Form and Function: A Contribution to the History of Animal Morphology

by E. S. Russell

[551] The steps in this chronological variation were termed by Waagen "mutations."

[552] The Age of Mammals in Europe, Asia, and North America, New York, 1910.

[553] Origin of Species, 6th ed., Chap. IV.

---

INDEX

• Actinozoan Theory of Vertebrate Descent, [299]-300
• Adaptation as Conservative Principle—
  • Cuvier, [39], [76]
• Adaptation, Ecological—
  • Von Baer, [123]
  • H. Milne-Edwards, [199]
  • Lamarck, [221], [222], [223], [224], [227]
  • Treviranus, [225] f.n.
  • C. Darwin, [231]-2, [235], [239]
  • Haeckel, [248], [263]
  • Gegenbaur, [263]
  • V.O. Kowalevsky, [362]
  • Osborn, [362]-4
• Adaptation, Ecological, and Classification—
  • Bronn, [203]
• Adaptation of Parts. See "Correlation, Functional," and "Conditions of Existence"
• Adaptive Radiation (Osborn), [362]-4
• Agassiz, A., [288] f.n., [295]
  • On Cœlom, [296]
• Agassiz, L.—
  • Criticism of Vertebral Theory of Skull, [157]
  • Membrane and Cartilage Bones, [164]
  • Transcendentalism, [203]
  • Classification, [203] f.n.
  • Three-fold Parallelism, [203], [255]
  • Influence on Darwin, [238]
  • Specific Distinctness of Embryos, [353]
• Albertus Magnus, [17]
• Alcmæon, [1]
• Aldrovandus, [18]
• Allman, [209]
• Analogy. _See also_ Homology.
  • Aristotle, [8]-10
  • Owen, [108]
  • Haeckel, [251]
  • Gegenbaur, [266]
  • Lankester, [267]
• Anaxagoras, [14]
• Anaximander, [14]
• Anaximenes, [1]
• Animal and Vegetative Lives—
  • Aristotle, [16], [32]
  • Buffon, [26]-7
  • Bergson, [26] f.n.
  • Cuvier, [26]26, [32]
  • Bichat, [27]-9
  • Oken, [296]94
  • K. G. Carus, [94]
  • Von Baer, [116], [123], [131]
  • Remak (Sensory and trophic layers), [210]
  • Gegenbaur, [263]
• Annelid Theory of Vertebrate Descent, [274]-85, [301]
• Archetype, Anatomical, [246], [302]-3
  • E. Geoffroy, [54], [67]
  • Owen, [104]-7, [110]
  • J. V. Carus, Huxley, [204]
  • C. Darwin, [238] f.n.
• Archetype, Anatomical, as Ancestral—
  • C. Darwin, [235], [247]
  • Haeckel, [251]
  • Gegenbaur, [265]
  • Sedgwick, [300]
  • Criticism of this idea—
    • O. Hertwig, [355]-7
• Archetype, Embryological, [168], [246], [302]-3
  • Von Baer, [126], [132]
  • Reichert, [139], [147], [149]
  • Rathke, [151], [153]
  • Huxley, [159]-61
• Archetype, Embryological, as Ancestral—
  • C. Darwin, [233], [236]-7
  • Haeckel, [296]254, [289]-91
  • Gegenbaur, [266]
  • O. and R. Hertwig, [298]
  • Sedgwick, [300]
  • A. Kowalevsky, [300]
• Arendt, [162]
• Aristotle, [2]-16, [17], [345], [364]
  • _Historia Animalium_, [2]
  • _De Partibus Animalium_, [2], [9]
  • Knowledge of Animals, [3], [4]
  • Comparative Embryology, [4]
  • Classification of Animals, [4]-6
  • Unity of Plan, [6]-7, [10]
  • Homology and Analogy, [7]-10
  • Teleology and Correlation, [10]-12
  • Law of Compensation, [11]
  • Division of Labour, [12]
  • Degrees of Composition--homogeneous and heterogeneous parts, [12]-14, [169]
  • Law of Development (Von Baer), [14]
  • Scale of Beings, [14]-16
  • Functional attitude, [15]-16, [197]
  • Animal and Vegetative Lives, [16], [32]
• Ascidian Theory of Vertebrate Descent, [269]-73, [304]
• Atomists, [16]
• Atomists, "Biological," [192]-4
• Audouin, V.—
  • Unity of plan in Arthropods, [85]-6
  • Law of Compensation, [86]
  • Marine Zoology, [195]
• Autenrieth, [90], [96]
• Avicenna, [17]
• Babák, E., [333]
• Baer, K. E. von, [113]-32, [133], [251], [304], [345], [356]
• • Founder of Embryology, [113]
  • Entwickelungsgeschichte der Thiere, [114]
  • Regulation of Development, [114], [350]
  • Development as Differentiation, [115], [128]
  • Germ-Layer Theory, [115]-6, [118]-119, [208]-9, [296]
  • Morphological Differentiation, [116]-7
  • Histological Differentiation, [117]-8
  • Tissues and Germ-Layers, [118]
  • Double symmetrical Development, [118], [279]
  • Criticism of Meckel-Serres Law, [120]-3, [304]
  • Theory of Types, [123]-4, [289], [291]
  • Law of Development, [124]-6
  • Embryological Criterion, [126]-8, [132], [138]
  • Embryological Archetype, [126], [132]
  • Types of Development, [127]-8
  • Von Baer and Cuvier, [128]-30
  • Functional attitude, [129]
  • Relation to Transcendentalists, [129], [131]
  • Criticism of Scale of Beings, [130]
  • Vertebral Theory of Skull, [131], [142]
  • Serial Homology, [131]-2
  • Gill-slits, Gill-arches and Aortic arches, [135]-6, [146]
  • Membrane and Cartilage Bones, [162]-3
  • Degrees of Composition, [172]
  • Ova of Mammals, [175]-6
  • Segmentation of Ovum, [186]
  • Criticism of Evolution Theory, [229], [242]
  • Influence on Darwin, [236], [238]
  • Criticism of Darwinism, [242]
  • Teleology and Correlation, [242]
  • On Ascidians, [271]
• Baer's Law. See "Development, Von Baer's Law"
• Bagge, [187]
• Balanoglossus Theory of Vertebrate Descent, [285]-7
• Balbiani, [330]
• Balfour, F. M., [247], [299]
  • Annelid Theory, [282]-4
  • Gastrulation and Gastræa Theory, [295]
  • Mesoderm, [296] f.n.
  • Cœlom, [297]
• Barfurth, D., [330]
• Barry, M., [186], [188]
• Bateson, W.—
  • Metamerism, Vegetative Repetition, [286]
  • Balanoglossus Theory, [286]-7
  • On Phylogenetic Speculation, [302]
• Beard, J., [285]
• Belon, [18]
• Beneden van, and Julin, [271], [285], [346]
• Bensley, A. B., [311] f.n.
• Bergmann, [187]
• Bergson, H., [26] f.n., [341], [345]
• Bernard, Claude, [195], [314]
• Bert, P., [315]
• Bichat, X., [27]-30, [118], [132], [169], [178], [263]
  • Animal and Vegetative Lives, [27]-9
  • "General Anatomy," [29]-30
  • Vie propre of Tissues, [30]
• Biogenetic Law. See "Development, Haeckel's Law"
• Bischoff, [138]
  • Segmentation, [186], [188]
• Blainville, de, [96], [128], [141], [199] f.n.
• Bojanus, [96], [97]
• Bonnet, C.—
  • Scale of Beings, [22]-3, [220], [227]
  • Evolution, [215]
  • Regeneration, [315]
• Bonnet, R., [350]
• Bonnier, G., on Albertus Magnus, [17]
• Born, G., [330]
• Boveri, T., [270] f.n., [333]
• Braem, [347] f.n.
• Braun, A., [355]
• Breschet, [138], [173]
• Bronn, H. G., [200]-3, [248]
  • Naturphilosophie, [201]
  • Functional attitude, [201]-3
  • Geometry of Organism, [201], [249]
  • Theory of Types, [202]
  • Principle of Connections, [202]
  • Intrinsic Laws of Evolution, [202]
  • Division of Labour, [202]
  • Ecological Adaptation and Classification, [203]
• Brown, R., [171]
• Bruch, C., [203] f.n.
• Büchner, [194], [248]
• Buffon, [24]-7, [336]
  • Scale of Beings, [24], [215]
  • Unity of Plan, [24]
  • Evolution, [24]-5, [214]
  • Classification, [25]-6
  • Animal and Vegetative Lives, [26]-7
  • Homology and Analogy, [27]
• Burckhardt, R., [3] f.n., [268] f.n.
• Burdin, [96]
• Burmeister, [249] f.n.
• Butler, S., [226] f.n., [313], [335]-42
  • Relation to Lamarck, [335]-7
  • Psychological Vitalism, [336]-41
  • Heredity and Memory, [337]-41
  • The Two Stages of Development, [337]-9
  • Consciousness and Habit, [337]-9
  • Recapitulation Theory, [339]-40
  • Teleology, [341]
• Cabanis, [215]
• Camper, P., [45], [46]
• Carter, [293] f.n.
• Carus, J. V..—
• • Criticism of Embryological Criterion, [167]
  • Morphology and Physiology, [194]
  • Vertebral Theory of Skull, [203]
  • On Archetype, [204]
  • Evolution, [230]
• Carus, K. G.—
  • Law of Parallelism, [94], [249]
  • Vertebral Theory, [96]
  • Geometry of Skeleton, [98]-100
  • Splanchnoskeleton, [98], [140]
• Causal Morphology, [312]-3, [315]-34
• Cell-Theory—
  • Schwann, [169], [173]-86, [188]
  • C. F. Wolff, [170]
  • Schleiden, [170]-2
  • Criticism of Schwann-Schleiden Theory, [185]-8
    • Virchow, Leydig, [188]
• Cell-Theory and Germ-Layer Theory—
  • Remak, [209]-12
• Cell-Theory as Disintegrative—
  • Schwann, [180]-5, [248]
  • Vogt, [190]-1
  • Virchow, [191]
  • Haeckel, [248]
  • Criticism of this idea—
    • Reichert, [192]-3, [194]
    • J. V.. Carus, [194]
    • Sedgwick, Whitman, [346]
• Cell-Theory, Influence on Morphology, [190]
• Cenogenesis, [258]-9, [323]
• Chabry, [331]
• Child, C. M., [333]
• Chun, C, [317], [332]
• Classification of Animals—
  • Aristotle, [4]-6
  • Rondeletius, Aldrovandus, Gesner, [18]
  • Linnæus, [22]
  • Buffon, [25]-6
  • Cuvier, [39]-41
  • E. Geoffroy, [60]
  • L. Agassiz, [203] f.n.
  • Lamarck, [216]-7, [227], [228]
• Classification and Ecological Adaptation (Bronn), [203]
• Classification as Genealogical—
  • Buffon, [24]-5
  • Lamarck, [218], [228]
  • C. Darwin, [233], [234], [247]
  • Haeckel, [250]-1, [254]
  • Criticism of this idea, [303], [304],
    • O. Hertwig, [356]
• Classification, Phylogenetic—
  • Haeckel's, [289]-94
• Claus, [259]
• Co-adaptation, [326] f.n.
• Cœlom—
  • Remak, [211]
  • A. Kowalevsky, [270], [295], [297]
  • Haeckel, [291], [295], [296]
  • Lankester, [291], [297]
• Cœlom, Theory of, [295]-301
• Cohen, [189]
• Coiter, [18]
• Colucci, [346]
• Compensation, Law of—
  • Aristotle, [11]
  • Goethe, [49]
  • E. Geoffroy, [72]-3
  • Audouin, [86]
  • German Transcendentalists, [100]
• Condillac, [215]
• Conditions of Existence, Principle of—
  • Cuvier, [34], [75]-6, [239]
  • Gegenbaur, [263]-4
  • Roux, [324], [326]
  • Spencer, Weismann, [326] f.n.
  • Disregard for—
    • Lamarck, [226]
    • C. Darwin, [232], [238]-41
    • Haeckel, [248], [264]
• Conklin, [333]
• Connections, Principle of—
  • Goethe, [47]
  • E. Geoffroy, [53]-4, [62]-3, [71], [74], [261]
  • Audouin, [85]
  • German Transcendentalists, [100]
  • J. F. Meckel, [101]
  • Owen, [107]-8
  • Bronn, [202]
  • C. Darwin, [234]-5
  • Gegenbaur, [261]
  • Semper, [279]
  • In Embryology, [168]
  • Main Principle of Morphology, [246], [302]
• Convergence—
  • Milne-Edwards, [199]
  • I. Geoffroy St Hilaire, [199] f.n., [206]
  • C. Darwin, [236]
  • Friedmann, Willey, Vialleton, [306] f.n.
• Convergence, Rejected by Evolutionary Morphologists, [305], [312]
  • Hubrecht, [305]-6
• Cope, E. D., [342], [357] f.n., [361], [362]
• Correlation, Functional—
  • Aristotle, [10]-12
  • Cuvier, [35]-8, [239], [241]
  • E. Geoffroy, [77]
  • Von Hartmann, [240]-1
  • Rádl, [240] f.n., [241]
  • Von Baer, [242]
  • Gegenbaur, [264]
  • Disregarded by—
    • C. Darwin, [235], [238]-41
    • Haeckel, [248], [264]
• Coste, [138], [176], [187]
• Crampton, [332]
• Cunningham, J. T., [284]
• Cuvier, [26], [31]-44, [89], [196], [197], [199] f.n., [278], [345], [361]
  • Functional attitude, [31]-6, [65], [75]-8, [200], [305]
  • Animal and Vegetative Lives, [32]
  • Degrees of Composition, [32]-3
  • Teleology, [33]-5
  • Functional Adaptedness, [33]-5, [324]
  • Principle of Conditions of Existence, [34], [75]-6, [239]
  • Correlation, [35]-8, [239], [241]
  • Metabolism, [38]
  • Adaptation as Conservative Principle, [39], [76]
  • Classification, [39]-41
  • Principle of Subordination of Characters, [40]
  • Criticism of Scale of Beings, [39]-40, [130]
  • Type Theory, [41], [124], [289], [291]
  • Criticism of Evolution-Theory, [41]-4, [129], [304]
  • Variation, Limits of, [42]
  • Palæontological Succession, [43]
  • Polemic with Geoffroy, [64]-5, [74]-8
  • Criticism of Vertebral Theory of Skull, [97]-8
  • Influence on J. F. Meckel, [101]
  • Criticism of Meckel-Serres Law, [129]-30, [304]
  • As Embryologist, [130]
  • Criticism of Lamarck, [228]
• Cytology, [346]
• Cytoplasm of Egg, Organ-forming Stuffs, [332]-3
• Dall, [361]
• D'Alton, [113]
• Dareste, C., [315]
• Darwin, Charles, [78], [230]-41, [271], [304], [307], [336], [362]
• • Systematist and Field Naturalist, [230], [231]
  • Palæontological Succession, [231]
  • Ecological Adaptation, [231]-2, [235], [239]
  • Species Problem, [231]
  • Functional Adaptation, Disregard for, [232], [238]-41
  • Classification as genealogical, [233], [234], [247]
  • Unity of Plan due to Community of Descent, [233], [234]-5, [239], [247]
  • Embryological Archetype as ancestral, [233], [236]-7
  • Rejects Meckel-Serres Law, [233], [236]
  • Interpretation of Vestigial Organs, [233], [237]
  • Organism as Historical Being, [233], [308]
  • Rejects Scale of Beings, [234]
  • Homology, [234]-5, [247]
  • Principle of Connections, [234]-5
  • Anatomical Archetype as ancestral, [235], [247]
  • Von Baer's Law interpreted phylogenetically, [236]-7
  • Modifications inherited at corresponding age, [237]
  • Monophyletism and Polyphyletism, [238]
  • Causes of Success, [238], [241]
• Darwin, Erasmus, [214], [226] f.n., [229], [336]
• Darwin, Sir Francis, [344]
• Daubenton, [26]
• Degrees of Composition—
  • Aristotle, [12]-14, [169]
  • Glisson, [19]
  • Malpighi, [20]
  • Bichat, [29]-30
  • Cuvier, [32]-3,
  • Dujardin, [169], [188]
  • Von Baer, [172]
  • Effect of Invention of Microscope, [20]
  • Relation to Cell-Theory, [169]
• Delage, [333]
• Delage and Hérouard, [273] f.n.
• Delpino, [345]
• Demaillet, [44]
• Democritus, [16]
• Depéret, C., [357]
  • On Cuvier, [43]
  • Absence of intermediary forms in Palæontology, [358]
  • Phyletic series and Polyphyletism, [360]-1
• Development, Von Baer's Law—
  • Aristotle, [14]
  • Von Baer, [124]-6
  • Prévost and Dumas, [125] f.n.
  • Reichert, [149]-50, [351] f.n.
  • Milne-Edwards, [205]-8
  • Lereboullet, [206]-8
  • Criticised by—
    • Agassiz, [352]-3
    • His, [353]
    • Sedgwick, [353]
    • O. Hertwig, [354]
  • Phylogenetic Interpretation of—
    • Darwin, [236]-7
    • Gegenbaur, [266]
    • Relation to Haeckel's Law, [254], [256], [257]
• Development, Biogenetic Law (Haeckel)—
  • Haeckel, [251], [253]-9, [291]-4
  • F. Müller, [252]-3, [254], [257]
  • Gegenbaur, [262]
  • Roux, [319]
  • Butler, [339]-40
  • Orr, [342]
  • Criticism of—
    • Vialleton, [348]
    • Oppel, [348]-9
    • Keibel, [349]-50
    • Mehnert, [350]-2
    • O. Hertwig, [352], [354]-5
    • His, [353]
  • Relation to Laws of Meckel-Serres and Von Baer, [254], [256], [257], [303], [309]
  • Relation to Heredity and Development, [312]-3
  • Influence of Causal Morphology, [347]-8
  • Palæontological Evidence for, [359]
• Development, Meckel-Serres Law—
  • Harvey, [18]
  • Hunter, [22]
  • E. Geoffroy, [69]-70, [72]
  • Serres, [80]-3, [94], [203]-4, [205]-6
  • Kielmeyer, Autenrieth, Oken, [90]
  • Tiedemann, [91]
  • J. F. Meckel, [91]-3
  • K. G. Carus, [94]
  • Criticism of—
    • Von Baer, [120]-3, [304]
    • Cuvier, [129]-30, [304]
    • Milne-Edwards, [205]
    • Lereboullet, [206]-8
    • C. Darwin, [233], [236]
  • Analogy with Biogenetic Law, [254]-7, [262], [303], [304], [309]
• Development, Meckel-Serres Law, Theory of Three-fold Parallelism—
  • L. Agassiz, [230], [255]
  • Tiedemann, Vogt, [255] f.n.
  • Haeckel, [254]-5
• Development, The two periods of—
  • Roux, [320]-4, [325], [327], [335]
  • Butler, [337]-9
• Diogenes of Apollonia, 1
• Disintegration. See "Materialistic Attitude"
• Division of Labour, Principle of—
  • Aristotle, [12]
  • Milne-Edwards, [197]-8
  • Bronn, [202]
  • Gegenbaur, [264]
• Dohrn, A., [269], [274]-8
  • Annelid Theory of Vertebrate Descent, [274]-7, [303]
  • Principle of Function-Change, [276]-8, [307]
  • Functional Attitude, [277]-8, [307]
  • Formal Attitude, [306]
• Döllinger, I., [113], [157]
• Dollo, [311]
• Donné, [173]
• D'Orbigny, [43]
• Driesch, H., [242], [331], [332], [333], [334], [345], [346]-7
• Dugès, A., [86]-8, [100], [134], [142], [146]
  • Unity of Plan, [87]
  • Polyzoic conception of Organism, [87]-8
  • Membrane and Cartilage Bones, [163]
• Dujardin, [169], [188]
• Dumas. See Prévost and Dumas
• Duméril, [96]
• Dumortier, [173]
• Dutrochet, [99] f.n., [130], [134]
• Duverney, [19]
• Ear-Ossicles, Homology of—
• • E. Geoffroy, [56]
  • Spix, [100]
  • Rathke, [141], [150]
  • Reichert, [144]-7
• Échelle des êtres. See "Scale of Beings."
• Ehlers, [284]
• Eisig, H., [284], [285]
• Embryology, Comparative, Early Workers—
  • Aristotle, 4, [113]
  • Fabricius, Harvey, [18], [113]
  • Malpighi, [20], [113]
  • Oken and Kieser, [90], [113]
  • Haller, C. F. Wolff, J. F. Meckel, Tiedemann, [113]
• Embryology, Experimental, [317], [318], [330]-3
• Embryological Archetype. See "Archetype, Embryological"
• Embryological Criterion of Homology, [133]-168, [347]
  • Goethe, [49]
  • E. Geoffroy, [72], [110]
  • Cuvier, [75], [110], [130]
  • Owen, [110]-1
  • Von Baer, [126]-8, [132], [138]
  • Rathke, [138], [140]-1
  • J. Müller, [138]
  • Reichert, [138]-9, [144]-7, [163]
  • Vogt, [156]-7
  • Huxley, [158]-9, [166]
  • Kölliker, [165]-6
  • Criticised by—
    • Owen, J. V. Carus, [167]
• Empedocles, 1, [15]
• Engramm (Semon), [343]
• Entwicklungsgesetz. See "Evolution, Intrinsic Laws of"
• Entwicklungsmechanik, [315]
• Erasistratus, [17]
• Evolution Theory—
  • Lucretius, [16]
  • Buffon, [24]-5, [214]
  • Cuvier's criticism, [41]-4, [129], [304]
  • E. Geoffroy, [66]-9, [73], [228]
  • J. F. Meckel, [92]-3, [215], [228]
  • Leibniz, [213]
  • Kant, [213]-4
  • Erasmus Darwin, [214], [229]
  • C. Bonnet, Oken, Robinet, Treviranus, [215]
  • Tiedemann, [215], [255] f.n.
  • Lamarck, [215]-29
  • Von Baer, [229], [242]
  • I. Geoffroy St Hilaire, J. V.. Carus, [230]
  • Charles Darwin, [230]-41
  • Von Hartmann, [240]-1, [244], [356]
  • Kölliker, [243]
  • Owen, [244]
  • Milne-Edwards, [244]-5
  • Haeckel, [250]-9
  • Gegenbaur, [265]
  • The Organism as an Historical Being, [308]-13
  • C. Darwin, [233], [308]
  • Haeckel, [252], [257]
  • Sedgwick, [308]
  • Roux, [313], [322]-4
  • Butler, [313], [336]-41
• Evolution-Theory, Influence on Morphology, [302]-13
• Evolution, Intrinsic Laws of, [241]
  • J. F. Meckel, [93]
  • Bronn, [202]
  • Von Baer, [229], [242], [356]
  • Kölliker, Naegeei, [243], [356]
  • Owen, [244]
  • Von Hartmann, [244], [356]
  • Milne-Edwards, [244]-5
  • O. Hertwig, [354]-5, [356]-7
  • Wigand, [356]
  • Depéret, [361]
• Fabricius, [18], [113]
• Fallopius, [18]
• Fischel, [346], [350]
• Fischer, [328]
• Fleischmann, [357] f.n.
• Flourens, [46], [315]
• Fontana, [172]
• Forbes, E., [196]
• Formal Attitude, [246], [305]
• • Goethe, [49]
  • E. Geoffroy, [62]-3, [71], [75]-8, [305]
  • Haeckel, [249], [257], [260]
  • Gegenbaur, [261], [263]
  • Semper, [279]
  • Adopted by Evolutionary Morphologists, [302]-8, [311]-2, [314]
  • Hubrecht, [305]-6
  • Dohrn, [306]
• Francé, R., [345]
• Friedmann, [306] f.n.
• Fuld, [333]
• Functional Adaptation, [316]-7, [318], [320]-9, [333], [344], [351]
• Functional Attitude—
  • Aristotle, [15]-6, [197]
  • Bichat, [27]-9
  • Cuvier, [31]-6, [65], [75]-8, [200], [305]
  • Goethe, [49]-50
  • J. F. Meckel, [101]
  • Owen, [109], [110], [111]
  • Von Baer, [129]
  • Milne-Edwards, [195], [197]-200
  • J. Müller, Reichert, [200]
  • Bronn, [201]-3
  • Lamarck, [222]-6, [307], [335]
  • Gegenbaur, [260], [263]-4
  • Dohrn, [277]-8, [307]
  • Roux, [320]-9, [335]
  • Houssay, [333]
  • Butler, [336]-41
  • G. Wolff, [346]
  • Driesch, [346]-7
  • Giard, [347]
  • E. Schulz, [347] f.n.
  • Keibel, [349]-50
  • Mehnert, [350]-1
  • American Palæontologists, [361], [362]
  • Rütimeyer, [361]
  • V. O. Kowalevsky, [361]-2
  • Osborn, [362]-4
• Function-Change, Principle of—
  • Dohrn, [276]-8, [306], [307]
  • Eisig, [284]
• Fürbringer, M., [282] f.n., [284], [323] f.n.
• Galen, [17]
• Gastræa Theory, [269], [288]-95, [298], [299]-301, [303]
• Gastrula, Discovery of, [288]
• Gaupp, E., [310] f.n.
• Gegenbaur, C., [247], [260]-7, [271], [285], [286], [288] f.n.
• • Division of Egg-nucleus, [188]
  • Functional Attitude, [260], [263]-4
  • Formal Attitude, [261], [263]
  • Principle of Connections, [261]
  • Embryology and Comparative Anatomy, [261]-2, [263]
  • Biogenetic and Meckel-Serres Laws, [262]
  • Homology, [261], [263], [265], [266]-7
  • Adaptation and Correlation, [263]-4
  • Archetype as ancestral, [263] f.n, [265]
  • On Phylogenetic Speculation, [265]-6
  • Embryological Archetype, [266]
  • Membrane and Cartilage Bones, [309], [310]
• Gemmill, J. F., [285] f.n., [312] f.n.
• Geoffroy, Etienne, St Hilaire, [40], [52]-78, [141]
  • Unity of Plan, [52]-65, [70] ff., as conservative, [75], [78]
  • Principle of Connections, [53]-4, [62]-3, [71], [74], [261]
  • Unity of Composition, [54], [70]-1, [75]-6, [200], [305]
  • Archetype, [54], [67]
  • Metastasis, [55]-6, [59], [74]
  • Opercular Bones, [56]
  • Unity of Composition of Sternum, [57]-60
  • Classification, [60]
  • Vertebrates and Articulates, [60]-4, [274], [278]-9, [303]
  • Formal Attitude, [62]-3, [65], [71], [75]-8, [305]
  • Cephalopods and Vertebrates, [64]-5
  • Scale of Beings, [64]
  • Polemic with Cuvier, [64]-5, [74]-8
  • Evolution, [66]-9, [73], [228]
  • Biogenetic Law, [69]
  • Teratology, [69], [315]
  • Meckel-Serres Law, [70], [72]
  • Criteria of Homology, [71], [72], [110]
  • Law of Compensation, [72]-3
  • Criticism of his Principles, [74]
  • Relation to German Transcendentalists, [89], [100]-1
  • Vertebral Theory of Skull, [96], [97]
  • Influence on Darwin, [234]-5, [238]
• Geoffroy, Isidore, St Hilaire, [65] f.n., [199] f.n., [230]
• Geometry of the Organism, [33]
  • K. G. Carus, [98]-100, [249]
  • Bronn, [201], [249]
  • Haeckel, J. Müller, Burmeister, G. Jäger, [249]
• Germinal Vesicle (Egg-nucleus), [175]-7, [188], [291] f.n.
• Germ-Layer Theory—
  • Von Baer, [115]-6, [118]-9, [208]-9, [296]
  • Pander, [119]-20, [209]
  • C. F. Wolff, [119]-20
  • Rathke, [136], [208]
  • Lereboullet, Bischoff, [208]
  • Huxley, [208], [289]
  • Remak, [209]-12, [296]
• Germ-Layers and Gastræa Theory—
  • Haeckel, [289]-95
  • Lankester, Balfour, [295]
• Germ-Layer Theory, Influence of Causal Morphology on, [347]
• Gesner, [18]
• Giard, A.—
  • On Ascidian Theory, [271]-3
  • Adaptive Homology, [273]
  • Pœcilogeny, [347]-8
• Glisson, F., [19]
• Gluge, [173]
• Goebel, K., [356] f.n.
• Goethe, [45]-51, [65], [89], [250]
  • Unity of Plan, [45]-7, [51]
  • Homology, [47]
  • Principle of Connections, 47
  • Formal and Functional Attitudes, [48]-50
  • Teleology, [48]
  • Metamorphosis of Plants, [48]
  • Repetition of parts, [48]-9
  • Vertebral Theory of Skull, [49], [96], [97]
  • Law of Compensation, [49]
  • Embryological Criterion, [49]
  • Organisms as Nature's Works of Art, [50]
• Goette, [259]
• Graaf, von, [175]
• Grew, N., [169]
• Gruber, [330]
• Haeckel, Ernst, [247]-60, [271], [314], [342], [353], [357]
• • His sources, [248]-50
  • Materialism, [248], [250]
  • On Teleology, Heredity and Adaptation, [248], [263]
  • Correlation, Disregard for, [248], [264]
  • Geometry of the Organism (Promorphology), [249]
  • Repetition of Parts (Tectology), [249]-50
  • Classification as Genealogical, [250]-1, [254]
  • Archetype as ancestral, [251]
  • Homology and Analogy, [251]
  • Biogenetic Law, [251], [253]-9, [291]-4
  • Three-fold parallelism, [254]-5
  • Scale of Beings, [255], [256]-7
  • Organism as an Historical Being, [257]
  • Prussianism, [257]
  • Palingenesis, [258]
  • Cenogenesis, [258]-9
  • Heterotopy, Heterochrony, [259]
  • Gastræa Theory, [269], [288]-95
  • Phylogenetic Classification, [289]-94
  • Criticism of Theory of Types, Monophyletism, [289], [291]
  • Gastræa Theory and Biogenetic Law, [291]-4
  • Primary stages of Ontogeny and Phylogeny, [291]-3
  • Cœlom, [291], [295], [296]
  • Experimental Embryology, [317]
• Haller, [113]
• Harting, [284] f.n.
• Hartmann, E. von—
  • On Darwin's conception of correlation, [240]-1
  • Evolution, [244], [356]
• Hartog, M., [344]
• Harvey, [18], [113]
• Hatschek, [270] f.n., [299]
• Helmholtz, H. von, [195]
• Henle, [172]
• Hensen, V., [209] f.n.
• Herbst, C., [333]
• Herder, [46]
• Heredity and Memory, [336]-44
• Hering, E., [341]-2
• "Heritage" Characters, [309], [322]
• Herlitzka, [332]
• Herophilus, [17]
• Hertwig, O., [163], [330], [331], [346]
  • On C. F. Wolff, [119]
  • Fertilisation, [291] f.n.
  • Membrane and Cartilage Bones, [309]-10
  • Biogenetic Law, [352], [354]-5
  • Von Baer's Law, [354]
  • Intrinsic Laws of Evolution, [354]-5, [356]-7
  • Homology not necessarily Homogeny, [355]-7
  • Unity of Plan not necessarily due to Community of Descent, [355]-7
  • On Phylogenetic Speculation, [356]
• Hertwig, O. and R.—
  • Cœlom Theory, [297]-8
  • Nervous System of Cœlentera, [299]
• Heterochrony, [259], [348], [349]-52
• Heterogeneous Generation (Kölliker), [243]
• Heterotopy, [259]
• Hilgendorf, [359]
• Hill, [311]
• Hippocratic Treatises, [2]
• His, W., [206] f.n., [209] f.n.
  • Causal Morphology, [316]
  • Cytoplasm of Egg, Organ-forming Stuffs, [333]
  • Specific Distinctness of Embryos, [353]
• Histological Differentiation (von Baer), [117]-8
• Histology. See also "Cell-Theory"
  • Malpighi, [20]
  • Stensen, [21]
  • Bichat, [29]-30, [169], [178]
  • Von Baer, [117]-8
  • Schwann, [178]
  • Remak, [209]-12
• Hofer, B., [330]
• Hofmeister, [185]
• Homogeny, [267], [303], [355]
• Homology, [168], [303], [355]-7. See also "Connections, Principle of," and "Embryological Criterion"
  • Aristotle, [7]-10
  • Belon, [18]
  • Buffon, [27]
  • Goethe, [47]
  • E. Geoffroy, [53], [71]
  • Serres, [80]
  • Owen, [107]-9
  • Lamarck, [227]
  • C. Darwin, [234]-5, [247]
  • Haeckel, [251]
  • Gegenbaur, [261], [263], [265], [266]-7
  • Giard, [273]
  • Semper, [279]
  • O. Hertwig, [355]-7
  • Braun, [355]
• Homology, Genetic Definition of—
  • Gegenbaur, [266]
  • Lankester, [267]
  • O. Hertwig's criticism, [355]-7
• Homoplasy, [267]
• Hooke, R., [20], [169]
• Houssay, F., [19] f.n., [333]
• Hubrecht, A. A. W., [284], [295] f.n., [301], [305]-6
• Hunter, J., [22], [315]
• Huschke, [134]-5, [136], [141], [146]
• Huxley, T. H., [157], [238], [247]
  • On Rathke, [154] f.n.
  • Embryological Criterion, [158]-9, [166]
  • Embryological Archetype, [159]-61
  • Criticism of Vertebral Theory of Skull, [161]-2
  • Membrane and Cartilage Bones, [166]-7
  • On Archetype, [204]
  • Germ-Layer Theory, [208], [289]
  • Criticism of Three-fold Parallelism, [230] f.n.
  • Cœlom, [297]
  • Ancestry of Marsupials, [311]
• Hyatt, A., [359], [361]
• Instinct and Morphogenesis, Analogy of, [vi]., [307], [312]
• • Lamarck, [220], [226]
• Jacobson , [164]
• Jäger, G., [249] f.n.
• Jardin des Plantes, Paris, [19]
• Jenkinson, J. W., [347] f.n.
• • On His, [316]
• Jones, Wharton, [138], [176]
• Julin, C., [271], [285]
• Jussieu, de, [40]
• Kant, I.—
• • Teleology, [35], [213], [242]
  • Unity of Plan, [46], [213]-4
  • Evolution, [213]-4
• Keibel, F., [348], [349]-50
• Kerkring, [131]
• Kielmeyer, [89], [90], [96]
• Kieser, [90]
• Kleinenberg, N., [277]
• Kohlbrugge, J., [44] f.n., [65] f.n.
• Kölliker, A.—
  • On C. F. Wolff, [119]
  • Vertebral Theory of Skull, [157]
  • Membrane and Cartilage Bones, [164]-6, [310]
  • Embryological Criterion, [165]-6
  • Cell-division, [187]
  • Intrinsic Laws of Evolution, [243], [356]
  • Saltatory Variation, [243]
• Kowalevsky, A., [269]-71, [284], [285], [299], [300]
  • Development of Amphioxus, [270]
    • Ascidians, [270]-1
  • Cœlom, [270], [295], [297]
  • Gastrula, [288]
• Kowalevsky, V. O., [361]-2
• Krause, [176]
• Kupffer, [271]
• Lacaze-Duthiers, H. de, [203] f.n., [315]-6
• • On Ascidians, [271], [273]
• Lamarck, [44], [66], [78], [215]-29
  • Relation to Buffon, [215]
  • Scale of Beings, [215]-8, [220]-1, [227]-8
  • As Evolutionary, [218], [220]
  • Classification, [216]-7, [227], [228]
  • Species Problem, [216], [227]
  • Materialism, [218]-9, [222]-3, [225]-6
  • Psychological Vitalism, [219], [220]-6, [307], [335]
  • Sentiment intérieur, [219]-20, [222]-3, [225]
  • Ecological Adaptation, [221], [222], [223], [224], [227]
  • Laws of Evolution, [221]-5
  • Transmission of Acquired Characters, [221]-2, [224]
  • Subtle Fluids, [222]
  • Use and Disuse, [223]-4
  • Independence of Current Thought, [226]-7
  • Homology and Analogy, [227]
  • Reception of his Theory, [228]-9
  • Lamarck and Butler, [335]-7
• Lang, A., [301]
• Lankester, Sir E. Ray, [247]
  • Homology, Homogeny, Homoplasy, and Analogy, [267]
  • Balanoglossus Theory of Vertebrate Descent, [287]
  • Germ-Layer Theory and Phylogenetic Classification, [291]
  • Planula Theory, [295]
  • On Cœlom Theory, [296]-7, [299] f.n.
• Latreille, [86], [100]
• Laurencet, [64]
• Lavocat, [203] f.n.
• Leeuenhoek, [20], [21], [169]
• Leibniz, [23], [213], [343]
• Lereboullet—
  • Von Baer's Law, [206]-8
  • Germ-layer Theory, [208]
  • Gastrula, [288] f.n.
• Leucippus, [16]
• Leuckart, [193] f.n., [194], [297]
• Levy, O., [333]
• Leydig, [187], [188], [275] f.n., [285]
• Linnæus, [22]
• Loeb, J., [333], [347]
• Loi de Balancement. See "Compensation, Law of"
• Lovén, [186], [196]
• Lucretius, [16]
  • On the Soul, [222] f.n.
• Ludwig, [193], [194], [314]
• Lyell, Sir C., [228] f.n.
• Lyonnet, [22]
• Macbride, E. W., [287] f.n.
• M'Kendrick, J.—
• • On Fontana, [172]
• Mackenzie, W., [345]
• Malpighi, M., [20]-1, [113], [169]
• Marine Zoology, Rise of, [195]-6
• Materialistic Attitude, [246]-7, [345], [364]
  • Schwann, [180]-5
  • Vogt, [190]-1
  • Virchow, [191]
  • Ludwig, [193]
  • Materialistic Physiology, [193]-4, [314]-5, [347]
  • Lamarck, [218]-9, [222]-3, [225]-6
  • The Darwinians, [241], [308]
  • Haeckel, [248], [250]
  • Roux, [315], [317], [318]-9, [329]
  • Semon, [343]
  • Rignano, [344]
  • Loeb, [347]
  • Criticism of this attitude—
    • Reichert, [192]-3
• Meckel, D. A., [95]
• Meckel, J. F., [113]
  • Meckel-Serres Law, [91]-3
  • Evolution, [92]-3, [215], [228]
  • Teratology, [93]-4
  • Repetition of Parts, [95]
  • Vertebral Theory of Skull, [96]
  • Eclecticism, [101]
• Meckel's Cartilage, [141], [145]
• Meckel-Serres Law. See "Development, Meckel-Serres Law"
• Mehnert, E., [348], [350]-2
• Membrane and Cartilage Bones, [162]-7, [309]-10
• Memory and Heredity, [336]-44
• Mendelism, [346]
• Mesenchyme, [298]
• Mesoderm, [209]-11, [296], [297], [298]
• Metabolism—
  • Cuvier, [38]
  • Schwann, [182]-5
  • Roux, [324], [329]
• Metamerism, [94], [95], [100], [109], [131]-2, [266]-7, [274]-5, [279], [282], [286], [299], [301]
• Metamorphosis of Plants, [48], [235]
• Metastasis, Principle of—
  • E. Geoffroy, [55]-6, [59], [74]
  • Owen, [106]
• Metschnikoff, E., [278] f.n., [285], [288]
  • Criticism of Ascidian Theory, [271]
  • Cœlom, [295], [296], [297]
• Meyen, [170], [185]
• Meyer, E., [284]
• Meyranx, [64]
• Microscope, Invention of, [19]
• Milne-Edwards, H., [12], [86], [238]
  • Marine Zoology, [195]
  • Functional Attitude, [195], [197]-200
  • Unity of Plan, [197]
  • Division of Labour, [197]-8
  • Ecological Adaptation, Convergence, [199]
  • Von Baer's Law, Polemic with Serres, [204]-8
  • Evolution, [244]-5
• Mirbel, [170], [171]
• Mivart, St G., [277]
• Mohl, von, [170], [185]
• Moldenhawer, [170]
• Moleschott, [194]
• Moquin-Tandon, A., [87]
• Morgan, T. H., [317] f.n., [332], [333], [347] f.n.
• Mosaic Theory of Development, [330]-3
• Müller, F., Biogenetic Law, [252]-3, [254], [257]
• Müller, H., [166]
• Müller, J., [136], [209] f.n., [260], [285], [309], [345]
  • Embryological Criterion, [138]
  • Vertebral Theory of Skull, [142]-4, [154], [157]
  • On Reichert, [150]
  • Cell Theory, [172]-3
  • Division of Egg-nucleus, [188]
  • Vitalism, [192]
  • Marine Zoology, [196]
  • Functional Attitude, [200]
• Mutations (Waagen), [361] f.n.
• Naegeli, [185], [243] f.n., [356]
• Naturphilosophie. See "Philosophy of Nature"
• Nesbitt, R., [162]
• Neumayr, [357], [360]
• Nussbaum, M., [330]
• Oken, L., [89], [113], [131], [134], [149]
• • Meckel-Serres Law, [90]-1
  • Teratology, [91]
  • Repetition of Parts, [94]-5
  • Serial Homology, [95]-6, [100]
  • Vertebral Theory, [96], [97], [98]
  • On Geoffroy, [100]
  • Influence on Serres, [205]
  • Evolution, [215]
• Ollier, [315]
• Oppel, A., [318] f.n., [324] f.n., [327], [348]-9
• Orr, H. F., [342]
• Osborn, H. F., [214] f.n., [361]
  • On V. O. Kowalevsky, [362]
  • Functional Attitude, [362]-4
  • Law of Adaptive Radiation, [362]-4
• Owen, R., [97], [102]-12, [204]
  • Eclecticism, [102]
  • Vertebral Theory of Skeleton, [103]-7
  • Archetype of Vertebrate Skeleton, [104]-7, [110]
  • Vertebral Theory of Skull, [104]-6
  • Metastasis, [106]
  • Principle of Connections, [107]-8
  • Anatomy and Embryology, [108]
  • Homology and Analogy, [108]
  • Classes of Homology, [108]-9, [266]
  • Functional Attitude, [109], [110], [111]
  • Embryological Criterion, [110], [167]
  • Homological and Teleological Compoundedness, [110]-1
  • Vegetative Repetition of Parts, [111], [286]
  • Unity of Plan as Conservative Principle, [112]
  • Influence on Darwin, [234], [235], [238]
  • Evolution, [244]
• Packard, [361]
• Palæontological Record, [357]-61
• • Absence of connecting forms, [357]-9
  • Biogenetic Law, [359]
  • Phyletic Series, [359]-61
• Palæontological Succession—
  • Cuvier, [43]
  • E. Geoffroy, [67]
  • L. Agassiz, [230], [255]
  • C. Darwin, [231]
  • Milne-Edwards, [245]
  • Tiedemann, [255] f.n.
• Paley, W., [341]
• Palingenesis (Haeckel), [258], [323]
• Pander, [113], [119]-20, [133], [208], [209]
• Parallelism, Theory of. See "Development, Meckel-Serres Law"
  • Three-fold. See "Development, Meckel-Serres Law"
• Paris Museum of Natural History, [19], [89], [101]
• Paul, [360]
• Pauly, A., [345]
• Perrault, C., [19]
• Perrier, E., [88], [359] f.n.
• Pflüger, E., [317], [330]
• Philipeaux, [315]
• "Philosophy of Nature," [89], [94], [98], [203], [248]
• Phyletic Series, [359]-61
• Physiology, Separation from Morphology, [194], [247], [260], [314]
• Physiology of Development, [315]
• Planula Theory (Lankester), [295]
• Plato, [15]
• Pockels, [138]
• Pœcilogeny (Giard), [347]-8
• Poli, [175]
• Polyphyletism—
  • Darwin, [238]
  • Von Baer, [242], [356]
  • Kölliker, Wigand, Naegeli, [356]
  • Depéret, [360]-1
  • Steinmann, [360] f.n.
• Polyzoic Conception of Organism—
  • Dugès, [87]
  • Perrier, [88]
• Prévost and Dumas, [125] f.n., [134], [175], [186]
• Promorphology (Haeckel), [249]
• Protoplasm, [169], [188]-9
• Purkinje, [172], [173], [175], [176], [189]
• Quatrefages, A. de, [172], [195]-6
• Rádl, E., on Goethe, [48]
• • Correlation, [240] f.n., [241]
  • On Darwin's Critics, [242] f.n.
  • On Cuvier's Critics, [278] f.n.
• Rathke, H., [133], [136]-7, [174], [194], [269], [351] f.n.
  • Discovery of Gill-slits in Pig and Chick, [134]
  • Discovery of Gill-slits in Man, [135]
  • Germ-Layer Theory, [136], [208]
  • Embryological Criterion, [138], [140]-1
  • Homologies of Gill-arches, [139]-41, [146], [150]
  • Development of Skull, [141], [150]-4
  • Vertebral Theory of Skull, [141], [154]-6
  • Embryological Archetype, [151], [153]
  • Membrane and Cartilage Bones, [163], [166]
• Rauber, A., [330]
• Réaumur, [22], [315]
• Recapitulation Theory. See "Development, Biogenetic Law"
• Regeneration, [315], [318], [333], [346]
• Regulatory Processes in Development, [114], [319], [333], [346]-7, [350]
• Reichert, C. B., Embryological Criterion, [138]-9, [144]-7, [163] Archetype, [139], [147], [149]
  • Homologies of Gill-arches and Ear-ossicles, [144]-7
  • Vertebral Theory of Skull, [147]-9, [157]
  • Von Baer's Law, [149]-50, [351] f.n.
  • Membrane and Cartilage Bones, [163], [165], [166], [310]
  • Criticism of "Biological Atomists," [192]-3, [194]
  • Functional Attitude, [193], [200]
• Remak, R., [118], [288] f.n.
  • On Vertebræ, [157]
  • Cell Theory, [173], [187]-8, [209]
  • Microscopical Technique, [209] f.n.
  • Germ-Layer Theory, [209]-12, [296]
  • Cells, Tissues and Germ-Layers, [209]-12
  • Mesoderm, [209]-11
  • Cœlom, [211], [296]
• Repetition of Parts within the Organism, Theory of. See also "Vertebral Theory of Skull"
  • Goethe, [48]-9
  • Dugès, [87]-8
  • Oken, [94]-5
  • J. F. Meckel, D. A. Meckel, [95]
  • Haeckel (Tectology), [249]-50
• Reymond, E. du Bois, [194], [314]
• Rignano, E., [343]-4
• Robinet, [23], [215]
• Rondeletius, [18]
• Rosenhof, Rösel von, [22]
• Roux, W., [313], [315]-29, [344], [351]
  • Entwicklungsmechanik, [315], [317]-8
  • Materialistic Attitude, [315], [317], [318]-9, [329]
  • Functional Adaptation, [316]-7, [318], [320]-9, [333]
  • Experimental Embryology, [317], [318], [330]-1
  • Simple and Complex Components, [318]-20
  • Functional Definition of Life, [320]
  • Functional Attitude, [320]-9, [335]
  • The Two Periods of Development, [320]-4, [325], [327], [335]
  • Mosaic Theory of Development, [323], [330]-1
  • Metabolism, [324], [329]
  • Structure, Functional and Non-functional, [324]-6
  • Functional Unity of Organism, [326]
  • Functional Adaptation of Blood-vessels, [326]-9
  • Form as manifestation of Activity, [329]
• Ruini, C., [18]
• Rusconi, [133]-4, [186]
• Rütimeyer, L., [361]
• Ryder, [361]
• Sachs, J. von, [170]
• St Ange, M., [146]
• Salensky, [259]
• Saltatory Variation—
• • E. Geoffroy, [78]
  • Von Baer, [242]
  • Kölliker, [243]
  • Owen, [244]
• Sarcode, [169]
• Sars, M., [186], [196]
• Savigny, J. C., [83]-5, [100], [137], [271]
• Scale of Beings, [89], [206], [214]-5
  • Aristotle, [14]-6
  • Anaximander, Anaxagoras, [14]
  • Empedocles, Plato, [15]
  • Albertus Magnus, [17]
  • C. Bonnet, [22]-3
  • Robinet, [23]
  • Buffon, [24]
  • E. Geoffroy, [64]
  • Lamarck, [215]-8, [220]-1, [227]-8
  • As Evolutionary, [218], [220]
  • Haeckel, [256]-7
  • Criticism of this idea—
    • Cuvier, [39]-40, [130]
    • Von Baer, [130]
    • Milne-Edwards, [205]
    • Lereboullet, [207]
    • Darwin, [234]
    • Haeckel, [255]
    • Relation to Evolution-Theory, [214]-5
• Schepelmann, [333]
• Schleiden, [170]-2
• Schmieden, [328]
• Schults, C. H., [173]
• Schultze, Max, [189]
• Schultze, O., [331]
• Schulz, E., [347] f.n.
• Schwann, Theodor, [169], [173]-86, [248]
  • Physiological Standpoint, [173], [179], [180], [182]
  • Development of Cells, [174]-5, [179]-80
  • Cellular Nature of Ovum, [175]-7
  • Development of Tissues from Cells, [177]-8
  • Histology, [178]
  • Materialism and Teleology, [180]-3, [185]
  • Cell-metabolism, [182]-5
  • Cells as organic Crystals, [184]-5
• Sedgwick, A., [347] f.n.
  • Actinozoan Theory of Vertebrate Descent, [299]-300
  • Metamerism, [299]
  • Embryological Archetype, [300]
  • Organism as Historical Being, [308]
  • Cell-Theory, [346]
  • Von Baer's Law, [353]
• Segmentation of Ovum, [186]-8
• Seiler, [138]
• Selection, Natural and Artificial, [307] f.n.
• Self-Differentiation (Roux), [319], [320]-1, [322], [323], [324], [327]
• Self-Regulation (Roux), [319]
• Semon, R., [342]-3
• Semper, C., [259], [269], [278]-82, [284], [286]
  • Annelid Theory, [274], [278]-82
  • Metamerism, [274], [279], [282]
  • Follower of Geoffroy, [278]
  • Unity of Plan and Composition, [279], [303]
  • Principle of Connections, [279]
  • Formal Attitude, [279]
• Sentiment intérieur (Lamarck), [219]-20, [222]-3, [225]
• Serial Homology. See "Metamerism"
• Serres, E., [79]-83, [91], [100], [205]-6, [257] f.n.
  • Criteria of Homology, [80]
  • Law of parallelism, [80]-3, [94], [203]-4, [205]-6
  • Law of Multiple Formation, [80]-1
  • Unity of Plan, [83], [205], [206]
  • Teratology, [83]
  • Meckel's Cartilage, [145] f.n.
  • Transcendentalism, [205]-6
  • Concrescence Theory, [206] f.n.
• Severino, [18]
• Sharpey, [162], [176]
• Siebold, von, [186]
• Skull, Development of, [139]-62. See also "Vertebral Theory"
• Spallanzani, [315]
• Species-Problem—
  • Cuvier, [42]
  • Lamarck, [216], [227]
  • Darwin, [231]
• Spencer, H., [326] f.n.
• Spengel, [285], [287]
• Spinoza, [343]
• Spix, [96], [97], [100], [141]
• Stannius, [165]
• Steenstrup, [309]
• Steinmann, G., [357], [360] f.n.
• Stensen (Steno), [21]
• Swammerdam, [20], [21]-2
• Tachygenesis, [359]
• Technique, Microscopical, [209] f.n., [268]
• Tectology (Haeckel), [249]
• Teleology—
• • Aristotle, [10]
  • Cuvier, [33]-5
  • Kant, [35], [213], [242]
  • Von Baer, [242]
  • Owen, Von Hartmann, [244]
  • Butler, [341]
  • G. Wolff, Driesch, [346]
  • Criticism of—
    • Goethe, [48]
    • Schwann, [180]-2
    • The Darwinians, [241]
    • Haeckel, [248]
    • Evolutionary Morphologists, [308]
• Teratology, [69], [83], [91], [93], [315]
• Thienemann, [23] f.n.
• Thompson, D'Arcy W., [2] f.n.
• Thomson, A., [176]
• Thomson, J. Arthur, [215] f.n.
• Tiedemann, [91], [113], [215], [255] f.n.
• Tissues and Germ-Layers, [118], [209]-12
• Transcendental Anatomy, Relation to Evolutionary Morphology, [302]-8, [312]
• Transcendentalism, French and German Schools, [89], [100]
• Trembley, [22], [315]
• Treviranus, [141], [170], [215], [225] f.n.
• Turpin, [173]
• Types, Theory of (Cuvier and Von Baer)—
  • Cuvier, [41], [124], [289], [291]
  • Von Baer, [123]-4, [289], [291]
  • Bronn, [202]
  • Lereboullet, [207]
  • Criticised by—
    • E. Geoffroy, [60]
    • Haeckel, [289], [291]
    • Lankester, [291]
• Type-Theory and Evolution, [304]
• Unger, [185]
• Unity of Composition, Principle of, Geoffroy, [54], [70]-2, [75]-6, [200], [305]
• Unity of Plan, [88], [241], [278]-9, [303], [312]. See also "Archetype"
• • Aristotle, 6-7, [10]
  • Belon, Severino, [18]
  • Perrault, [19]
  • Robinet, [23]
  • Buffon, [24]
  • Cuvier, [41]
  • Goethe, [45]-7, [51]
  • Vicq D'Azyr, [45]
  • Camper, [45], [46]
  • Herder, [46]
  • Kant, [46], [213]-4
  • E. Geoffroy, [52]-65, [70] ff.
  • Serres, [83], [205], [206]
  • Savigny, [83]
  • Audouin, [85]-6
  • Latreille, [86]
  • Dugès, [86]-7
  • J. F. Meckel, [101]
  • Milne-Edwards, [197]
  • Semper, [279]
  • Haeckel, [289], [291]
  • Lankester, [291]
• Unity of Plan as due to Community of Descent—
  • Darwin, [233], [234]-5, [239], [247]
  • Haeckel, [250]-1
  • Gegenbaur, [263] f.n., [265]
  • Criticism of this idea—
    • O. Hertwig, [355]-7
• Unity of Plan as Conservative Principle—
  • E. Geoffroy, [75], [78]
  • Owen, [112]
  • Gegenbaur, [263]-4
  • Evolutionary Morphologists, [307]
• Valentin, [138], [173], [176]
• Variation, Limits of, Cuvier, [42]
• Vegetative Repetition of Parts—
• • Owen, [111], [286]
  • Bateson, [286]
• Velpeau, [138]
• Vertebral Theory of Skull, [49], [96]-9, [104]-6, [131], [141]-4, [147]-9, [154]-7, [161]-2, [165], [203], [235], [310] f.n.
• Vertebrate Descent, [269]-87, [299]-301, [304]
• Verworn, M., [330]
• Vesalius, [18]
• Vestigial Organs, [233], [237], [309], [312]
• Vialleton, L., [306] f.n., [348]
• Vicq d'Azyr, [45], [95]
• Virchow, R., [188], [191]
• Vitalism, Psychological—
  • Lamarck, [219], [220]-6, [307], [335]
  • Butler, [336]-41
  • Orr, Cope, [342]
  • Ward, [343]
  • Delpino, Francé, Pauly, A. Wagner, Mackenzie, [345]
• Vogt, C.—
  • Criticism of Vertebral Theory, [156]-7
  • Capillaries, [179]
  • Segmentation, [186]
  • Materialistic Attitude, [190]-1
  • Threefold Parallelism, [255] f.n.
• Waagen, [359], [361] f.n.
• Wagner, A., [345]
• Wagner, R., [176]
• Ward, J., [343]
• Weber, [138]
• Weismann, A., [240], [323], [326] f.n., [330]-1, [343]
• Werneck, [173]
• Whitman, C. O., [346]
• Wigand, A., [242] f.n., [356]
• Willey, A., [273] f.n., [306] f.n.
• Williamson, [309]
• Willis, [19]
• Wilson, E. B., [331], [332]-3, [346] f.n., [347] f.n.
• Wolff, C. F., [113]
• • Germ-layer Theory, [119]-20
  • Cells, [170]
• Wolff, G., [346]-7
• Woodward, B. B., [358]
• Wotton, E., [17]
• Zeleny, [333]
• Zittel, K. von, [357], [358]
• Zoja, [331]

---

PRINTED BY