[248] By old, and probably universal, custom, every freeman was bound to attend the “hosting across the frontier” once every year in arms. By Charlemagne’s law, all holders of benefices were bound by their tenure of military service to come, and all Frank-allodial proprietors of three, four, or five mansi (or hydes); every proprietor of an amount less than three mansi combining with others, so that the lowest on the list, the proprietor of half a mansus, in conjunction with five others (i.e., making up three mansi) equipped one of their number for the army. The equivalents of this latter class amongst the English seem to have formed the gemeinred or yeomanry. A less numerous, but a better armed, and probably a more orderly body of men, would be furnished by the Imperial law than by the older custom, which was preserved in Scotland under the name of Scotticanum servitium, sometimes known as forinsecum servitium (Reg. Morav. Cart. Orig. 13), the Sluagh or “hosting beyond the frontier.” The muster of the Highland clan in later times, including “Native men” as well as “Duine Uasal,” answered to the old Sluagh. The expressions Inware, and Utware, are sometimes used, the former answering, apparently, to the Welsh “Llwyd yn Wlad,” or hosting within the borders; the latter to the “Llwyd yn Orwlad,” or hosting beyond the borders. It may be gathered from Reg. Morav. Cart. Orig. 17, that “Scottish service” was rendered on foot and without defensive armour. “Non habemus jus habendi aliquod servitium de domino Willelmo de Moravia nisi forinsecum servitium Scotticanum domini regis ... et secursum ac auxilium quod nobis in defensione regni per potenciam suam armigerorum et equorum et armorum fecit ex libera voluntate sua.” The Thane of Tullibardine had assisted his lord, the Earl of Strathearn, with men-at-arms, horses, and armour, which he was not bound to do in return for his Thanedom, held by Scottish service alone. The arms required for Scottish service were probably those with which the Clans Hay and Qwhele fought on the North Inch (Reg. Morav., p. 382), bows, axes, swords, and daggers, with the addition of the long Scottish spear. The arms of the native Irish in the days of Cambrensis appear to have been a spear, two javelins (resembling the old German framea), and a formidable battle-axe introduced by the Northmen. They gloried in fighting without defensive armour, like Earl Malise.
[249] J. and R. Hexham. Ailred, as above.
[250] The Bishop of Glasgow was not present at the dedication of his own Cathedral Church on 17th July 1136. Vide Reg. Glasg., ch. 3, in which his name does not occur.
[251] Edgar, a natural son of Earl Cospatric, and Robert and Uchtred, sons of Maldred, were the offenders on this occasion—all Saxon names, and from the Lothians apparently, so that for once at any rate those scapegoats, the Picts of Galloway, may be acquitted from blame.
[252] J. and R. Hexham 1138. The 10th and 11th November, and 3d March, are all festivals of St. Martin. The truce probably extended to the latest date, for Alberic did not bring the subject before Stephen until Christmas, after the other dates.
[253] J. and R. Hexham 1138.
[254] J. and R. Hexham 1138. “Fœminca calliditate atque protervitate instante,” are the words of Prior Richard.
[255] J. and R. Hexham 1139. The hostages were the sons of Earls Cospatric and Fergus, of Hugh de Moreville and of Mac. and Mel. (supposed to mean Macduff of Fife and Malise of Strathearn), whom Prior Richard calls five earls of Scotland. Moreville was hardly an earl, though he was probably amongst those greater barons who had “the freedom and custom of an earl.” Assize Dav. 16.
[256] Hen. Hunt., l. 8, p. 223. J. Hexham 1141. All the occurrences in John of Hexham after 1140 are misdated one year, owing to the insertion of the passage “Anno MCXLI. Calixtus Papa concilium Remis instituit xiii. Kal Nov.” This council was held in 1119. Thorstein, whose death is placed in 1141, died on Thursday 8th February 1140, and the battle of Lincoln was fought in the following year.
[257] J. Hexham 1142. The name has been changed into Oliphant.