River and Canal Engineering, the characteristics of open flowing streams, and the principles and methods to be followed in dealing with them.

by E. S. Bellasis

(a) Loose stone, which may be faced with rubble above low-water level ([fig. 7]).

(b) Layers of fascines weighted with gravel or stones.

(c) Earth or sand closely covered with fascines.

(d) A double line of stakes with fascines or brushwood laid between them ([fig. 8]).

(e) A single line of stakes with planking or basket work on its upstream side, or with twigs or wattle laid horizontally and passed in and out of the stakes, as in [fig. 20].

(f) A single tree with the thick end of the trunk on the bank and with stakes, if necessary, to prevent the current from moving it.

(g) A number of small trees heaped together and weighted with nets full of stones.

(h) A layer of poles and over them a layer of fascines on which are built walls of fascine work so arranged as to form cells or hollow rectangular spaces which become filled with silt.

(i) Large fascines running out into the stream and having their inner ends staked to the bank while the outer ends float, other fascines being added over them and projecting further into the stream, and the whole eventually sinking.

Fig. 8.

Combinations of the above are also used, for instance, (d) or (e) may be used for the upper portion, the foundation being (a) or (c).

Fig. 9.

Fig. 10.

Fig. 11.