The diagnostics and treatment of tropical diseases

by E. R. Stitt

Arthropodan Diseases

Parasite	Life history	Disease and manifestations and remarks
Linguatula serrata (Linguatulidae).	Adult in nasal cavity of dogs, etc. Eggs in nasal mucus contaminate grass. Rabbits, cattle infected. Larvae in liver, lungs.	Porocephaliasis. Man may harbor adult or larva. Larvae usually in lungs or liver and do not seem to cause symptoms.
Porocephalus armillatus (Linguatulidae).	Adults in lungs of snakes. Eggs contaminate water or food. Larvae in liver, lungs, etc., of lions, monkeys, man, etc.	Porocephaliasis. Larvae wander in abdominal cavity or lungs in which latter they produce a chronic bronchitis which may resemble phthisis.
Demodex folliculorum (Demodicidae).	All stages passed within hair follicles or sebaceous cysts especially about nose. Adult may wander.	Demodectic acariasis. Causes a resistant itch in dogs. In man, may invade eyelids or meibomian glands, and has been reported as causing various forms of dermatitis.
Sarcoptes scabei (Sarcoptidae).	Female lives in burrow of skin giving off eggs which hatch into larvae.	Scabies. Burrows show as blackish lines, especially between fingers, flexor surfaces of arms and penis. Itching worse at night.
Pediculoides ventricosus (Tarsonemidae).	Female lives on wheat straw worm or grain moth. Larval mites develop inside mother.	Grain itch. The mites leave wheat straw or grain and attack harvesters or those sleeping on straw mattresses. Attack upper trunk, neck and arms. Erythematous or vesicular eruption with constitutional symptoms.
Microtrombidium pusillum (Trombidoidae).	Adults live in fields or woods. The larval mite lives on grasshoppers or small rodents.	Autumnal erythema. The larval mites known as red bug or jigger attack man causing a severe itch.
Dermanyssus gallinae (Gamasidae).	Mites live in chicken houses and feed on fowls.	Poultryman’s itch. The mites attack man producing eczematous dermatitis on backs of hands and forearms.
Dermacentor venustus (Ixodidae).	Adults live on cattle, sheep, etc. May bite man.	Tick paralysis. The bite of this tick or Ixodes holocyclus may produce paralysis in sheep. An ascending type of paralysis due to tick bites has been several times noted in man, chiefly in children.
Pediculus humanus (Insecta, Pediculidae).	Adults live on clothing or hair and feed on man.	Pediculosis—Phthiriasis. Produce skin irritation with later on pigmentation (Vagabondismus).
Dermatophilus penetrans. (Sarcopsyllidae).	Impregnated female penetrates skin of man or animals, especially toes and feet.	Sandflea or chigoe infestation. Site of penetration shows as black spot with whitish induration surrounding it. Apt to form ulcers.

Arthropodan Diseases (Continued)

Parasite	Life history	Disease and manifestations and remarks
Dermatobia cyaniventris (Oestridae: Bot Flies).	Eggs of fly become attached to mosquitoes or ticks. These latter bite man and larva penetrates skin.	A cutaneous myiasis. Larva at first club shaped (ver macaque), later worm shaped (torcel). Larva causes a swelling with black opening. May invade eye.
Hypoderma lineata (Oestridae).	Larvae of this or other flies burrow under skin.	Creeping eruption. Larva migrans. The burrows make zig-zag lines on face or soles of feet. Causes itching.
Chrysomyia macellaria, and C. dux Muscidae). Oestrus ovis (Oestridae).	Fly deposits eggs in nostrils. Larvae wander to nasal sinuses. May invade aural canal.	Screw worm infection. Nasal myiasis. Larvae in their wandering destroy tissues of nasal cavities, or of ear, and may cause death. May infest wounds or vagina. C. macellaria causes American nasal myiasis, C. dux causes Indian nasal myiasis and O. ovis causes African nasal myiasis.
Ochromyia (Cordylobia) anthropophaga (Muscidae).	An African fly, which deposits eggs on children and animals.	Larvae bore under skin, causing boil-like lesions with central opening. Larvae mature in two weeks.
Auchmeromyia luteola (Muscidae).	An African fly deposits eggs on floors of native huts. Larvae bite man.	Congo floor maggot. The bite is not painful.
Calliphora vomitoria and Lucilia caesar and L. serricata (Muscidae).	Blow and bluebottle flies, depositing eggs on tainted meats. Larvae may be found in feces.	Larvae may be cause of obscure abdominal conditions; may be found in nasal cavities, causing serious symptoms, or in ear.
Musca domestica (Muscidae).	Eggs presumably deposited near genitalia or ear.	Larvae have been found in male urethra and in the ear.
Sarcophaga carnaria (Sarcophagidae).	Viviparous. Larvae are deposited on decaying flesh (wounds, orifices of body).	Larvae gain access to wounds, nasal cavities, etc., at times causing death. Commonly found in intestinal myiases. May occur in vagina.
Anthomyia pluvialis (Anthomyidae).	Larvae deposited in body orifices.	Occasionally reported as found in ear.
Fannia canicularis (Anthomyidae).	Eggs deposited near external genitalia and larva penetrates urethra.	Symptoms of urinary irritation or obstruction. Has been found in gastro-intestinal tract.

SECTION V
INFECTIOUS GRANULOMATA OF THE TROPICS

CHAPTER XXVI
YAWS OR FRAMBOESIA

History and Geographical Distribution