Too much stress has, in fact, been laid upon the association of dysmenorrhœa with sterility, and I must therefore point out that I have seen numerous instances of dysmenorrhœa, including the so-called spasmodic form of the disease, in women who have given birth to many children; that objectively, in such cases, there was an absence of that rigidity of the cervix to which Matthews Duncan attached so much importance; and, finally, that even when the dysmenorrhœal pains had subjectively all the character of labour pains, the introduction of the sound could be effected without using any great force, and without giving rise to any severe pain.
Unquestionably, those authors, with Sims at their head, go too far, who regard dysmenorrhœa as a constant sign of stenosis of the cervical canal, and hence infer that in all cases in which sterility is associated with dysmenorrhœa, the sterility is due to such stenosis—an opinion contested by Schultze on the ground of anatomical investigations. Dysmenorrhœa gives no indisputable sign that the cervix is stenosed to such a degree as to hinder the occurrence of conception; and Sims’s view, that in the great majority of cases dysmenorrhœa is due to mechanical obstruction, is not supported by experience. Women who suffer from severe dysmenorrhœa, frequently become pregnant, though later, it may be, than women in whom menstruation is normal and painless. Dysmenorrhœa is not due solely to contraction of the cervical canal, but also to a variety of other pathological conditions. The anomalies of the genital organs which give rise to dysmenorrhœa do not, for the most part, offer any obstacle to conception; and, on the other hand, stenosis of the cervical canal may exist in women who are entirely free from dysmenorrhœa.
In order to test Sims’s theory of the mutual interdependence of dysmenorrhœa and sterility, Kehrer conducted an investigation into the state of menstruation both before and after marriage in relation to the fertility or infertility of the marriage. He ascertained that in sterile women virginal dysmenorrhœa had only been a very little commoner than in fruitful women. Hence, the changes in the reproductive organs upon which the occurrence of dysmenorrhœa depends, must not be regarded as necessarily constituting hindrances also to conception.
English gynecologists differ from those of Germany in believing that there is an intimate causal relation between dysmenorrhœa, and more especially spasmodic dysmenorrhœa, and sterility. The assumption is, that the contractions of the uterus, which by their violence during menstruation give rise to pains like those of labour, occur also during coitus; by these contractions, the entry of the semen into the uterus is prevented, or, if the semen does enter the uterus, it is speedily expelled. This spasmodic dysmenorrhœa has also been called mechanical or obstructive dysmenorrhœa, in order to call attention to the theory that the aim of the cramp-like contractions of the uterus is the expulsion of the menstrual blood which has accumulated in the uterine cavity; although Duncan himself is compelled to admit that neither the alleged mechanical obstruction, nor the accumulation of menstrual blood, nor yet the dilatation of the uterine cavity, can actually be proved to occur.
Note.—The author is not quite correct in his contrast between “English” and “German” opinion in this matter. Most English gynecologists follow Matthews Duncan in calling attention to the fact that, as Herman puts it, “spasmodic dysmenorrhœa is often associated with sterility”; but almost all careful writers insist that while the association is proved, the nature of the causal connexion, if such exists, has not been elucidated. For instance, writing on this very question of the association of dysmenorrhœa with sterility, Hart and Barbour remark, “after a careful survey of the literature, we come to the conclusion that any discussion of sterility in which mechanical considerations have a prominent place, must be inadequate, and will always be bootless.” It is true that Matthews Duncan writes (Diseases of Women, Lecture on Sterility), “The most generally recognized cause of sterility is spasmodic dysmenorrhœa”; but a careful perusal of the whole lecture will show that Duncan is saying more than he really means in using the word “cause,” and that what he wishes to insist upon is the frequent and indisputable association of the two conditions. In the lecture on Spasmodic Dysmenorrhœa he writes, “Latterly it has been generally described as obstructive or mechanical dysmenorrhœa; these words ‘obstructive’ and ‘mechanical’ implying a theory of the disease which ... I am sure is quite erroneous.” Obviously, then, Kisch does injustice to Matthews Duncan when he writes that the latter is “compelled to admit” (obgleich Duncan selbst zugeben muss), what he was as a fact one of the first to maintain, in the face of considerable opposition!—Transl.
Fig. [79].—Ectropium in a Case of Bilateral Laceration of the Cervix. After A. Martin.
Duncan goes so far as to maintain that no actual or suspected local disturbance has such significance in connexion with the doctrine of sterility as spasmodic dysmenorrhœa. It possesses this significance owing to the probable connexion between the dysmenorrhœic neurosis and the outflow of the semen, the deficiency of the sexual impulse and of sexual pleasure, and other disturbances of sexual excitement during coitus. With the relief of the dysmenorrhœa, we have, Duncan holds, made a long stride towards the cure of the sterility. Among 332 married women who were absolutely sterile, Duncan found 159, nearly half of the total number, who were affected with spasmodic dysmenorrhœa.
Burton, in order to ascertain with certain beyond question whether stenosis of the external or internal os gives rise to dysmenorrhœic troubles, examined six women during menstruation and at the time when they were experiencing the greatest pain; he found in no one of them any trace of narrowing of the canal. Owing to the congestion that occurs at this time, the uterus becomes erect, and any moderate flexion that may exist is temporarily straightened. In all the cases, the sound could be passed with extreme ease.
Ectropium of the lips of the cervix (“granular erosion”) constitutes a hindrance to conception which is by no means rare; the condition is due to deep lateral lacerations of the cervix. The gaping of the cervical canal arising from such old-standing, often overlooked, cervical lacerations and from the parametric scars associated therewith, causes various irritative manifestations: blenorrhoea, blennorrhagia, cystic degeneration of the mucous membrane, and these secondary conditions may be contributory causes of sterility; but lacerations of the cervix with ectropium interfere in a manner purely mechanical with the proper constitution of a receptaculum seminis and with the aspiration of the semen into the cervical canal. (Fig. [79].) In an earlier section of this work I laid stress on the fact that in the act of conception the musculature of the cervix had in a sense an active part to play; and the proper performance of this role is prevented by cervical lacerations. The cervical glands also suffer in cases of ectropium, and their function in facilitating the entrance of the spermatozoa into the uterine cavity is no longer properly performed. Finally, it is worthy of note that sexual gratification, the sensation of voluptuous pleasure during the sexual act, seems to be diminished in women with cervical lacerations, a fact noted especially by Mundé and Ill. The last-named found that in 34 women thus affected, sexual gratification was no longer experienced in intercourse; whilst in 27 of these cases, restoration of the integrity of the cervix by operation was followed by return of normal sexual feeling. In women who have given birth to one or two children, and then for a long time have remained barren, we not infrequently find deep cervical lacerations. Breisky, Spiegelberg, Schultze, and Goodell have operated in such cases, and shortly after the operation pregnancy has recurred.