Incidentally, Mustela longicauda Bonaparte whether based on no. 43.3.3.3 or on Richardson's account will continue in its present application. The same is true of Mustela richardsonii. If the basis of Mustela cicognanii Bonaparte [the diagnosis in the Iconografia d. Fauna Italica ... makes it clear that the name applies to the short-tailed species] was a weasel from the eastern United States or a description of a weasel or weasels from there, the name will continue in its present application. If, instead, the name is based on no. 43.3.3.3 (from Carlton House, Saskatchewan) or on Richardson's account of M. vulgaris, the name will apply to a different subspecies (now called richardsonii and richardsonii will fall as a synonym of cicognanii) and the ermine of the eastern United States will take the next available name. Bonaparte probably named (in manuscript at least) cicognanii before he ever saw the specimen in the British Museum. This is indicated by his statement in Charlesworth's Magazine (1838:37) that "I have now [Italics mine] found two [other] American species. . . ." Whereas the names richardsonii and longicauda are based on Richardson, the name cicognanii, even if it dates from the account in Charlesworth's Magazine, appears to have a composite basis composed at the very least of (1) animals seen by Bonaparte in the United States, and (2) those called vulgaris by some other authors. Conceivably the specimen no. 43.3.3.3 in the British Museum, was part of the basis. From the nature of the case it can be argued that there could be no type and that if someone should bring to light a specimen in, say, Philadelphia, bearing the notation "this is the specimen seen in the United States by Bonaparte" it would immediately become as important as the one in London. Any American weasel or weasels (then alive or preserved in a zoölogical collection) that Bonaparte saw in the United States probably were of the eastern United States. Bangs (1896:18-21), for one, previous to the present consideration of the name cicognanii, restricted it to the ermine of the eastern United States. Consequently, the name cicognanii, in the present account is applied to the ermine of the eastern United States. In my opinion there was and is no type. Almost certainly there was no type if the Fauna Italica appeared before the account in Charlesworth's Magazine did.

Specimens examined.—Total number, 172, arranged alphabetically by provinces and states, then (except where indication is given to the contrary) by counties from north to south within each state or province. Unless otherwise indicated, specimens are in the U. S. National Museum.

Connecticut. Windham County: S. Woodstock, Woodstock Lake, 1[2]. Hartford County: Windsor, 1[5]. New London County: Liberty Hill, 3[75].

Maine. Aroostook County: Quimby, 1[75]; Ashland 2[75]. Piscataquis County: tableland on top of Mt. Katahdin, 1; Chimney Pond, 3; T. 5, R. 13, 3[5]; "vicinity of Chesnucook," 1[5]; T. 4, R. 13, 1[5]; Moosehead Lake, 7[75]; Grenville, 10 [75]; Barnard, 3 (1[86]). Penobscot County: South Twin Lake, 1[2]; Lincoln, 11 (7[1], 2[14], 2[50]). Franklin County: Seven Pond Township, 7[75]. Oxford County: Umbago Lake, 1[75]; Upton, 4[86]; Bethel, 1[75]. Hancock County: Bucksport, 17[75]; Naskeag, 1. Lincoln County: Booth Bay, 1[5].

Massachusetts. Middlesex County: Wilmington, 2; Burlington, 6 (1[75]); Worcester County: Cambridge, 5 (1[5], 3[75]); Sterling, 1[5]. Plymouth County: Middleboro, 7 (1[75]).

New Hampshire. Carroll County: Ossipee, 5. Rockingham County: Greenland, 1[76]. Cheshire County: Dublin, 1.

New York. St. Lawrence County: Ogdensburg, 1[74]. Franklin County: Malone, 1[58]. Lewis County: Locust Grove, 1. Warren County: Lake George, 1. Montgomery County: Amsterdam, 1. Albany County: Albany, 1[80]. Rensselaer County: Berlin, 2[2]; Schoharie, 1[2]. Thompkins County: Cascadilla Creek, Ithaca, 1[58]. Allegany County: Ford Brook, Wellsville, 1[58]. Ontario County: Phelps, 1[50]. Cattaraugus County: Cattaraugus, 1[5].

Ontario (localities locally north to south, then west to east). Thunder Bay Dist.: Grand Bay, Lake Nipigon, 5[86]; Macdiarmid, 2[86]; Oscar, 2[14]; 20 mi. SW Fort Williams, 1[76]; Michipicoten Island, 3[102]. Algoma Dist.: Michipicoten, 1; Franz, 1[74]; Pancake Bay, 2[77]. Parry Sound Dist.: French River, Georgia Bay, 1[2]; Seguin Falls, Twp. Montieth, 1[86]. Sudbury Dist.: Casselman, Rathbun Twp., 1[86]. Nipissing Dist.: Smoky Falls, near Kapuskasing, 4[86]; Franks Bay, Lake Nipissing, 1[86]. Haliburton County: Gooderham, 1[60]. Simcoe County: Orillia, 1[2]; no locality more definite than county, 1[60]. Carleton County: Britannia, 5 mi. W Ottawa, 1[77]; Ottawa, 1[77]; Constant Bay, NE? of Ottawa, 1[77]. Wellington County: Mt. Forest, 2[75]; Guelph, 1[31]. Addington County: Buckshot Lake, Abinger Twp., 1[86]. Fontenac County: Clear Lake, Arden, 1[77].

Pennsylvania (by counties from west to east). Crawford County: North Shenango Township, Pymatuning Swamp, 2[9]; Linesville (3 mi. NW, 1; 3-1/2 mi. W, 2; 3 mi. W, 1; 2 mi. SW, 1; 7-1/2 mi. SW, 1) 6[9]. Potter County: Cherry Springs Farm, Abbott Township, 1; 3 mi. S Inez, South Fork Sinnamahoning Creek, 1[9]. Sullivan County: Lopez, 1[74]. Lackawanna County: Scranton, 1[1]. Wayne County: Waymart, 1.

Quebec (west to east). Labelle County: Kamika [= Kiamika] Lake, 2[77]; Lacoste, 2[77]; Trout Lake, probably in this county, 2[77]. Megantic County: Black Lake, 1[77].

Rhode Island. Newport County: Middletown, 2[5].

Vermont. Lamoille County: Mt. Mansfield, 1. Windsor County: Barnard, 1[5].

Mustela erminea bangsi Hall

Ermine

Plates [2], [3], [4], [9], [10] and [11]

Mustela erminea bangsi Hall, Journ. Mamm., 26:176, July 19, 1945.

[Putorius] cicognani, Mearns, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 3:235, June 5, 1891.

Putorius richardsoni cicognani, Bangs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 10:18, February 25, 1896 (part).

Putorius cicognanii, Cory, Mamm. Illinois and Wisconsin, p. 375, 1912.

Mustela cicognanii, Aldous and Manweiler, Journ. Mamm., 23:250, August 13, 1942.

Mustela cicognanii cicognanii, Bailey, N. Amer. Fauna, 49:169, January 8, 1927; Leraas, Journ. Mamm., 23:344, August 13, 1942.

Type.—Male, subadult, skull and skin; no. 11541, D. R. Dickey Coll.; Elk River, Sherburne County, Minnesota; November 1, 1925; obtained by Bernard Bailey, original no. A 606.

The skull is complete and the teeth all are present and entire. The skin is well made and in a good state of preservation.

Range.—Southern Manitoba, northeastern North Dakota, the whole of Minnesota, Wisconsin and Michigan and northern Iowa. See figure 25 on page [95].

Characters for ready recognition.—Differs from M. e. richardsonii, in that, in both sexes, least width of color of underparts averages about a third, instead of two-fifths, of greatest width of color of upper parts, and in that skulls of males are a fifth or more lighter, basilar length averaging less than 40; from M. e. cicognanii, in that hind foot more than 40 in males, averaging 32 versus 30 in females, and in larger skull, depth of skull at plane of molars being 11.4 versus 10.0 in males and 9.1 versus 8.6 in females.

Description.—Size.—Male: Twelve adult and subadult males from Aitkin, Minnesota, yield average and extreme measurements as follows: Total length, 316 (291-341); length of tail, 87 (70-101); length of hind foot, 43 (40-44). Two adults from Aitkin each weigh 170 grams.

Four adult and subadult females from Elk River and Fort Snelling, Minnesota, yield average and extreme measurements as follows: Total length, 249 (240-260); length of tail, 61 (55-65); length of hind foot, 32 (30-33).

Color.—As described in Mustela erminea richardsonii except that, least width of color of underparts averaging, in males from Minnesota, 32 (19-51) per cent of greatest width of color of upper parts. Black tip of tail in 12 male topotypes in white winter pelage averaging 52 (45-58) mm. which is 60 (53-66) per cent of length of tail-vertebrae.

Skull.—Male (based on adults from Aitkin): See measurements and plates [2]-[4]. As described in Mustela erminea richardsonii except that: Weight of 2 adults from Aitkin, 2.2, 2.3 grams (9 subadults from T. 61 N, R. 26 W, average 1.95 grams); basilar length, 39.7 (38.5-40.7); length of tooth-rows rarely more (usually less) than length of tympanic bulla.

Female (based on adults from Minnesota as listed in table of cranial measurements, which see): See plates [9]-[11]. As described in Mustela erminea richardsonii except that: Weight, of a subadult from T. 61 N, R. 26 W, 0.91 grams; basilar length, 32.8 (31.8-33.6); breadth of rostrum rarely equal to as much as 30 per cent of basilar length.

From richardsonii, topotypes of bangsi differ in that cranial measurements in males are approximately 7 (5-9) per cent less, linear measurements of teeth are 10 (9-11) per cent less and the skull is a fifth lighter. In relation to basilar length the tympanic bullae of bangsi are longer. Skulls of females are individually indistinguishable, those of bangsi averaging approximately 1 per cent less in linear measurements. Comparison with the smaller cicognanii is made in the account of that subspecies.