The Frozen North: An Account of Arctic Exploration for Use in Schools - Edith Horton

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

[Map of the North Polar Regions]
[The Aurora Borealis]
[Sebastian Cabot]
[The Earth on June 21]
[The Earth on December 21]
[Daily Motion of the Heavens as seen at the North Pole]
[Daily Motion of the Heavens as seen at the Equator]
[The Midnight Sun]
[The Change of Seasons]
[Sir John Franklin]
[Glacier, English Bay, Spitzbergen]
[A Ship in the Ice Pack]
[Icebergs in the Polar Sea]
[A Post of the Hudson Bay Company]
[In Winter Quarters]
[Relics of the Franklin Expedition]
[Elisha Kent Kane]
[Fiskernaes, Greenland]
[An Eskimo Dog Team]
[Eskimos and their Dogs]
[Interior of an Eskimo Hut]
[A Walrus Hunt]
[A Herd of Seals]
[Polar Bears]
[Traveling over the Ice Hummocks]
[Dragging the Boats over the Ice Floes]
[Upernavik, Greenland]
[A Greenlander in his Kayak]
[Samoyed Huts in Summer]
[A Samoyed Family in Winter Costume]
[The “Vega” firing a Salute at Cape Tcheliuskin, the Most Northern Point of the Old World]
[Tchuktche and Reindeer]
[Tchuktche Man and Woman]
[Hunting Reindeer]
[The “Jeannette” in the Ice Pack]
[Bird Cliffs]
[Musk Ox]
[An Arctic Snowstorm]
[Sitka, Alaska, in 1880]
[Crossing the Coast Range]
[Tanana Station, River Yukon, in Winter]
[The Raft on which a Journey of Thirteen Hundred and Three Miles was made]
[A Man on Ski]
[Fridtjof Nansen]
[A Herd of Reindeer]
[Nansen’s Camp on the Drift Ice]
[A Group of Greenland Eskimos]
[A View in the Interior of Greenland]
[Sledging across Greenland]
[Skating off the Coast of Greenland]
[The Launching of the “Fram”]
[Boat attacked by Walrus]
[Nansen and Johansen leaving the “Fram”]
[Setting Fox Traps]
[Red Cliff House after the Storm]
[Godthaab]
[The “Tent” Meteorite]
[Andrée begins his Journey]
[Peary in Arctic Costume]
[Moonlight in the Arctic Regions]
[Eskimo Dogs]

The Aurora Borealis.

THE FROZEN NORTH

I. INTRODUCTION

The north polar regions lie within the Arctic circle, and at their center is the North Pole. The distance from the circle to the pole is more than fourteen hundred miles. Intense cold and the hardships of ice navigation have made the discovery and exploration of this region very slow and hazardous.

It is believed that Norsemen from Norway and Sweden, after colonizing Iceland, made settlements on the Greenland coast and carried their seal hunting beyond the Arctic circle, far into the polar regions. But in 1347 a plague broke out in Norway, and the people forgot their far-off colonies. For more than a hundred years after this no attempt was made to enter the Arctic circle.