Greek Athletic Sports and Festivals

by E. Norman Gardiner

Pottier, E. Amphora panathénaïque. B.C.H. vi. p. 168.

Robinson, D. M. Fragment of Panathenaic Amphora. Amer. Journ. of Philology, 1908, p. 47.

Smith, Sir C. Panathenaic Amphorae. B.S.A. iii. p. 182.

Stephani. Compte rendu, 1876, p. 18.

Tarbell, F. B. Fragment of a dated Panathenaic Amphora. Cl. Review, 1900, p. 474.

Walters, H. B. History of Ancient Pottery, ii. p. 388.

Witte, J. de. Annali dell’ Instituto, 1877, p. 294; 1878, p. 276.

INDEX

• Academea at Athens, [468]
• Achaeans, athletic character of, [8], [11]
• Acrobats, in Homer, [25];
  • on Panathenaic vase, [243]
• Aeginetan pediments, physical type of, [92]
• Aeginetan successes, [92], [216], [226]
• Aepytus of Elis, rides his father’s horse, [463]
• Aezani, stadium, [266]
• Africanus compiles Olympic register, [50], [192]
• Age, classification by, [271]
• Agesidamus of Locri Epizephyrii, boxer, [110]
• Ageus of Argos, dolichodromos, [201], [285]
• Agias, pankratiast, statue of, at Delphi, [124], [212]
• Aglaus of Athens, runner, [273]
• Agonothetes, [150]
• Akontistes, [150], [506]
• Alcibiades, victories at Olympia, [132];
  • at Isthmia, [225];
  • his feast at Olympia, [207];
  • wrestling, [445]
• Alcimedon of Aegina, wrestler, [375]
• Alcimidas of Aegina, wrestler, [375]
• Alcmaeon of Athens, [60]
• Aleiptes, [477], [506]
• Alexander, son of Amyntas, at Olympia, [47], [80]
• Alexander the Great, his contempt for athletics, [127], [154];
  • respect for Olympia, [154]
• Alexandria, victories at Olympia, [155]
• Alexandrini, guild of, [175]
• Amentum, [339] ff.
• Amphiaraus vase, [29], [385], [463]
• Amphictionies, in Peloponnese, [41]
• Anaxilas of Rhegium, [71], [207]
• Anaximenes, statue of, at Olympia, [140]
• Anolympiads, [45]
• Antiochus, pankratiast, Arcadian ambassador to Persia, [143]
• Antipater of Miletus, boxer, refuses bribe, [134]
• Antiphon, [339], [354]
• Anystis, courier, [181]
• Aphesis, of stadium, [253], [259], [265], [273];
  • of hippodrome, [453]
• Aphetes, or katapaltaphetes, [150]
• Aphrodisias, stadium, [260]
• Apobates, [71], [237], [461]
• Apollo, statues of, [84], [88] ff.
• Apollonius, boxer, disqualified at Olympia, [201]
• Apollonius Rhodius, description of boxing, [430]
• Apoxyomenos, [124], [482]
• Aratus of Sicyon, [157], [160]
• Arcesilas of Cyrene, [210]
• Archelaus of Macedon, founds Olympia at Dium, [152]
• Archilochus of Paros, hymn of, [56], [207]
• Argeius of Ceos, boxer, [216], [225], [426]
• Argive wrestlers, [393], [401]
• Argos, and Olympia, [55];
  • and Nemean games, [224]
• Aristomenes of Aegina, wrestler, [375]
• Ariston, P. Cornelius, pankratiast, [178], [375]
• Aristonicus of Carystus, Alexander’s sphairistes, [485]
• Aristophanes, on decline of athletics, [131]
• Aristotle, his opinion on athletics, [127];
  • on the pentathlon, [136];
  • edits list of Olympionicae, [50],
  • and Pythionicae, [213];
  • statue of, at Olympia, [140]
• Armed combat. Vide [Hoplomachia]
• Armed race. Vide [Foot-race]
• Arrhichion of Phigalia, pankratiast, [70], [201], [438], [443], [450]
• Asclepiades, Publius, inscribed diskos of, [183], [316]
• Asinius Quadratus, C., Olympic chronology, [182]
• Aspendus, coins of, [103], [373], [385], [441]
• Astylus of Croton, runner, proclaimed as a Syracusan, [76], [82], [134]
• Atarbus, monument of, [240]
• Athenian festivals, [227] ff.;
  • Panathenaea, [227];
  • Heraclea, [228];
  • Eleusinia, [228];
  • Oschophoria, [228];
  • Thesea, [228], [247];
  • Epitaphia, [228];
  • Dionysia, [229];
  • Aiantea, [229];
  • Olympia, [229];
  • Bendidea, [229];
  • Diisoteria, [229]
• Athens, successes at Olympia, [73];
  • athletic training at, [108];
  • decline of athletics, [131];
  • training of epheboi, [149];
  • gladiatorial shows at, [172];
  • Panathenaic stadium, [263];
  • popularity of foot-race and pankration, [272];
  • gymnasia and palaestrae, [149], [468] ff.
• Athletes, honours and rewards of, [77];
  • profits of, [129];
  • transfer of, [134]
• Athletic art, [84], [86] ff., [103].
  • Vide [Coins], [Gems], [Sculpture]
• Athletics, difference between Greek and modern, [3], [5];
  • distinguish Greek from barbarian, [47], [107]
• Athletics and athletic games, [3];
  • and physical training, [186], [510]
• Athletics, Greek, practical character of, [1];
  • part of education, [2];
  • absence of records, [2];
  • connexion with religion, [3];
  • political importance of, [4];
  • danger of excess in, [4];
  • vitality of, [5];
  • importance attached to style, [2], [114];
  • influence of, upon art, [86];
  • influence of art upon, [114]
• Athletics, history of Greek—
  • Northern origin of athletics, [8];
    • pre-Achaeans unathletic, [9];
    • sport in Homer, [11] ff.;
    • sport aristocratic, [14], [25]
  • Rise of athletic festival, [26] ff.;
    • early records of Olympia, [54];
    • superiority of Sparta, seventh century, [56];
    • athletics in Sicily and Italy, [58];
    • sport national and democratic, [60]
  • Organization of athletics, sixth century, [61];
    • profits and rewards of, [76];
    • protest of Xenophanes against over-athleticism, [78];
    • growth of competition, [79];
    • athletic training, [81];
    • decline of Sparta, [81];
    • age of strong men, [82]
  • Athletic ideal of fifth century, [86] ff.;
    • influence of Persian wars, [107];
    • influence of art on athletics, [114]
  • Growth of specialization 440-338 B.C., [124] ff.;
    • athletic diet, [125];
    • artificial training, [126];
    • rise of medical gymnastics, [129];
    • lucrativeness of athletics, [129];
    • professionalism, [131];
    • corruption, [134];
    • brutalization of sport, [135]
  • The professional strong man, [146];
    • age of athletic buildings, [148];
    • military training of epheboi, [149];
    • athletic revival in Asia and Egypt, [155];
    • decline of Italy and Sicily, [160]
  • Roman prejudice against athletics, [163];
    • brutalizing influence of Rome, [172];
    • increase of corruption, [174];
    • athletic guilds, [174];
    • artificial revival of athletics under Empire, [178];
    • age of records, [181];
    • sports of Sparta, [183];
    • Galen condemns athletics, [188];
    • Philostratus on the decline of athletics, [190];
    • artificiality of training, [191]
• Aurelius Asclepiades, M., periodoneikes, [178]
• Automedes of Phlius, pentathlete, [368]
• Bacchylides, [105], [109], [195], [200], [272]
• Balbis, [252], [318] ff.
• Ball-play in Homer, [24];
  • at Sparta, [185];
  • Galen’s treatise on, [187];
  • Alexander fond of, [485];
  • rooms for, [485]
• Bater, [252], [297]
• Bathing arrangements in gymnasium, [479] ff.
• Bathroom at Delphi, [486];
  • at Priene, [495]
• Beauty, Greek love of, [88]
• Belistiche, [159], [462]
• Beni-Hassan, wrestling scenes at, [9], [372]
• Boat-races, [221], [229], [240], [508]
• Bolas, [314]
• Boxing—
  • In Crete, [9], [10], [403];
    • in Homer, [17], [417];
    • in Eastern Aegean, [33];
    • at Priene (ἐν εἵμασι), [496];
    • popularity of, [131], [402]
  • Himantes, [402];
    • sphairai, [406], [136];
    • himantes oxeis, [409];
    • caestus, [411];
    • represented on bronze situlae, [412]
  • History of, in Greece, [414];
    • conditions of, [415];
    • position of boxer, [419]
  • Use of left hand, [422];
    • use of right hand, [423];
    • the crushed ear, [425];
    • foot-work, [425];
    • defect of style, [427]
  • Amycus and Polydeuces in Theocritus, [428];
    • in Apollonius Rhodius, [430];
    • Dares and Entellus in Vergil, [431], [172];
    • laws of, [432]
  • Practice for, [433]
• Boys, competitions for, [80];
  • pankration for, [161];
  • Claudian, Augustan, [175];
  • Isthmian, Pythian, [271]
• Bull-baiting at Cnossus, [10]
• Burgon vase, [242], [457]
• Bybon, inscription of, on weight, [83]
• Bye, importance of, [370], [374]
• Caestus, [136], [172].
  • Vide [Boxing]
• Callippus of Athens, pentathlete, bribes opponents, [134], [136]
• Caprus of Elis, pankratiast, [146]
• Carrhotus, charioteer of Arcesilas, [463]
• Ceos, athletic successes of, [107], [216], [226];
  • list of victors, [216];
  • ephebic inscription, [151], [502]
• Chariot, four-horse and two-horse, [457]
• Charioteer, [111], [463];
  • dress of, [459], [460]
• Chariot-race, in Homer, [15];
  • in funeral games, [31], [32];
  • antiquity of, at Olympia, [40], [56];
  • tyrants compete in, [59];
  • popularity of, in Sicily, [132], [451];
  • in Sparta, [133];
  • in Macedon, [161];
  • discontinuance of, at Olympia, [165];
  • at Pythia, [211];
  • at Isthmia, [221];
  • at Nemea, [225];
  • at Athens, [235] ff.;
  • women compete in, [462];
  • states compete in, [463];
  • danger of, [463].
  • Vide also [Hippodrome]
• Chilon, death of, at Olympia, [73]
• Chionis of Sparta, runner, [58], [70]
• Chios, girls and men wrestle, [387]
• Chromius of Aetna, chariot, [114], [225]
• Cimon of Athens, [73], [468]
• Cirrus, [377]
• Claudius Rufus, T., pankratiast, decree in honour of, [115]
• Cleisthenes of Sicyon, [60], [63], [66], [210]
• Cleitomachus of Thebes, boxer, wrestler, pankratiast, [146], [199];
  • epigram on, [377]
• Cleitostratus of Rhodes, wrestler, [401]
• Clothes, penalty for stealing, in gymnasium, [477];
  • provision for care of, [500]
• Cnossus, bull-baiting at, [9];
  • dancing and boxing, [10]
• Coins—
  • Athletic types on, [103];
    • diskobolos (Cos), [330];
    • wrestlers (Aspendus, Alexandria, Heraclea, Syracuse, Tarentum), [372], [373], [385], [390]
  • Equestrian types on coins of Italy and Sicily, [451];
    • mule car (Rhegium, Messana), [460];
    • torch-race, apobates (Tarentum), [461];
    • chariot (Catana), [465];
    • (Syracuse, Agrigentum), [465];
    • chariot and horse on coins of Macedon, [459]
  • The Zeus of Pheidias (Elis), [178];
    • nymph Olympia and Victory (Elis), [194];
    • prize table (Delphi), [214];
    • crown (Delphi), [214];
    • (Corinth), [222];
    • (Argos), [224]
• Colotes, prize-table of, [121]
• Colts, races for, [161];
  • judging, [204], [461]
• Competition, Greek love of, [3]
• Coroebus of Elis, first Olympic victor, [50], [54]
• Corruption in athletics, [134], [148], [174], [218]
• Cretans excel as runners, [284]
• Creugas and Damoxenus at Nemea, [421], [432]
• Croton, victories of, [58], [82], [284];
  • tries to rival Olympia, [82]
• Cryptoporticus, [494], [498]
• Cylon of Athens, [71], [73]
• Cynisca, [133], [462]
• Cynosarges, [149], [468]
• Cypselus, chest of, [30], [60]
• Damagetus of Sparta, boxer, [73]
• Damaretus of Heraea, hoplitodromos, statue of, [70]
• Damaretus, king of Sparta, chariot-race, [133]
• Damiscus of Messene, boy runner, [271]
• Damonon, inscription, [133], [284], [151], [463]
• Damostratus, wrestler, epigram on, [377]
• Dead heats, [206]
• Deinosthenes of Sparta, courier, [155] n. 2
• Delos, festival at, [33];
  • gymnasium, [489]
• Delphi, charioteer, [111];
  • inscription, περὶ οἴνου, [126];
  • stadium, [257];
  • gymnasium, [483]
• Democrates of Tenedos, decree in honour of, [156]
• Diadumenos of Polycleitus, [96]
• Diagoras of Rhodes, [180]
• Diagoridae of Rhodes, [47], [130], [179]
• Diaulos, [51], [280], [283]
• Diet of athletes, [124], [126], [191]
• Dikon of Syracuse, runner, [137]
• Diodorus, gymnasiarchos, stele of, [491]
• Diodorus of Pergamum, gymnasiarchos, restores gymnasium, [500]
• Dion, accounts of archonship of, at Delphi, [261], [483]
• Dion of Prusa (Chrysostom) at the Isthmia, [173], [214]
• Dionysodorus of Thebes and Alexander, [154]
• Diophon, pentathlete, epigram on, [359], [368]
• Discipline enforced by the rod, [142], [274], [436], [469], [475]
• Diskobolos, of Myron, [95], [319], [322], [330];
  • the standing (Vatican), [327].
  • Vide [Coins], [Sculpture]
• Diskoi, of stone, [315];
  • of metal, [316];
  • existing specimens, [316];
  • weight and size of, [317]
• Diskoi, inscribed, Iphitus, [43];
  • Publius Asclepiades, [183];
  • Exoïdas, [316]
• Diskos and solos in Homer, [22], [313]
• Diskos, throwing the, distance thrown, [318];
  • balbis, [318];
  • marking the throw, [320];
  • principle of the throw, [322];
  • typical positions, [323];
  • stance, [327];
  • backward swing, [330];
  • the forward swing and throw, [331];
  • modern styles, [333];
  • competitions in, [337]
• Dolichos, [51], [270], [279], [281], [284]
• Domitius Tutus, Q., votive offering of, [222]
• Dorian invasion, [42]
• Dorieus of Rhodes, boxer, [130], [375]
• Doryphoros of Polycleitus, [95]
• Drachma, value of, [262]
• Drill, textbooks of, [374]
• Dromeus of Mantinea, pankratiast, [375]
• Dromeus of Stymphalus, dolichodromos and trainer, introduces meat diet, [126], [505]
• Dromos, at Sparta, [467]
• Drumos of Epidaurus, inscription of, [285]
• Dumb-bells, halteres used as, [310]
• Elaiothesion, [490]
• Elean embassy to Egypt, [68]
• Eleans and Pisatans, [43], [142]
• Eleans, Ϝρατραι of, [51]
• Elis, synoecism of, [115];
  • the new city, [117];
  • treaty with Heraea, [46]
• Empedocles of Aetna, [207]
• Epaenetus, inscribed halter of, [298]
• Epaminondas and athletics, [127]
• Epharmostus of Opous, [180], [228]
• Ephebeion, [490], [495]
• Epheboi, [99];
  • reorganized by Lycurgus, [148];
  • training of,, [149] ff.
• Ephesus, stadium, [266];
  • gymnasium, [494]
• Epicharinus, hoplitodromos, statue of, [94]
• Epidaurus, athletes fined for bribery, [148] n.;
  • stadium, [254]
• Epigrams, athletic, [172];
  • their veracity, [310]
• Epinikia, [78], [105] ff.
• Etruscan wall-paintings, funeral games, [27];
  • wrestling, [384];
  • boxing, [412]
• Euagoras of Sparta, chariot-race, [133]
• Eumastas, inscription on weight, [83]
• Eumelus, [34]
• Eupolemus of Elis, runner, [135]
• Eupolus of Thessaly, boxer, bribes opponents, [134]
• Euripides, epinikion on Alcibiades, [105];
  • on professional athletes, [131]
• Euryleonis of Sparta, [462]
• Eutelidas of Sparta, pentathlete and wrestler, [57], [70]
• Euthymus of Locri Epizephyrii, boxer, worshipped as a hero, [77]
• Exaenetus of Agrigentum, runner, triumphal entry of, [77]
• Exercises, classification of, heavy and light, [364];
  • according to Galen, [509]
• Exoïdas, inscribed diskos of, [316]
• Festivals—
  • Actia, reorganized by Augustus, [168]
  • Adriania, [180]
  • Antinoea, [176]
  • Asclepiea at Epidaurus, [180], [254]
  • Assinaria, commemorated on coins of Syracuse, [465]
  • Augustalia at Neapolis, regulations for, [169], [175], [271]
  • Augustea, [180]
  • Azan in Arcadia, [31]
  • Balbillea, [180]
  • Capitolia at Rome, [170]
  • Carnea, [72]
  • Chrysanthina at Sardis, [180]
  • Delia, [33]
  • Dioclea at Megara, [3]
  • Eleutheria at Plataea, [31], [108], [286]
  • Erotidia, [372]
  • Eusebea at Puteoli, [180]
  • Euryclea at Sparta, [184] n. 2
  • Haliea at Rhodes, [31]
  • Heraclea at Sparta, [180]
  • Heraea at Olympia, [47], [272]
  • Heraea at Argos, [180]
  • Hermaea in palaestra, [469]
  • Leonidaea at Sparta, [176], [184], [491]
  • Olympia at Aegae, [154];
    • Alexandria, [181];
    • Antioch, [170];
    • Dium, [152];
    • Athens, Smyrna, Ephesus, [180]
  • Petraea, [211]
  • Ptolemaea, [150]
  • Soteria, [158]
  • Vide [Olympia], [Isthmia], [Nemea], [Athenian festivals]
• Flamininus at the Isthmia, [162]
• Flavius Archibius, T., of Alexandria, pankratiast, inscription, [181]
• Flavius Artemidorus, T., pankratiast, inscription, [179]
• Flute-player accompanies athletics, [302], [476]
• Foot-race, the, [270];
  • length of races, [270];
  • supposed pre-eminence of stade-race, [272];
  • the start, [273];
  • use of starting lines, [274];
  • position of runners, [274];
  • ὕσπληξ, [276];
  • wooden barrier, [277];
  • poaching at the start, [274], [277];
  • heats, [277];
  • use of posts in starting lines, [278];
  • manner of running diaulos and dolichos, [279];
  • styles of running, [280], [290];
  • physical types of runners, [283], [291];
  • performances of Greek runners, [284];
  • race in armour, its character, [285];
  • varieties of, [286], [291];
  • description of, [70], [289];
  • popularity of, [291];
  • Oschophoria, [292];
  • torch-races, [292];
  • methods of training, [292]
• François vase, [349], [463]
• Frigidarium, [491]
• Funeral games, athletic festivals derived from, [27];
  • distribution of, [27];
  • in Ireland, [28];
  • in Greece, [30];
  • represented in art, [30];
  • become periodical, [31];
  • origin of, [31]
• Galen, [187];
  • his treatise on the “Small Ball,” [187];
  • his exhortation, [188];
  • system of physical training, [509]
• Games and athletics compared, [3];
  • and physical training, [509];
  • at Sparta, [184]
• Gems, athletic scenes on, [103];
  • wrestling groups on, [447]
• Germanicus Caesar, victory at Olympia, [167]
• Gladiatorial shows introduced into Syria, [161];
  • into Greece, [172]
• Glaucon of Athens, chariot, [158]
• Glaucus of Carystus, boxer, [82], [83];
  • statue of, [94]
• Gorgias of Leontini at Olympia, [137]
• Gorgos of Messene, pentathlete, [160]
• Guilds, athletic, [174]
• Gymnasiarchos, [151], [500] ff.
• Gymnasium and palaestra—
  • Difference between, [467];
    • at Athens, [468], [149];
    • essentials of, [470]
  • Scenes from, in Plato, [471];
    • scenes from, on the vases, [472] ff.;
    • exercises in, [472];
    • discipline in, [475];
    • the apodyterion, [476];
    • the bath-room, [479]
  • At Delphi, [483], [213];
    • at Olympia, [486];
    • at Epidaurus and Delos, [489];
    • Vitruvius’ description of, [489];
    • at Ephesus, [494];
    • at Priene, [494];
    • at Pergamum, [496]
• Gymnastes and paidotribes, difference between, [503]
• Gymnastics and athletics, [2];
  • and medicine, [505];
  • and music, [2]
• Gymnopaidike at Sparta, [507]
• Hadrian, [176]
• Halter, the Cilician, [442]
• Halteres, [298] ff.;
  • used as dumb-bells, [310]
• Heats, drawing lots for, [205], [278]
• Hellanodicae at Nemea, [66], [225];
  • at local Olympia, [170];
  • at Epidaurus, [257].
  • Vide [Olympia]
• Helvidius, stele of, [241]
• Heracles, in early art, [84];
  • compared with Theseus, [85];
  • statue of (Farnese), [146];
  • as wrestler, [372];
  • wrestles with Antaeus, [380], [383], [388], [390], [444], [448];
  • as boxer, [402];
  • as pankratiast, [437];
  • fights with Nemean lion, [384], [387], [437];
  • with Triton and Achelous, [447]
• Heracles, successors of, [146], [161], [174]
• Heralds, competitions for, [139], [199]
• Herculanei, guild of, [175]
• Hermes, patron of gymnasium, [485]
• Herodes Atticus, his buildings, [178], [259], [263]
• Herodicus of Selymbria, [129], [504]
• Herodotus at Olympia, [139]
• Herodotus of Thebes, his own charioteer, [221], [228], [463]
• Hieron of Syracuse, [210]
• Hieromnemones, [208]
• Hieronymus defeats Tisamenus in pentathlon, [366]
• Himantes. Vide [Boxing]
• Hippeis, Helbig’s theory of the, [71]
• Hippias of Elis, [140];
  • compiles Olympic register, [50]
• Hippios race, [220], [225], [270]
• Hippocrates of Cos, condemns athletic training, [128]
• Hippodrome, [451];
  • absence of spina, [452];
  • on Mt. Lycaeus, [452];
  • at Olympia, [452];
  • aphesis of, [453];
  • Taraxippos, [455];
  • equestrian programme, [457];
  • length of races, [457];
  • four-horse chariot, [458];
  • two-horse chariot, [459];
  • mule car, [460];
  • jockeys, [460];
  • apobates, [461]
• Hippomachus, trainer, [114]
• Hipposthenes of Sparta, wrestler, [57]
• Homer, the joy of sport, [11];
  • Phaeacians and Achaeans, [12];
  • sport spontaneous and aristocratic, [14], [25];
  • prizes, [14];
  • games of Patroclus, [15] ff.;
  • chariot-race, [15];
  • boxing, [17];
  • wrestling, [19];
  • foot-race, [20];
  • armed combat, [21];
  • throwing the stone, [22];
  • sports of the soldiers, [24];
  • acrobats, [25]
• Hoplite race, [70], [225].
  • Vide [Foot-race]
• Hoplitodromos of Tübingen, [94], [275]
• Hoplomachia, in Homer, [21];
  • at Thesea, [248]
• Hoplomachos, [151], [506]
• Horse-races, [58], [71], [460]
• Hysmon of Elis, pentathlete, [136]
• Iasos, consumption of oil in gymnasium, [502]
• Iccus of Tarentum, trainer, [129], [505]
• Iliac line in Greek sculpture, [311]
• Immorality, gymnasia accused of, [99]
• Iphitus, truce of, [43]
• Ireland, funeral games, [28];
  • use of amentum, [343]
• Isocrates’ Panegyric at Olympia, [138]
• Isthmia, refounding of, in 582 B.C., [64];
  • rivalry with Olympia, [65], [216];
  • Dion Chrysostom’s description of, [173], [214];
  • corruption at, [174];
  • character of, [214];
  • connexion with Athens, [216];
  • history of, [216];
  • competition somewhat local, [216];
  • sacred truce and Sparta, [217];
  • under the Romans, [218];
  • control transferred to Sicyon, [219];
  • restored to Corinth, [219];
  • programme of, [220];
  • prizes at, [221]
• Jason of Pherae, [152], [212]
• Javelin, the, [338];
  • the amentum, [339];
  • its use in war and the chase, [340];
  • its distribution, [342];
  • the ounep and the throwing stick, [344];
  • its effect, [346]
• Javelin, throwing the, practical style, [348];
  • athletic style, [350];
  • with or without a run, [352];
  • left-handed throw, [352];
  • competitions in, [353], [135];
  • in Homer, [352], [21];
  • in fifth century, [354];
  • part of pentathlon, [355];
  • rules for, [356];
  • on horseback, [356]
• Julius Caesar, sports provided by, [166]
• Jumping, in Homer, [24];
  • part of pentathlon, [295];
  • a long jump, [296];
  • hopping and other exercises, [296];
  • the skamma, [297];
  • the bater, [297];
  • measuring the jump, [298];
  • jumping weights, [298];
  • method of using, [301];
  • a standing or running jump, [306];
  • jumping without weights, [308]
• Konisterion, [485], [492], [500]
• Korykeion, [492]
• Korykos, [478]
• Kosmetes, [150], [501]
• Laches of Ceos, runner, [195]
• Laconicum, [491]
• Ladas of Achaea, stadiodromos, [284]
• Ladas of Sparta, dolichodromos, [284]
• Lakkoma at Delphi, [261]
• Lampadarchia, Lampadarchos, [501].
  • Vide [Torch-race]
• Lampito, [296]
• Lampon of Aegina, [111]
• Laodicea, stadium, [266]
• Larisa, inscription, [354]
• Leon of Ambracia, appeals to Olympic council, [135]
• Leonidas of Naxos, builds Leonidaeum, [156]
• Leonidas of Rhodes, runner, τριαστής, [161]
• Leontiscus of Sicily, breaks opponent’s fingers, [373], [386]
• Lichas of Sparta, beaten at Olympia, [142]
• Licinius Priscus, improves stadium at Isthmus, [219]
• Loin-cloth, [48], [376]
• Love names, on vases, [99]
• Lucian’s Anacharsis, [182] and passim
• Lyceum at Athens, [149], [468], [472]
• Lycurgus of Athens, [148], [263]
• Lycurgus of Sparta, and trace of Iphitus, [43]
• Lygdamis of Syracuse, boxer, [58]
• Lysander, statue of, at Olympia, [140]
• Lysias, Panegyric, [34];
  • at Olympia, [138]
• Macedon and Olympia, [151], [158]
• Marathon, the charge at, [107]
• Massage, [129], [478]
• Medical gymnastics, [129]
• Megacles of Athens, [210]
• Melancomas, boxer, [174], [428]
• Melesias, trainer, [505]
• Melissus of Thebes, pankratiast, [444]
• Menander of Athens, trainer, [108], [505]
• Messene, stadium, [266]
• Messenian successes at Olympia, [54], [143]
• Metae of stadium, [267]
• Metrodorus of Pergamum, gymnasiarchos, [497]
• Midas of Agrigentum, flute-player, [230]
• Military competitions, [150] ff.;
  • at Athens, [239], [248]
• Milo of Croton, wrestler, [82], [310], [375], [377]
• Mosaic, from Tusculum, [176], [447];
  • from baths of Caracalla, [189], [411]
• Mud, wrestling in, [376]
• Mule chariot-race, [71], [460]
• Mummius at Olympia, [162]
• Mycenae, absence of athletics, [11];
  • “warrior vase,” [340]
• Myron of Sicyon, [59]
• Myron, sculptor, [95]
• Nemea, origin of festival, [66];
  • similarity to Olympia, [66];
  • Hellanodicae at, [66], [225];
  • control of, [223];
  • history of, [224];
  • the winter Nemea, [224];
  • the sanctuary, [224];
  • date, of, [225];
  • programme of, [225];
  • athletic character of, [226];
  • nature of competition at, [226]
• Nero at Olympia, [171];
  • at Isthmia, [218]
• Nicasylus of Rhodes, [271]
• Nicogenes of Athens, Agonothetes, decree in honour of, [150]
• Nicostratus of Cilicia, last successor of Heracles, [174]
• Nudity in athletics, influence of, [86]
• Oenopides at Olympia, [140]
• Oil, use of, in athletics, [273];
  • in gymnasium, [477], [490];
  • supplied by gymnasiarchos, [477];
  • large quantity used, [502]
• Oligaethidae of Corinth, victories of, [217]
• Olympia, buildings and monuments at—
  • Altar of Zeus, [53]
  • Altis wall, [119], [156]
  • Bouleuterion, [69], [116], [119]
  • Colonnades, [120], [156]
  • Exedra of Herodes, [171]
  • Gymnasium, [159], [488]
  • Heraeum, [48], [52]
  • Heroum, [156]
  • Hippodamium, [39]
  • Hippodrome, [120], [452]
  • Historical monuments, [118], [137], [138], [145], [158], [162]
  • Leonidaeum, [156]
  • Metroum, [167]
  • Nero, house of, [171]
  • Oenomaus, house of, [39]
  • Palaestra, [159], [486]
  • Pelops, tomb of, [39]
  • Philippeum, [153]
  • Processional entrance, [171]
  • Prytaneum, [70]
  • Prehistoric remains at, [39]
  • Stadium, [53], [120], [156], [167], [251] ff.
  • Statues, athletic, [57], [70], [121], [136], [160], [168]
  • Statues, honorary, [140], [157], [159], [168], [182]
  • Temple of Zeus, [119]
  • Theocoleon, [156]
  • Treasuries, [58], [69], [118]
  • Treasury steps, [118]
  • Votive offerings, [40], [53], [138], [157], [183]
• Olympia, history of—
  • Antiquity of, [34];
    • position of, [36];
    • accessibility by sea and land, [36];
    • Cretans and Phoenicians at, [37];
    • connexion with migrations, [37];
    • primitive cults at, [38];
    • mythical founding of games, [39];
    • Pelops and Heracles, [39];
    • in pre-Dorian times, [40];
    • under control of Pisatae, [41];
    • Oxylus and Dorian invasion, [42];
    • Pisatae and Eleans, [43];
    • truce of Iphitus, [43];
    • dual control of, [44];
    • Elean reconstruction of history, [44];
    • date of destruction of Pisa, [46]
  • First Olympiad, [50];
    • Olympia in 776 B.C., [52];
    • competition local at first, [54];
    • gradual expansion eastward, [55];
    • Spartan predominance in seventh century, [56];
    • connexion with western colonies, [58];
    • political importance recognized by tyrants, [59];
    • national and democratic character of, [60];
    • in sixth century, [68] ff.;
    • activity of Eleans, [68];
    • Athenian successes, [73]
  • Representative character of competition in fifth century, [108];
    • high ideal of Olympia, [115];
    • influence of Persian wars, [115];
    • synoecism of Elis, [115];
    • devastation of Pisatis, [116];
    • reorganization of festival by Eleans, [116];
    • new buildings, [118]
  • Between 440-338 B.C., [131] ff.;
    • decline of competition, [131], [136], [140], [145];
    • beginnings of corruption, [134];
    • political influence of festival, [136];
    • a centre of Panhellenism, [136];
    • expansion of interests, [139];
    • quarrel with Sparta, [141];
    • humiliation of Elis, [142];
    • Elis and Arcadia, [143];
    • battle at Olympia and triumph of Elis, [144]
  • Importance of festival in Macedonian times, [152] ff.;
    • Philip II., [153];
    • Alexander, [154];
    • Alexandrian victories at, [155];
    • Macedonian monuments, [155];
    • Macedonian victories, [158];
    • change in competition, [160];
    • cessation of victors from the west, [160]
  • Decline in first century B.C., [164];
    • games transferred to Rome by Sulla, [165];
    • discontinuance of chariot-races, [165];
    • revival under the Empire, [167];
    • Nero at, [170];
    • Hadrian and Herodes Atticus, [176];
    • antiquarian interest in Olympia, [182];
    • the last days of the festival, [192]
• Olympiads, used for chronology, [52]
• Olympic festival—
  • Date of, [194];
    • duration of, [195];
    • order of, [196]-200;
    • description of, in fifth century, [201]-207
  • Competitors, requirements for, [46];
    • dress of, [48];
    • names entered beforehand, [202];
    • training of, [202];
    • oath and scrutiny of, [203]
  • Council, [44], [69], [135]
  • Exegetae, [168]
  • Hellanodicae, [44], [69], [116], [117], [135], [192], [202], [205]
  • Heralds and trumpeters, [202], [205]
  • Iamidae and Clytidae, [41], [44]
  • Officials, lists of, [167]
  • Prizes, [48];
    • table of Colotes, [3], [53], [121];
    • when given, [206]
  • Programme, [51];
    • additions to, [57], [58], [70], [71], [133], [139], [161], [165]
  • Register of victors, [50], [198]
  • Sacred truce, [43], [201]
  • Spectators, [139], [203]
  • Theoroi, [60]
  • Women, exclusion of, [47]
• Onomastus of Smyrna, makes laws for boxing, [33], [56]
• Onomastus, inscription of, on prize caldron, [72]
• Oricadmus of Sicily, laws for wrestling, [401]
• Orsippus of Megara, runner, [48]
• Oschophoria, [228]
• Ounep or throwing thong, [344]
• Over-athleticism, [78]
• Oxyrhynchus Papyrus, fragment of Olympic register, [50], [108], [198];
  • wrestling, [374], [507]
• Paidonomos, [151], [497]
• Paidotribes and gymnastes, distinction between, [503]
• Paidotribes, dress of, [474];
  • fees, [151], [503]
• Palaestra and gymnasium, difference between, [468]
• Palaestra, different types of, [469];
  • of Miccus in Plato, [471];
  • life in, [149]
• Palm of victory, [76] n. 1
• Panathenaea, reorganized by Peisistratus, [74];
  • why not Panhellenic, [75];
  • programme of, [75], [230];
  • recitations at, [230];
  • musical contests at, [230];
  • athletic, [233];
  • equestrian, [235];
  • prizes at, [75], [231], [232], [234], [241];
  • fewness of Athenian victories at, [235];
  • tribal competitions, [239];
  • regatta, [241];
  • prizes, [241];
  • prize amphorae, [242];
  • stadium, [263]
• Panathenaic amphorae, [75], [241]-245
• Panhellenic festivals, cycle of, [67]
• Pankration, alleged brutality of, [435];
  • Philostratus’ description of, [438];
  • combination of wrestling and boxing, [439];
  • various throws, [440];
  • leg-holds, [441];
  • stomach throw, [442];
  • kicking, [445];
  • strangling, etc., [446];
  • ground-wrestling, [448];
  • Uffizi wrestlers, [448]
• Paradromis, [483]
• Parthenon, Panathenaic procession on frieze of, [230];
  • athletic type on, [102];
  • apobates on, [238]
• Patroclus, games of, [15]
• Peisistratus, [73], [74]
• Peleus, pentathlon of, [362];
  • wrestling with Atalanta, [387]
• Pelias, funeral games of, [30], [353]
• Peloponnese, the home of athletics, [9]
• Pentathlon, commended by Aristotle, [136];
  • the events of, [359];
  • three distinctive events, [360];
  • typical of Greek education, [361];
  • supposed invention by Jason, [362];
  • pentathlon of Peleus, [362];
  • order of events, [362];
  • method of deciding, [365]
• Pergamum, inscription of Attalus, [158];
  • stadium, [254] n. 1;
  • gymnasia, [496] ff.
• Periander of Corinth, [60]
• Phaedimus, boy pankratiast, [161]
• Phanas of Pellene, τριαστής, [82]
• Phayllus of Croton, [212], [284], [308] ff., [318], [368]
• Pheidiphides, courier, [181], [285]
• Pheidon of Argos, [45], [55], [59]
• Pherenice, [47]
• Philinus of Cos, runner, [161]
• Philip II. of Macedon, [152], [460]
• Philip V. of Macedon, at Nemea, [224]
• Philippus of Croton, worshipped here, [77]
• Philippus, boxer, inscription of, [375]
• Philon, contractor, fined by Hellanodicae, [254]
• Philonides of Crete, courier, [155], [181]
• Philopoemen, [160];
  • reception of, at Nemea, [224]
• Philostratus, “gymnastike,” [189] and passim
• Phintia, inscription on duties of gymnasiarchos, [502]
• Phlegon of Tralles, edits Olympic Register, [50], [182], [198]
• Phylacidas of Aegina, [111]
• Picks, in gymnasia, [297], [434], [475]
• Pindar, [105], [185];
  • his athletic ideal, [109] ff.
• Pisa, date of destruction of, [46];
  • Pisatae, [41] ff.
• Platanistas at Sparta, [184], [468]
• Plato, attitude towards athletics, [128];
  • his ideal gymnastic, [128], [270];
  • on boxing, [136];
  • on running, [270];
  • on wrestling, [380]
• Plutarch, on physical training, [187]
• Polites, runner, [199]
• Polycleitus, [95]
• Polydamas of Scotussa, pankratiast, [77]
• Polydeuces as boxer, [402];
  • his fight with Amycus, [428]
• Polymnestor of Miletus, runner, [58]
• Pot-hunting, [81], [174]
• Powder for washing, [480];
  • for massage, [492]
• Praxidamas of Aegina, boxer, statue of, [70]
• Praxiteles, the Hermes of, [52]
• Priene, stadium, [265];
  • gymnasium, [494]
• Prizes, in Homer, [14];
  • at Olympia, [48];
  • at different festivals, [72];
  • money, [82], [169];
  • at Panathenaea, [75], [232], [234], [241];
  • at Ceos, [151];
  • at Sparta, [185];
  • at Pythia, [214];
  • at Isthmia, [221];
  • at Nemea, [225];
  • at Assinaria, [466]
• Professionalism, [81], [130], [146], [160]
• Ptolemaei and Olympia, [158]
• Ptolemaeus Lagi, [158], [211]
• Ptolemaeus Philadelphus, [149]
• Pylos and Pylians, [42]
• Pyrrhic chorus, [240]
• Pythagoras of Samos, boxer, [58]
• Pythagoras of Samos, trainer, [126], [505]
• Pytheas of Aegina, pankratiast, [111], [225]
• Pythia, originally held every eight years, [62];
  • a musical festival, [63];
  • first Sacred war, [63];
  • refounded as pentaeteris, 582 B.C., [63];
  • date of, [208];
  • Hieromnemones, [208];
  • programme of, [209];
  • musical events, [209];
  • painting competition, [209];
  • equestrian events, [210];
  • athletic events, [211];
  • stadium, [212];
  • hippodrome, [212];
  • importance of, in fourth century, [212];
  • Pythia held at Athens, 290 B.C., [213];
  • Pythaids, [213];
  • under the Empire, [213];
  • duration and order of events, [213];
  • prize, [214], [64]
• Record-breaking, in Imperial times, [181]
• Records, absence of, among Greeks, [2]
• Rhexibius of Opous, pankratiast, statue of, [70]
• Riding, taught in gymnasium, [476]
• Roman games, spectacular, [166]
• Romans, admitted to Greek festivals, [161];
  • attitude of, towards athletics, [163]
• Rowing, [507]
• Running. Vide [Foot-race]
• Scholiasts, worthlessness of their evidence, [359]
• Sculpture, athletic—
  • Earliest athletic statues, [70];
    • sculpture of sixth century, [84];
    • Apollo of Tonea, [88];
    • Argive statue from Delphi, [90];
    • Boeotian type, [90];
    • Choiseul-Gouffier Apollo, [90];
    • Aeginetan pediments, [90];
    • Ligourio bronze, [91];
    • Argive and Athenian types, [91]
  • Development of athletic statue, [93];
    • Tübingen hoplitodromos, [94];
    • Myron’s diskobolos, [95], [319], [322], [330];
    • Polycleitus, [95]
  • Growing uniformity of type, [97];
    • preference for younger type, [101];
    • head of ephebos, [102];
    • Delphi charioteer, [111]
  • Diversity of type in fourth century, [124];
    • Apoxyomenos and Agias, [124];
    • Farnese Heracles, [146];
    • cessation of athletic statues, [160]
  • Girl runner (Vatican), [48];
    • standing diskobolos (Vatican), [327];
    • bronze statuettes of diskobolos, [326], [328], [330];
    • wrestling boys (Naples), [379], [382];
    • bronze wrestling groups, [396], [398], [399], [400];
    • boxer of the Terme, [146], [409];
    • Uffizi wrestlers, [448]
• Sicilian, rules for wrestling, [401];
  • love of horse-racing, [451]
• Sicily and Italy, athletic eminence in sixth century, [81];
  • decline in third century, [160]
• Simonides, epinikia, [78], [109];
  • epigrams, [359], [364], [378]
• Skamma, [297], [376]
• Smyrna, connexion with Peloponnese, [50]
• Socrates on athletics, [124], [127]
• Sogenes of Aegina, pentathlete, [224]
• Solon, rewards for athletes, [74];
  • laws for palaestrae, [469], [477]
• Solos, [24], [313]
• Sophius of Messene, runner, [143]
• Sophronistai, [501]
• Sostratus of Sicyon, pankratiast, [148], [447]
• Sotades of Crete, proclaims himself an Ephesian, [134]
• Sparta, athletic greatness in seventh century, [56];
  • decline in sixth century, [81];
  • popularity of horse-racing, [133];
  • revival of Lycurgean discipline under the Empire, [183];
  • contest of endurance, [183];
  • festivals and games, [184];
  • ball games, [185];
  • musical and other competitions, [185];
  • successes in running, [284];
  • contempt of science in boxing and wrestling, [401], [402], [425]
• Spina, unknown in Greek race-courses, [251]
• Stadiodromos and Olympic chronology, [52], [273]
• Stadium, primitive type of, [251];
  • history of, [267];
  • Isthmia, [219];
  • Nemea, [225];
  • Olympia, [252];
  • Epidaurus, [254];
  • Delphi, [257];
  • Athens, [263];
  • Priene, [265];
  • Messene, [266];
  • Ephesus, [266];
  • Aezani, [266];
  • Aphrodisias, [266];
  • Laodicea, [266]
• Start, the. Vide [Aphesis], [Foot-race]
• Statius, description of boxing, [426], [432]
• Stomius of Elis, pentathlete, [136]
• Stone-throwing in war and sport, [23]
• Strigil, [481]
• Style in athletics, importance attached to, [2], [114], [373]
• Sulla transfers Olympia to Rome, [165]
• Sweating-bath, [491]
• Swimming, [83], [507]
• Sybaris, [58], [82]
• Syracuse, [465]
• Taraxippus, [455]
• Tarentum, love of horses, [461]
• Tauromenium, number of competitions at, [502]
• Teos, inscriptions, [151], [502], [503]
• Tetrads, [191]
• Theagenes of Thasos, boxer, pankratiast, [77], [81], [82]
• Thebes, famed for chariots, [50], [210], [211];
  • for wrestling, [401]
• Themistocles, at Olympia, [116];
  • teaches his son riding and the javelin, [132], [356];
  • frequents Cynosarges, [468]
• Theocritus, description of boxing, [428]
• Theodota, victory in chariot-race, [462]
• Theophrastus, [393], [485]
• Theseus, science of wrestling ascribed to, [372];
  • of boxing, [402];
  • of pankration, [437];
  • wrestles with Cercyon, [391];
  • comparison of, with Heracles, [85]
• Thessalian wrestling, [401]
• Thessaly, famed for horses, [58], [210]
• Tisamenus defeated by Hieronymus, [365]
• Tiberius Caesar, victory in chariot-race, [167]
• Timodemidae of Athens, [217], [226]
• Timodemus of Athens, [229]
• Tisander of Naxos, boxer, swims for exercise, [83]
• Titormus, weight-lifter and strong man, [83]
• Torch-races, [151], [240], [247], [292], [461], [501]
• Toxotes, [151]
• Trainers, [81], [108], [122], [504]
• Training, [124], [191], [293], [503]
• Troilus of Elis, Hellanodicas, wins horse-race unfairly, [135]
• Truce, sacred, [43], [141], [201];
  • abuse of, by Argos, [223]
• Trumpet, races started by, [456]
• Trumpeters, competitions for, [139], [199]
• Tug of war, [405]
• Tullius, M., of Apamea, boxer, inscription of, [151]
• Tydeus, as boxer, [402]
• Tyrtaeus, [81], [88]
• Valerius Eclectus of Sinope, herald, [192]
• Varazdates, last Olympic victor, [193]
• Vases, athletic scenes on, [104];
  • red and black figured, compared, [85], [352], [418];
  • conventional representation of running, [282];
  • geometric vases, [30];
  • Panathenaic, [75], [241]
• Vergil, description of boxing, [172], [431]
• Vitruvius, description of gymnasium, [489]
• Walk-over, [375]
• Watsch, amentum represented on sword-belt, [343];
  • boxing on situlae, [412]
• Weight-lifting, [83]
• Women, excluded from Olympia, [47];
  • compete in chariot-races, [47], [239], [462];
  • foot-races for, at the Heraea, [47];
  • join in sports with men at Sparta, [47], [296];
  • wrestle with youths at Chios, [387]
• Wrestling, its popularity, [372];
  • an exercise of skill, [373];
  • instruction in, [374];
  • competitions in, the bye, [374];
  • number of competitors, [374];
  • “upright” and “ground,” [376];
  • rules of, [377];
  • the throw, [377];
  • number of throws, [378];
  • leg-holds, [380];
  • preliminary position, [382];
  • arm-holds, [383];
  • flying mare, [383];
  • neck-holds, [386];
  • body-holds, [389];
  • the heave, [391];
  • cross-buttock, [393];
  • tripping, [397];
  • variety of styles, [400]
• Xenarches of Sparta, chariot-race, [225]
• Xenocles of Maenalus, wrestler, [375]
• Xenocrates of Agrigentum, chariot, [210]
• Xenophanes, protest against over-athleticism, [79], [272]
• Xenophon, [130];
  • account of battle of Olympia, [196], [363];
  • on javelin-throwing, [356]
• Xystarches, [175], [176], [506]
• Xystos, [483]
• Zanes, [134], [174]
• Zosimus of Priene, gymnasiarchos, [496]

INDEX OF GREEK WORDS