Ships & Ways of Other Days - E. Keble Chatterton

GLOSSARY

Bittacle (Binnacle).	See pp. [214] and [253].
Bitts.	Posts on a deck to which cables, etc., could be fastened.
Bolt-ropes.	Ropes round the edge of a sail to prevent tearing.
Bonnets.	See p. [158].
Boxhauling.	See p. [252].
Brails.	Small ropes used for the purpose of shortening a ship’s canvas.
Careen.	To lay a ship over on to her side for the purpose of cleaning, caulking, etc.
Catheads.	Short projecting beams serving as a bracket to suspend the anchor clear of the bows.
Drabler.	Canvas laced on the bonnet of a sail to give it more drop.
Driver.	A large squaresail set occasionally upon the mizzen-yard or gaff.
Dunnage.	Loose wood or other material packed in the hold with the cargo to prevent it from shifting.
Fothering.	See p. [262].
Gaff.	A spar used for extending the upper edge of a fore-and-aft rectangular sail.
Gripe, to.	To come up into the wind in spite of the helm.
Gripe of a ship.	1. The sharpness of her stern under the water. 2. A projection added to the keel.
Gripes.	Lashings securing a boat in its place.
Ground-tackle.	Ropes and tackle used in connection with anchors and mooring apparatus generally.
Hawse-pipes.	The metal linings to the hawse-holes or holes in a ship’s bows through which the cable passes.
Hog, to.	To scrub a ship with flat scrubbing brooms called hogs.
Manger.	A small apartment made in the ship’s bows to catch the water flowing through the hawse-holes.
Mizzen.	The aftermost mast of a vessel with two or more masts. Sometimes called a jigger. In medieval four-masters the aftermost mast was called the bonaventure mizzen, and the one immediately forward of this the main mizzen.
Moonrakers.	Sails above the sky-sails.
Parral.	A band for keeping the end of a yard to the mast.
Pinch, to.	To sail close-hauled.
Quant, to.	To propel a craft along shallow water-ways by means of a long pole.
Rhumb-line.	The line (cutting all the meridians at the same angle) which is followed by a ship sailing on one course.
Scarfing.	See p. [282].
Scuppers.	Gutters or channels along the outer edge of a deck by which water runs off.
Snatch-blocks.	Iron-bound blocks with an opening in which the bight of a rope may be laid without threading the end of the rope through.
Stringer.	A strip of timber running round a ship internally in line with the deck.
Swatch-way.	A narrow sound or channel of water among sand-banks.
Tabernacle.	The socket or hinged post for a mast that can be lowered at will to pass under bridges, etc.
Trestle-trees.	See p. [207].
Tumble-home.	The incline inwards of a ship’s sides above the level of its extreme breadth.
Ware.	To veer.

INDEX

Ægean Sea, [33]
Africa, circumnavigation of, by the Phœnicians, [21];
in early map, [124];
geographical knowledge of, [130]
Agricola, [67]
Alectus, [78]
Alfred, sailors in time of, [17]
Algiers, pirates of, [224]
Amber, Phœnicians and, [26]
Ambleteuse, [73]
America, North, the Vikings and, [90], [91]
Amundsen, Capt. Roald, [204]
Amyntas III and shipbuilding materials, [46]
Anchor work, [258]
Anchors, metal, Athenian Navy, [44];
of the king’s galleys, middle ages, [146];
Spanish iron for, [180];
of men-o’-war, early 19th century, [278]
Andersen, Capt. Magnus, [90]
Anglo-Dutch wars, [208], [229], [230], [235], [237–40], [267]
Anne, Queen, seamen in days of, [249]
Anson’s voyage round the world, [131], [251]
Antipater of Sidon quoted, [32]
Antiphilus quoted, [33]
Arabians, the, as navigators, [122]
Arctic Circle, voyaging to, [116]
Argand lamp, [244]
Armada, the great, and seamanship, [184];
wages of seamen at time of, [208];
tactics against, [218];
the pirate and, [222]
Arthur’s, King, conquests, [116]
Artillery introduced, [180];
knowledge of, [181];
of an Elizabethan ship, [191];
17th century, [228];
18th century, [261];
on men-o’-war, [276], [283]
Asia, kings of, build large warships, [43]
Askoma, [31]
Assyrian sculptures, Phœnician biremes in, [19]
Assyrians, the, and the sea, [16]
Astrolabe, the, need for, [172];
its origin and name, [172];
its use described, [173];
improved for the sea, [174];
and Columbus, [175];
importance of those who could use it, [175];
superseded, [212]
Astronomers, the ancients as, [115]
Astronomical measurements in navigation, [27]
Athenian Navy, the, [44];
inventories of Athenian dockyards, [47]
Atlantic, the, Arab name for, [154]
Atlas, the first (Wagenaer’s), [214]
Audley, Thomas, “Book of Orders,” [182]
Augustus, [68]
Australia, rush to, [288]
Avery, David, [244]
Ayscue, Sir George, [239], [242]
Azores, the, [212], [217]
Baffin’s Bay, [88]
Bailak Kibdjaki, [150]
Ballast in ancient Greek ships, [32];
loose ballast, [289]
Baltimore, piracy at, [223]
Barometer, the, [259]
Bayeux tapestry, ships in the, [137], [138]
Beachy Head, battle of, [243]
Beacons, [243]
Beaver, Lieut. Philip, [267]
Beazley, Mr. Raymond, quoted, [126]
Bedford, Duke of, First Lord of Admiralty, and naval uniforms, [272]
Behaim, Martin, improves the astrolabe, [174]
Bells, ships’, [215], [254]
Benbow, Admiral John, [266]
“Better to break owners than orders,” [263]
Birds, observations by, [88]
Biremes, Phœnician, [19];
succeeded by trireme, [38];
number of oars, [40]
Biscay, the Bay of, [117]
“Bittacle” (i.e. binnacle), [214], [253]
“Bitter end,” the, [278]
Bitts, [278]
Bitumen caulking, [19]
“Black Book of the Admiralty,” [183]
Black Deeps, the, [227]
Blaeu, Wm. J., “The Sea Mirrour,” [215]
Blake, Admiral Robert, and Tunisian pirates, [224];
sea commander, [229];
and discontent on his ships, [236];
defects in his ships, [237];
tactics, [238], [239];
battle off Portland, [240], [241]
Boarding in naval warfare, [62], [183], [218]
Boatswain, [146]
Böckh’s “Corpus Inscriptionum Atticarum,” [47]
Booms in Ancient Rhodes, [53]
Borough, Admiral William, [217]
Boteler’s “Dialogues,” [230]
Boulogne (Gesoriacum), [67], [70], [72], [79]
Bourne, William, on the cross-staff, [175];
“Arte of Shooting,” [191];
“Inventions or Devises,” [193];
“Regiment for the Sea,” [209];
first English book on navigation [211];
on the earth as a globe, [213];
“Treasure for Traueilers,” [216];
method of registering speed, [216]
Bowline, to sail on a, [168]
Boxhauling, [252]
Bridport, Lord, [267]
Brigg’s logarithms, [248]
Bristol Channel pilot cutters, [31]
Britain, Roman invasion of, [72–7]
British fleet in Roman times (Classis Britannica), [67]
British Navy, reorganised in 1618, [224];
under the Commonwealth, [229];
fashionable, [229];
captain’s pay at end of 17th century, [230];
probable strategy of to-day, [238];
ballast, [289].
See also [Elizabethan], [Tudor]
British seamanship and British supremacy, [219]
Buoys, [214], [226], [244]
Burgh, Hubert de, [143]
Bushnell, Edmund, “Complete Ship-Wright,” [224]
Bytharne, Jehan, “Book of War,” [183]
Cables of Viking ships, [108];
hemp and chain, [277], [278]
Cabot, Sebastian, [133]
Cadiz, [235];
mutiny of, [267]
Cæsar and the invasion of Britain, [5];
and his fleet, [69];
its tactics, [70];
invasion of England, [70–7];
seamanship, [74];
landing, [76];
knowledge of Gaul and Britain, [77]
Calais, [72]
Calicut, [135]
California gold rush, [288]
Caligula, [81]
Callis (pirate), [222]
Cambridge, Trinity College, MS. of pilgrim voyage, [147]
Canary Isles, [118], [121]
Cannon. See [Artillery]
Cape Barfleur, [138]
Cape Blanco, [134]
Cape Bojador, [134]
Cape Nun, [134]
Cape of Good Hope, Vasco da Gama and, [22];
doubled, [134];
named, [136]
Cape St. Vincent (Holy Promontory), [125], [127], [217]
Cape Verde Islands, [134]
Captains, tyrannical, [249]
Carausius, [78], [79]
Carpenter, [146]
Cartagena, [266]
Carthaginian fleet, the, [62]
Cartography. See [Map-making]
Catholic Church, the Portuguese and the, [131]
Catteville, the race of, [138]
Chain cables, [277]
Chanca, Dr., of Columbus’s fleet, [165]
Chaplains on Elizabethan ships, [199];
of French Navy, [230];
18th century, [249]
Charles I, mutinies of the Navy, [236]
Charles II, Navy in time of, [229];
officers, [230];
and sea charts, [243]
Charles V, [133], [170]
Charts, compilation of, [171];
Wagenaer’s, [214], [219];
Charles II and James II and, [243];
of British coast, 18th century, [256];
English, [257]
Chatham, [184];
dockyard, [226], [274]
Chavez, Alonso and Hieronymo de, [138], [171]
Chelsea pensioners on Anson’s voyage, [251]
China tea trade, [288–9]
Chinese, the, and the compass, [119];
voyages of, [119]
Chios, battle of, [52]
Chronometer, the coming of the, [178], [254]
Church services in Navy, 17th century, [227]
Cinque Ports, [140]
Circle, great, sailing, [178], [211], [213]
Civil War, the Navy during the, [236]
Classis Britannica, [67], [79]
Claudius, [67]
Clerk, John, “Naval Tactics,” [269]
Clinton (pirate), [222]
“Close-fights,” [188]
Clothing, seamen’s, 18th century, [264]
Cockpit, [282]
“Code de la Mer,” [151]
Colbert, Jean B., [230]
Colliers, London, of the 18th century, [251]
Collins, Greenville, [243]
Colonies, the, and seamanship, [230]
Colosseum, the, [69]
Colours of men-o’-war, [279];
internal, [246], [280]
Columbus, Bartolomeo, [156]
Columbus, Christopher, effect of Prince Henry’s work, [131];
his place, [136];
his log, [155];
his ships and navigation, [155];
his studies, [156];
and the Vikings, [156];
sets sail on first voyage, [157];
speed, [158];
his helmsman, [158];
reckonings, [159];
sights land, [160];
homeward bound, [160];
wreck of the Santa Maria, [161];
details of the ship, [163–4];
food, [164];
crew, [164];
religious atmosphere, [165];
subsequent voyages, [165];
third voyage, [166];
on the shape of the earth, [166];
fourth voyage, [167];
and navigating, [167];
as seaman and navigator, [169];
his achievements, [169];
reckoning by tonnage, [197]
Compass, the, use by the Chinese, [119];
by Arabians, [119];
introduced to Europe, [119];
suspension of the needle, [120];
the fleur-de-lys, [120];
its early use, [124];
liquid compass anticipated, [150];
variation recorded by Columbus, [158];
variation, [212], [213];
Elizabethan names for the, [214]
“Confessio Amantis,” [146]
Congo River, [135]
Constable, [146]
Constantinople, [152]
Cook, Capt., [263]
Copper sheathing, [275]
Corinth, triremes built at, [42];
shipbuilding at, [46]
Corn-ships of Egypt, [57]
Cortes, Martin, [171], [211]
Court-martial instituted, [218]
Craft, the working of, [5]
Cretan pirates, [53]
Crew, ship’s, of the 13th century, [141], [146]
Cross-staff, the, [174];
its use described, [176];
improved, [212]
Crusades, the, [117], [119], [121];
Crusaders’ journey from Dartmouth, [138–40]
Cyprus, temple in, commemorating a large ship, [43]
Dartmouth, [138]
Davis, John, as navigator, [155];
and circle sailing, [178];
nautical expressions in his logs, [203];
extracts from his “Traverse-Booke,” [205];
“Seaman’s Secrets,” [210]
Davis’s quadrant, [246]
Davits, [226]
Deal, Cæsar’s landing at, [73], [74]
Deane, Admiral, [240]
Decks, [142]
Deptford, seamen’s guild, [133], [171];
dockyard, [181], [226], [274]
Diaz, Bartholomew, [135]
Dock, dry, the first, [180]
Docks at Rome, [62]
Dockyards, Royal, [181], [226], [274]
Dover, [67], [72], [76];
Roman Pharos, [243]
Dover, Straits of, [72], [77]
Drake, Sir Francis, [5];
influence of Prince Henry the Navigator, [131];
as navigator, [155];
Cadiz expedition, [217];
as strategist, [217]
“Drift-sail,” [226]
Duff, Capt., of H.M.S. Mars, [279]
Duncan, Admiral, [267], [270]
Dungeness, [77], [236], [289], [290]
Dungeness beacon, [243]
Dunnage, [289]
Dutch as shipbuilders, [231]
Dutch and English seamen, 16th century, [206]
Dutch wars. See [Anglo-Dutch wars]
East India Company’s service, [284–287];
monopoly abolished and fleet disbanded, [287]
Ecnomus, battle of, [43], [62]
Eddystone Lighthouse destroyed, [272]
Edgar, King, [116]
Edward II, [144]
Edward III, poem on pilgrim ship of the time of, [147]
Edward VI, [133]
Egyptian corn-ships, [4], [57]
Egyptian kings of the 4th and 3rd centuries B.C. build large warships, [43]
Egyptians, the ancient, and the sea, [11], [12];
Egyptian ships, [13];
and naval warfare, [14];
navigation of, [14];
ships and boats in the life of the people, [14];
shipbuilding, [15];
not instinctively seamen, [16]
Einar Thambarskelfir, [108]
Elizabethan galleons, [5]
Elizabethan Navy, training of the seamen, [184];
seamanship, [186];
supremacy and colonial expansion, [186];
clumsy warships, [186];
types of vessels, [186];
obstacles to boarding, [188];
the tumble-home, [188];
colours of ships, [188];
steering, [189];
arrangements of the ships, [188–91];
sails, [190];
armament, [191–4];
the captain, [194];
punishments of seamen, [194];
the lieutenant, [194];
duties of the crew, [195];
watches, [196];
food, [198–202];
health, [198];
chaplain and trumpeter, [199];
life on board, [199];
contemporary account of sailing, [199];
sea terms in Elizabethan literature, [203];
their slowness, [206];
life of a captain, [207];
neglect of the seamen’s comfort, [207];
bad treatment, [208];
wages at time of the Armada, [208];
men of the service, [208];
flag saluting, [208];
cause of the impetus of the time, [209];
navigation books, [211–16];
instruments, [211], [212];
strategy, tactics, and discipline, [217];
court-martial, [218];
fleet tactics, [218];
seamanship, [219–20]
Elizabethan seamen as nautical experts, [171]
Emigration sailing ships to U.S.A., [283], [284]
English as shipbuilders, [231]
English Channel, winds, [72];
the Romans in the, [72];
tides, [74], [76];
John Davis and, [211];
piracy, [222]
Equator, the, [178]
Eric, son of Hakon, [109]
Ericson, Thorstein, [87]
Erith Dockyard, [181]
Erling Askew, [94], [101]
Erling Skialgson, [94]
Eruli, [91]
Espagnols sur Mer, Les, battle of, [144]
Eudoxus, [27]
Euphrates, shipbuilding on the, [17]
Euripides, terms in, [36]
Eustace the Monk, [143]
Exmouth, Admiral Lord, and pirates of Algiers, [224]
Exploration, claims in, [121]
Faroe Isles, [116]
Fenner, Capt., [217]
Fighting instructions, [270]
Fighting tops, [110]
Figureheads, [102], [280]
Fire, braziers of, used by Rhodians, [53]
Fireships, [53]
Flag, national, use of, by ancient Greeks, [48]
Flag saluting, [208]
Flamborough, [243]
Flamstead, John, [212]
Flemming (pirate), [222]
Fleur-de-lys on the compass, [120]
Flintshire, [243]
Flogging, [265], [286]
Fog signalling, [228]
Forelands, beacons on the, [243]
Forest of Dean, [275]
“Fothering,” [262]
Francesco da Barberino, [151]
Fraser, Edward, “Greenwich Royal Hospital,” [272]
French as shipbuilders, [231]
French Government and longitude, [254]
Froissart quoted, [145]
Galiotæ (galley-men), [141], [146]
Gama, Vasco da, [22], [131], [132], [134], [136]
Gambia, River, discovered, [134]
Gaul, Cæsar and, [77]
Genoa and the Genoese, [118], [121], [156], [180]
Geography, Phœnician influence on Greek geography, [26];
Pytheas and geographical knowledge, [27];
Greek and Roman, [114];
Ptolemy and, [116]
George II establishes Naval Academy, [250];
and naval uniform, [272]
Germany, [238]
Gibson, Richard, [240]
Gillianez, [134]
Gillingham Reach, [184]
“Glorious First of June,” A.D. 1794, [270], [271], [279]
Gloucester, [67]
Gnomon, the, [27]
Gogstad Viking ship replica, [90]
Gonzales, A., [134]
Goodwin Sands, [77]
Grapnels for boarding, [63], [101], [103]
Greece, Phœnician losses at invasion of, [20]
Greek fire, [142]
Greek ships, galley, [5];
how built, [29], [35];
warships and ramming, [30], [32];
colouring and sails, [30];
warships, oar-propelled, [31], [37];
ballast, [32];
their shape, [34];
timber employed, [35];
other details, [35–7];
sailing seasons, [37];
manning of warships, [37];
biremes and triremes, [38–40];
anchors, [44];
quickly built, [46];
materials for, [46];
shipbuilding yards, [46];
naval tactics, [47];
seamen, [47];
diekplous and periplous, [48];
admiral’s ships, [48];
signalling, [49];
seamanship, [50];
officers, [50];
a penteconter, [50–1];
summary, [51]
Greek words used in connection with ships, [34–7], [39–41]
Greeks, Phœnician influence on the, [26]
Greenland, Venetian voyage to, [122]
Greenwich Observatory founded, [230]
Gregory, ship of, [101]
Guilds, seamen’s, [133], [171]
Gulf Stream, the, [88]
Gunnery at time of Armada, [219];
at time of French wars, [280].
See also [Artillery]
Gunnstein, [109]
Gunpowder, [262]
Gunter’s scale, [248]
Haddock, Capt., [242]
Hadley’s quadrant, [254]
Hadrian’s wall, [67]
Hair, human, for ropes, [54]
Hakluyt, Richard, quoted, [116], [171], [212]
Hakon, King, [98], [101], [109], [110]
Hales, Dr., [283]
Halogaland, [97];
the Halogalanders as seamen, [105]
Halley, Edmund, on lead, latitude, and look-out, [253];
quadrant, [212]
Hamblyn, Robert, [244]
Hammocks introduced by Columbus, [164]
Hannibalian War, slaves as oarsmen, [64]
Hanseatic League, [180]
Harald, King, [93], [98], [112]
Harald Hairfair, [93]
Harek of Thiotta, [94], [100]
Harrison, John and William, invent the chronometer, [254]
Harwich beacon, [243]
Hatsopsitu’s, Queen, expedition to Punt, [12]
Hawke, Lord, [230], [268], [273]
Hawkins, Sir John, and payment for his men, [222]
Hawse-pipes, [278]
Heave to, [160]
Heimskringla, the, [105]
Hellespont, bridge of boats across the, [23]
Henry VII, [170];
encourages shipbuilding, [179]
Henry VIII, [133], [170];
decoration of his ships, [181], [182]
Henry, Prince, the Navigator, [6];
and Madeira, [122], [134];
his influence, [126], [132], [133];
settles at Sagres, [127];
and the reaching of India, [127];
his naval college, [128];
his work, [129];
sea route to India, [127], [129], [130];
and the spread of the Catholic Church, [130];
the results of his work, [131];
the work of his pupils, [132];
his discoveries, [134]
Herodotus on the Phœnicians, [21]
Hiero II of Syracuse, mosaics on ship of, [52]
Hipparchus, [115], [175]
Holland, States of, and longitude, [254]
Holmes, Mr. T. Rice, quoted, [69]
Homer, references in, to ships, [34];
ship of Homer, [35]
Hood, Admiral, [265], [270]
Houlding, Capt., [241]
Hour-glass, Vikings and the, [89];
hour and half-hourly glasses, [215], [254]
Howard, Lord, of Effingham, tactics of, [218];
and the plague on his ships, [222]
Howe, Lord, tactics of, [270], [271]
Hull, Kingston-on-, [133];
seamen’s guild, [171]
Hutchinson, William (“Practical Seamanship”), on a tyrannical captain, [249];
on seamanship, [250];
on the men of the merchant service, [251];
on colliers, [252], [257];
on boxhauling, [252];
on the steering wheel, [256];
on the barometer, [259];
on squaresails, [260];
pilots, [260];
method of stopping leaks, [263];
of scrubbing ship’s bottoms, [263];
sails, [264]
Hynmers, Richard, [215]
Hypozomata, [30]
Iceland, [116]
India, sea path to, [118];
Prince Henry the Navigator and sea route to, [127], [129], [130];
the opening of the sea route to, [134];
Portuguese expeditions to, [135];
Vasco da Gama’s voyage, [136];
Drake and the East Indian trade, [217]
Indian Ocean, [119]
Ingi, King, [93]
Irish Sea, pirates in the, [223]
Jamaica trade, [249]
James, St., shrine of, [147]
James I and pirates, [223], [224];
ships of his time, [228]
James II, Navy in the time of, [229];
and sea charts, [243]
Jervis, Admiral. See [St. Vincent, Lord]
“Jimmy Green,” [265], [283]
Jordaine, Sir Joseph, [242]
Kempenfelt, Capt., [269]
Keppel, Admiral, [266]
Kingsdown, [76]
Kingston-upon-Hull. See [Hull]
Knut, King, [94], [98], [106]
Korumba, [46]
L’s, the five, [252]
Lagos, [127], [128]
Lanterns, poop, of Stuart vessel, [246]
Launching, 17th century, [225];
of the Prince Royal, [232] et seq.;
cf. “wooden walls,” [275]
Laws, maritime, of Rhodes, [55];
Medieval codes, [151];
Venetian, [153]
Lawson, Sir John, [241]
Leaks, methods of stopping, [262]
Lebanon timber for Phœnician ships, [18]
Leif, son of Eric the Red, [91]
Leonidas of Tarentum quoted, [33]
Lestock, Richard, [266]
Levant, The, [118]
Liburnians, the, of Dalmatia, [66]
Lieutenants, 17th century, [229];
18th century, [251]
“Light of Navigation, The,” [228]
Lightbody, James, “Mariner’s Jewel,” [189], [225];
on bittacles, [214]
Lighthouses, ancient Greek, [45];
beacons, [243];
the Argand lamp, [244]
Lights on promontories in the Middle Ages, [145], [243]
Lightships, [244]
Line of battle, [242]
Lisbon, [156]
Live stock on sailing ships, [283]
Liverpool pilots, [260]
Loadstone, the, [115]
Log-book, [256]
Log-line, introduction of the, [178], [216];
patent log, [217]
Longitude, [211], [253];
rewards for instruments, [254];
by lunar observations, [254];
the chronometer invented, [254]
Look-out, the, [228]
Lotus plant, the, in Egyptian ships, [15]
Lowestoft, battle of, [242];
beacon, [243]
Lucian, [3], [57]
Lulli, Raymond, [129]
Macedonia, King of, builds large warships, [43]
Macham, discoverer of Madeira, [122]
Machico, [122]
Madeira, discovery of, [122];
rediscovery, [134]
Magazines on men-o’-war, [277]
Magellan, Ferdinand, [131]
Magister, [146]
Magnus, ship of, [112]
Magnusson, Dr. Eirikr, quoted, [105], [107]
Mahan, Admiral, quoted, [268]
Malaga, battle of, [267]
Malocello, [118], [121]
Man, Isle of, [243]
Manger, [278]
Map-making, Ptolemy and, [116];
early Venetian, [124];
portolani, [124]
Marinelli (mariners), [141], [146]
Maritime arts only among seafaring people, [11]
Maritime discovery, the ancients and, [114]
Maritime progress, Prince Henry the Navigator and, [133]
Markham, Sir Clements, quoted on Seville training in navigation, [178]
Martin V, Pope, [134]
Maskelyne, Dr., Astronomer Royal, [254]
Maspero, Prof., on the Egyptians and the sea, [11]
Masts, length of, 17th century, [225]
Match-tubs, [282]
Matthews, Admiral Thomas, [266]
Mediterranean, the, Egyptian ships on the, [12];
Phœnicians in the, [22]
Medway, the, [184]
Melinda, [136]
Men-o’-war. See [Wooden walls].
Mercator, Gerard, “Mappemonde,” [219];
chart, [248]
Meridians, converging, Ptolemy and, [116]
Messahala on the astrolabe, [175]
Meteorology. Virgil’s description of weather, [83–4]
Midshipmen, 18th century, [251]
Minnes, Vice-Admiral, [242]
Misenum, [66]
Missionaries as geographical discoverers, [117]
Monck, Admiral, [229], [241]
Monson, Sir William, “Naval Tracts,” [194], [198], [226]
Moon-dial, the, [248]
Moore’s “Midshipman’s Vocabulary,” [263]
Moorish pirates, [223]
Mozambique, [136]
Mutinies at Spithead, the Nore, etc., [267]
Mykenæans, the, and decorated sails, [51]
Myonnesos, battle of, [52]
Nansen, Dr., on Pytheas, [28];
on the Vikings, [85], [90], [92]
Napier, John, and logarithms, [224]
Narrow Seas, the, [214], [219]
Nature, man and the forces of, [10]
Naumachia, [68]
Nautæ (sailors), [141], [146]
“Nautical Almanac,” [254]
Nautical words. See [Sea terms]
Naval Academy, Portsmouth, [250]
Naval education in Portugal, [128] et seq.;
in England, [229];
in France, [230];
17th century, [248];
18th century, [250]
Naval warfare in England, early, [144];
as a science, [182];
18th-century tactics, [267], [268].
See also [Tactics]
Navigation, the beginning of, [5];
of the ancient Egyptians, [14];
of the Phœnicians, [19], [22];
Pytheas and, [27];
as described by Virgil, [83];
by instinct, [86];
of the Vikings, [86–90];
the ancients and, [114];
the Arabians and, [122];
Prince Henry the Navigator and, [128] et seq.;
first book on, by an Englishman, [211];
early English books, [211–16];
instruments of the Elizabethans, [211], [212];
in the 17th century, [224];
in the 18th century, [253];
methods of 18th-century coasters, [257]
Navy, Royal. See [British Navy]
Neco, King of Egypt, and the circumnavigation of Africa, [21]
Nelson, Lord, signal at Trafalgar, [271];
the battle of St. Vincent, [271];
the Victory, [275];
cost of a man-o’-war in his time, [276];
colours of his ships, [280]
Nemi, Lake, Roman boats, [78], [81]
Nesiar, battle of, [101]
New Forest, [275]
Newcastle colliers, [230], [251], [256]
Newcastle-on-Tyne Seamen’s Guild, [133], [171]
Nile, the, [12]
Nile barge, huge, [43]
Nocturnal, the, [248]
Nore Lightship, [244]
Nore, mutiny at the, [267]
Norse discoveries, [117]
Norsemen, the, and navigation, [2].
See also [Vikings]
North Foreland, battle off the, [242]
North-West Passage, [204]
Norwood, Richard, “Seaman’s Practice,” [216]
Nunez, Pedro, [178]
Oak for men-o’-war, [275]
Oarsmen on triremes, [39] et seq.;
on Viking ships, [112]
Octher, [116]
Officers of Navy of 18th century, [266]
Olaf Tryggvason, King, [94], [96], [100], [101], [103]
Oleron, laws of, [151]
Oppenheim, Mr. N., quoted, [182], [188]
Orfordness, [243]
Ostend, [241]
Palinurus, the pilot, [83]
Palos, [156]
Pavia University, Columbus at, [156]
Pay of Navy, mutinies, [267]
Pedro, Prince, [127]
Peloponnesian War, [38]
Penn, Admiral Sir William, [241]
Pentekontoroi (Greek warships), [37], [50], [51]
Pepys, Samuel, [229]
Petrie, Prof. Flinders, on shipbuilding in Egypt, [15], [51]
Pett, Sir Phineas, [231]
Petts, the, as shipbuilders, [231]
Philip II, neglect of, in saluting, [209]
Philip III of Spain, [254]
Phœnicians, the, as seamen, [12], [16];
build a fleet for Sennacherib, [17];
a race of seamen, [18];
their ships and crews, [18];
their navigation, [19], [22];
biremes, [19];
their losses, [20];
piracy, [20];
their voyages, [21];
circumnavigation of Africa, [21];
the first great seamen, [23];
engineers, [23];
Xenophon’s record of their ships, [23];
influence on the Greeks, [26]
Pilgrim ship of Edward III, [147]
Pilgrims as discoverers, [117]
Pilot, grand, of England, [133], [226]
Pilot major, [133], [170]
Pilots, [170]; “loadsmen,” [172];
Mersey, [260];
Tyne, [260]
Piracy, Phœnician, [20];
in Roman times, [66];
in Tudor times, [184]
Pirates, Mediterranean, [152];
in Elizabethan times, [222];
17th century, [223];
Moorish, [223];
Tunisian, [224];
Algerian, [224]
Plymouth Dockyard, [274]
Plymouth Sound, brig in, [257]
Pole, North, Pytheas and the, [27]
Polo, Marco, [130]
Popham, Admiral Edward, [229]
Popham’s, Sir Home, code, [271]
Portland, battle off, 1653, [240]
Portland beacon, [243]
Portolani, [124]
Portsmouth, first dry dock at, [180];
dockyard established, [181];
ships from, wintered on Medway, [184];
dockyard, [226], [274];
Naval Academy, [250]
Portuguese, their maritime knowledge, [125], [128];
influence of, on seamanship, [133];
concession to the King of Portugal, [134];
their discoveries, [134], [135];
discoverers able to keep at sea, [154];
enterprise in shipbuilding, [219];
as navigators, [219]
Post, Roman imperial, [57]
Powder-monkeys, [282]
Premiums on speed of tea clippers, [289]
Pressgang, the, [251]
Prester John, [135]
Privateering in Tudor times, [184];
in 18th century, [261];
tactics, [262]
Prize, division of, Elizabethan times, [197]
Provisioning by live stock, [283]
Ptolemy, [115], [116]
Ptolemy Philopator builds huge ship, [43]
Punic Wars, [62], [64]
Punt, Land of, [12]
Purser, [146]
Pursser (pirate), [222]
Pytheas of Massilia, the pioneer of navigation, [6], [27];
his voyages of discovery, [28]
Quadrant, Davis’s, [212];
Flamstead’s, [212];
Halley’s, [212]
Quadriremes and quinquiremes, [38], [42–3]
Rameses II, galleys of, [12]
Ramming, Greek warships and, [30], [41];
method of, by Rhodians, [52];
in the Middle Ages, [143]
Raud the Unchristened, [104]
Ravenna, [66]
Ravens used by the Vikings, [87]
Rawlinson, Professor George, on biremes, [19];
on Phœnician navigation, [22]
Reckonings, [256]
Rectores (masters), [141], [146]
Red Sea, the, [12]
Reef, [145]
Renaissance, the, and cartography, [124];
and shipping, [170]
Rhodes, ancient, ships of, [52];
celoces, [52];
naval tactics, [52];
ramming, [52];
naval organisation, [53];
shipbuilding, [53];
sea prowess, [54];
as a port, [54];
sea law, [55];
“Code Navale des Rhodiens,” [151]
Rhumb-lines, [213]
Richard I and his Crusader fleet, [139];
his naval tactics, [143]
Richardson, Wm., “A Mariner of England,” [264]
Rigging, wire, [289]
Rochelle, action off, [273]
Rodney, Admiral Lord, [230];
signals, [266];
Battle of the Saints, [268];
victories of, [270]
Roman boat found at Westminster, [78–81]
Roman galley, [5];
shipowners, [56–7];
merchants and barge-owners, [57];
corn-ships, [57];
warships, [61], [65];
docks, [62];
the fleets, [62], [66], [67];
naval warfare, [62];
squadrons, [64];
standing navy abolished, [64];
Romans not seamen, [64];
naval officers, [64];
piracy, [66];
the classiarii, [67];
influence of the navy on land, [68];
Cæsar’s fleet, [69];
its tactics, [70];
invasion of Britain, [72–7];
as shipwrights, [77–82];
Romano-British ships, [79];
boat found at Westminster, [78–81];
Lake Nemi boats, [78], [81–2];
Virgil’s descriptions, [82–4]
Roman pharos at Dover, [243]
Rome, victualling of, [56];
docks at, [62]
Romney Marsh, [77]
Ropes, ancient Greek, [31]
“Rosa Solis,” [207]
Royal Naval College, [250]
Royal Navy. See [British Navy]
Rudders of Viking ships, [107];
change of position of rudders, [146], [152]
Rupert, Prince, [242]
Ruyter’s, Admiral de, [242]
Sagas, descriptions from the, [92] et seq.
Sagres, [127–9]
Sailing season, [151]
Sailors. See [Seamen]
Sails, ancient Greek, [30];
in the Middle Ages, [137], [145];
of the Elizabethan ships, [190];
18th century, [264];
spritsails, [265];
beginning of the 19th century, [283]
St. Albans (Aldhelm’s) Head light, [145], [243]
St. Andrew’s cross, [209]
St. George’s ensign, [183], [209]
St. Vincent, Admiral Lord, [230], [270]
St. Vincent, battle of, [271]
Saints, Battle of the (1782), [265], [268], [270]
Salamis, battle of, triremes at, [38]
Saluting by flag, [208]
Sandgate, [76]
Sandwich, Earl, [240], [242]
Sandwich, [276]
Scandinavians as sailors, [93]
“Scarfing,” [282]
Schey, Rear-Admiral, [243]
Scribes on Mediterranean ships, [153]
Scuppers, [278]
Sea, humanity’s debt to the, [6];
fear of the, [11]
Sea sayings, [263]
Sea sense, the, [8]
Sea terms in Homer, etc., [35] et seq.;
in Elizabethan literature, [203];
in current use, [206]
Seamanship becoming a lost art, [4];
slowness of advance in early times, [120];
of the Middle Ages, [137] et seq.;
first book on, [151];
of time of Columbus, [160];
early treatises on, [171];
East India Company’s service and, [287];
in the 19th century, [274]
Seamen, hardships of, [3], [7];
the want of consideration for, [7];
the seaman character, [8];
bond between, [8];
of the 18th century, [251], [266]
Sennacherib and his fleet, [16]
Senofern and shipbuilding in ancient Egypt, [15]
Seppings, Sir Robert, [282]
Sesostris, sacred barge of, [16];
huge Nile barge, [43]
Seville, Contractation House, [170]
Seville training in navigation, [178]
Sextant, the, [174], [254]
Seyffert, Dr. Oskar, and Greek ships, [38]
Shakespeare and sea terms, [203]
Sheathing with copper, [226], [275]
Sheer hulk, [275]
Sheerness Dockyard, [274]
Ship of the 13th century described, [140];
fighting methods, [142]
Shipbuilding in ancient Egypt, [15];
earliest English book on, [224];
of wooden ships under cover, [282]
Shipowners, Roman, servants of the State, [52–3]
Ships, ancient Egyptian, [13–16]
Ships, measuring of, [224];
construction of, 17th century, [227];
painted red internally, [246], [280]
Ship’s bottoms, scrubbing, [263]
Ships named:
Association, [273]
Assurance, [240]
Bison, [103]
Blanche Nef, [138]
Capitana, [165]
Centaur, [82]
Chimæra, [82]
Crane, [96], [101], [104]
Dorsetshire, [273]
Dragon, [104]
Eagle, [273]
Edinburgh, [273]
Elizabeth, [204]
Fairfax, [241]
Falcon, [288]
Fiery Cross, [288]
George, [237]
Goddess Isis, [59]
Great Harry, [181]
Helene, [204]
Long Worm, [96], [101]
Marigalante, [197]
H.M.S. Mars, [279]
Mary (Charles II), [5], [241]
Mauretania, [4]
H.M.S. Minerva, [264]
Nina, [155], [157] et seq.
Olympic, [4]
Pinta, [155], [157] et seq.
Prince Royal, [231–5]
Pristis, [82]
Radians, [79]
Red Lion, [204]
Royal James, [242]
Ruby, [241]
San Felipe, [217], [218]
Santa Maria, [155] et seq.;
described, [163]
Scylla, [82]
Seaforth, [289]
Short Worm, [97], [101], [103], [104]
Sovereign of the Seas, [244]
Speaker, [241]
Sunneshine, [204]
Swiftsure, [237]
Taeping, [290]
Triumph, [240], [241]
Vanguard, [241]
Victory (Nelson’s), [275]
Worm, [97], [101], [103], [104]
Ships, types of, named:
Aphraktos, [65]
Barque, [204]
Bireme, [19], [40], [66]
Brig, [252], [257]
Carabela (caravel), [128], [137], [157], [168]
Carack, [219]
Celox, [52]
Ceol, [110]
Clipper, [274], [288], [289]
Cock-boat, [199]
Collier, [251], [256]
Dieres, [52]
Dragon, [96], [112]
Dromon, [94]
East Indiaman, [249], [274], [284]
Frigate, [276]
Galleon, [199]
Galley, [12], [46]
Kataphraktos, [65]
Kaupskip, [95]
Keel, [110]
Knörr, [95]
Lateener, [168]
Lembus, [65], [66]
Liburnian, [66]
Man-o’-war, “high charged,” [186];
“wooden walls,” [274]
Navis aperta, [66]
Navis tecta, [65]
Pentekontoros, [37], [38], [50], [51], [65]
Penteres, [52]
Pinnace, [190]
Privateer, [261]
Quadrireme, [42], [51], [65]
Quinquireme, [38], [43], [51], [62], [64–6]
Skeid, [95]
Skuta, [95]
Snekkja, [95]
Tea clipper, [274], [288], [289]
Three-decker, [276], [283]
Tetreres, [52]
Triemiolia, [52]
Triremes, [24], [38–40], [50], [51], [54], [62], [65], [66], [79]
Shoreham, battle of, [183]
Shovel, Sir Cloudesley, wreck of, [254];
on Great Storm, [272]
Sicily, King of, builds large warships, [43]
Sidney, Sir Philip, [190]
Sidon, sailors of, [17], [20], [22]
Signal book, [270]
Signalling, ancient Greek, [49];
in Tudor times, [183];
17th century, [227]
Signals, Rodney’s, [266], [268]
Sigurd, King, [93], [95], [100], [106]
Sigurd, Bishop, [104]
“Skipper,” [206]
Skopti, [109]
Slave trade, Phœnician, [20]
Sluys, battle of, [144]
Smith, Capt. John, “Accidence,” [195];
account of life aboard an Elizabethan ship, [199];
on pirates, [222]
Sofala, [136]
Solebay, battle of, [242]
Sounding lead, Vikings use, [89]
South Pole, [204]
Southampton Water, [263]
Spain and iron supplies, Tudor times, [180];
jealousy of, in Elizabethan days, [209]
Spaniards and gunnery, Armada, [219]
Spanish warships, sailors cook for themselves on board, [153];
signalling in the, [183]
Spars, steel, [289]
Speed recording without log, [158]
Spithead, mutiny at, [267]
Spritmast, [283]
Squaresails, [260]
Starboard, [108]
Statham’s “Privateers and Privateering,” [261]
Steel, Robert, and Son, Greenock, [288]
Steering wheels, [256], [272–3]
Sterns, decorated, [280], [282]
Stokes Bay, [239]
Storm, great, of 1703, [272]
Strabo on the Sidonian navigation, [22]
Stuart seamanship, [235]
Stuart warships, [244];
rig and sails, [244];
decks and armament, [245–6];
workmanship and decoration, [245–8]
Sturmanni (steersmen), [141], [146]
Suez Canal, [288]
Surgeons, [282]
Svein, King, [93], [101], [108]
Swearing, [265]
Swin Channel, [214], [258]
Syria, [152]
Tacking, the art of, [10]
Tactics, naval, 17th century, [238];
in Anglo-Dutch war, [239];
line-ahead, [239];
schools of, [240];
18th century, [268];
French, [268];
Clerk’s “Naval Tactics,” [269];
Lord Howe’s changes, [270];
Jervis’s tactics, [271]
Tampion’s portable barometer, [259]
Tartaglia, Nicholas, “Arte of Shooting,” [216]
Tea clippers, [288], [289]
Tetricus the Elder, [78]
Texel, mutiny off the, [267]
Thames estuary, [77], [214], [258]
Thames, Roman boat found in the, [78–81]
Thames waterman as seaman, [12]
Thanet, [77]
Themistocles and a navy, [38]
Thole-pins, [35]
Thorburg Shavehewer, [96], [97]
Thorleif the Sage, [109]
Thorowgood, Capt. Thomas, [236]
Tides, the, Pytheas and, [28];
in the English channel, [74], [76]
Tigris, shipbuilding on the, [17]
Tillers, steering, in use, 1703, [272]
Timber of ancient Greek vessels, [35]
Time as recorded by Elizabethans, [215]
Tin, Phœnicians and, [21], [26]
Tonnage, reckoning by, [197]
Torr, Mr. Cecil, quoted, [45], [49], [54]
Torres, Capt. Antonio de, [197]
Torrington, Lord, [243]
Tower of London, [184]
Trade routes, ancient, and the Phœnicians, [26]
“Trade” wind, [207]
Trafalgar, battle of, [279];
Nelson’s signal, [271]
“Trani, Loi de,” [151]
Travel, desire for, [121]
Traverse board, [256]
Trestle-trees, [207]
Triremes, Greek, [38];
arrangement of, [39];
number of oars, [40];
rigging, [42]
Tristan, [134]
Tromp, Marten, [238], [239]
Trumpeter on Elizabethan ships, [199]
Tudor colours, the, [181]
Tudor period, sailors in the, [17]
Tudor ships, life on, [179];
victualling, [179];
health, [179];
shipbuilding, [180];
naval weapons, [180];
foreign shipbuilding for Henry VIII, [180];
artillery, [181];
decorated ships, [181], [182];
crew of the Great Harry, [181];
rate of pay, [182];
fleet orders, [182];
signalling, [183];
tactics, [183]
Tunisian pirates, [224]
Tyne, the, [257];
Tyne pilots, [260]
Uniforms originate in France, [230];
adopted in English Navy, [271];
how blue and white originated, [272]
Union Jack, [245]
United States, emigration sailing ships to, [283];
length of voyage, [284]
Veneti, the, [69]
Venetian maps, [124];
shipping season restricted, [152];
shipping laws, [153];
and the Atlantic, [154];
position on the sea, [154];
decline, [154]
Venetians, the, [118], [122]
Venice, Arsenal at, [180]
Ventilation of ships, [283]
Vikings, the, ships, [4], [5];
as seamen, [16];
as warriors and explorers, [85];
their sea sense, [86];
sense of time, [87];
navigation methods, [87–90];
and discovery of North America, [90];
replica of Gogstad ship’s voyage, [90];
extent of voyages, [90];
provisioning, [91];
descriptions from the Sagas, [92–5];
moving of ships, [93];
winter sailing, [92], [93];
species of craft, [95];
building a ship, [96];
fitting-out season, [100];
naval tactics, [101];
sails, [105];
steering, [107];
cables, [108];
precedence for berthing, [109];
row-boats, [109];
mooring, [110];
fighting tops, [110];
awnings, [110];
messing, [111];
bailing, [112];
oarsmen, [112];
fighters and seamen, [113];
as discoverers, [117], [121]
Virgil’s description of ships and sea, [82–4]
Vivaldi, [118]
Volusenus, [72]
Voyages without navigational methods, [6]
Wagenaer’s atlas, [214];
charts, [219]
War and shipbuilding, [85]
War vessels, ancient, [43], [44]
Wars of the Roses, [85]
“Watches” in Elizabethan ships, [196]
Water-compass, [119]
West Indies, [170]. See also [Columbus]
Westminster, Roman boat found at, [78–81]
Whales, observations by, [88]
Whipstaff, [189]
William the Conqueror, [5], [138]
Winds, waves, and tides, awe of, [10]
Wissant, [75]
Wolf the Red, [97]
“Wooden walls,” [274];
oak for the, [275];
the life of, [275];
building, [275];
rig, description, and cost, [276];
cables, [277], [278];
colours of, [279], [280];
gunnery, [280]
Woolwich Dockyard established, [181], [226], [274]
Woolwich, launch at, in 1610, [232]
Wright, Edward, “Haven-finding Art,” “Certaine Errors in Navigation,” [212]
Xenophon on Phœnician ships, [23]
Xerxes and the Phœnicians, [23]
Yarmouth Roads, [257]
Young, Capt., and neglect of Dutch to salute, [208]
Zamorano, Roderigo, [133], [171]
Zeno, the brothers, [122]

WILLIAM BRENDON AND SON, LTD.
PRINTERS, PLYMOUTH

I. Body Plan, etc., of an Early Nineteenth-Century 74-Gun Ship.

[(Larger)]