[15] “Ancient Ships,” by Cecil Torr, Cambridge, 1894.
[16] “Lazari Bayfii annotationes ... de re navali.” Paris, 1536.
[17] See “Caligula’s Galleys in the Lake of Nemi,” by St. Clair Baddeley, article in the Nineteenth Century and After, March, 1909; also “Le Navi Romane del Lago di Nemi,” by V. Malfatti, Rome, 1905, which gives an interesting account, with illustrations, of the finding of these galleys, as well as an excellent plan of one of the ships of Caligula as far as she has been explored. She has a rounded stern and pointed bow. An ingenious pictorial effort is made to reconstruct the galley afresh. The book contains photographs of the floats, showing the shape of the boat, and of some of the chief relics recovered in 1895.
[18] “Life of Caligula,” xxxvii.
[20] Acts xxvii.
[21] “Un Catalogue Figuré de la Batellerie Gréco-Romaine—La Mosaïque d’Althiburus,” par P. Gauckler, in “Monuments et Mémoires.” Tome douzième, Paris, 1905.
[22] “De Bello Civili,” iii. 29.
[23] Sagas—or “says,” narratives—are records of the leading events of the lives of great Norsemen and their families. Hundreds of these records exist, though many of them are purely mythical. They date from a period not earlier than the sixth century of our era, but the downward limit cannot be exactly fixed. Not unnaturally, in such national epics as centre round the kings of Sweden, Norway and Denmark, we find references to sailing ships both frequent and detailed.
[24] “This northern civilisation,” says Du Chaillu, in his account of these people (“The Viking Age,” vol. i. p. 4, London, 1889) “was peculiar to itself, having nothing in common with the Roman world, Rome knew nothing of these people till they began to frequent the coasts of her North Sea provinces, in the days of Tacitus, and after his time, the Mediterranean.... The manly civilisation the Northmen possessed was their own ... it seems to have advanced north from about the shores of the Black Sea, and ... many northern customs were like those of the ancient Greeks.”