the passive assistance of many forms of animal life and plant life. But Man is, without exception, the most adaptable inhabitant of this globe, and there is little fear of any physical or biological factors bringing about his extinction, provided they change sufficiently gradually. If life is adaptation to surroundings, then Man has more chance of surviving changing conditions than any other form of terrestrial life. What other species can thrive equally in the Arctic and under the Equator? The dog is man’s only rival in that respect, and is but second best.
We need, therefore, not be anxious lest a change in general physical environment bring our race to an end. The end of the human race, if ever it comes, will be due to the human race itself. If the race dies, it will die by suicide. And suicide is a matter of psychology.
Let us examine the possibility of a voluntary euthanasia of the human race. It seems the only sort of suicide that is at all conceivable. Can we imagine a state of things arising in which the leaders will say: “We have lived long enough. Our race has had a glorious history, let it have a glorious end. We cannot and will not bow to the new conditions imposed by Nature. We would rather die and end it all. Let us all perish together.”
Such an attitude would indeed be a new phenomenon. People have died rather than surrender, but it was with the thought of the approval of their fellows and the perpetual honour of their names. In the case contemplated there would be no such inducement to heroism. The surrender would be unchronicled and unsung.
A refusal to adapt itself to new conditions is not unknown among savage races, nor among classes of civilized society. Tribes have perished off the face of the earth, owing to a voluntary refusal or to inability to adapt themselves to new conditions of life. But, so far as we know, this has always taken place in the presence of races of superior adaptability.
Civilizations have perished. We do not know, of course, how many civilizations have disappeared without leaving a trace. But we do know that races have existed, even in our own islands, who were capable of transporting and building up great pieces of rock, and of arranging them in an astronomically significant manner. Did these races perish under the attacks of an enemy? Or did they die off owing to the exhaustion of their own vitality? We may suppose that it was the former rather than the latter alternative. For in view of the great and increasing power of the human race we hardly need fear any enemies from without. Our destruction, if ever it comes, will come from within. It will come if and when we develop a Will to Die.
Such a Will to Die has been observed on a small scale in the wave of suicide sweeping over Central Europe after the Great War. But it was only a symptom of readjustment. It was partial, and practically confined to the class bound up with social and governmental stability, and incapable of adaptation to radically changed conditions.