To indicate changes of hour, the reader may imagine the rim of the clock to revolve counterclockwise, while the five hands remain stationary, or the hands to revolve clockwise, while the rim remains stationary.
Thus, for example, Purg. xxvii. 1-5, the sun was rising at Jerusalem, ‘there where his Maker shed His blood,’ when it was midnight in Spain (on the Ebro) and noon in India, ‘the waves in Ganges burnt by noon’; and therefore sunset in Purgatory: ‘wherefore the day was departing, when the Angel of God joyfully appeared to us.’
III. HELL
| CANTOS | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Dark Wood. | Leopard, Lion, and Wolf. Guidance of Virgil. | i.-ii. | |
| Gate of Hell. | |iii. | ||
| Ante-Hell. | Pusillanimous and neutrals, souls and Angels. St. Celestine v. (Some place Slothful, Accidiosi, here. | iii. | |
| Acheron. | Charon’s boat. | iii. | |
| Brink of the Abyss. | iv. | ||
| Circle I. (Limbo.) | Unbaptized Children and Virtuous Heathen. The Noble Castle. Homer, Virgil, Horace, Ovid, Lucan. Electra, Hector, Aeneas, Caesar; Camilla, Penthesilea, Latinus,Lavinia; the elder Brutus, Lucretia, Julia, Martia, Cornelia, The Saladin. Aristotle; Socrates, Plato; Democritus, Diogenes, Anaxagoras, Thales, Empedocles, Heraclitus, Zeno, Dioscorides; Orpheus, Cicero, Linus, Seneca; Euclid and Ptolemy; Hippocrates, Avicenna, Galen; Averroës. | Outside ethical scheme of Hell, because unknown to Aristotle as sin. Some regard this circle, with Ante-Hell, as representing Negative Incontinence. | iv. |
| Circle II. | Minos. The Lustful: Semiramis, Dido, Cleopatra, Helen, Achilles, Paris, Tristram; Paolo Malatesta and Francesca da Polenta. | Incontinence. | v. |
| Circle III. | Cerberus. The Gluttonous: Ciacco of Florence. | vi. | |
| Circle IV. | Plutus. Avaricious and Prodigal (none recognisable). | vii. | |
| Circle V. (Styx.) | The Slothful? Angry and Sullen. Phlegyas and his boat. Filippo Argenti. | vii.-viii. | |
| Walls of City of Dis. | Fiends and Furies. The Messenger of Heaven. | viii.-ix. | |
| Circle VI. | Heretics. Epicurus and his followers. Farinata degli Uberti, Cavalcante de’ Cavalcanti; Frederick ii, Cardinal Ottaviano degli Ubaldini; Pope Anastasius. | Outside ethical scheme. Intermediate between Incontinence and Violence. Some regard this Circle as included in Bestiality, or as Negative Violence. | ix.-xi. |
| Precipice. | The Minotaur. | xii. | |
| Circle VII. | (1) In the river Phlegethon, the violent against others, tyrants and murderers; Alexander the Great, Dionysius of Sicily; Ezzelino, Obizzo da Esti; Guy de Montfort; Attila, Pyrrhus, Sextus Pompeius; Rinier da Corneto, Rinier Pazzo. Chiron, Nessus, Pholus and other centaurs. | Violence or Bestiality. | xii. |
| (2) In the wood of harpies and hell-hounds, the violent against themselves, suicides and squanderers; Pier della Vigna; Lano of Siena, Giacomo da Santo Andrea; a Florentine suicide. | xiii. | ||
| (3) On the burning sand:— (a) The violent against God; Capaneus. (b) The violent against Nature; Brunetto Latini; Priscian, Francesco d’Accorso, Andrea de’ Mozzi; Guido Guerra, Tegghiaio Aldobrandi, Jacopo Rusticucci, Guglielmo Borsiere. (c) The violent against Art (Usurers); unrecognisableindividuals of Gianfigliazzi and Ubbriachi, and Rinaldo degli Scrovigni, expecting Vitaliano del Dente and Giovanni Buiamonte. | xiv.-xvii | ||
| Great Abyss. | Geryon. | xvii. | |
| Circle VIII. (Malebolge.) | (1) Panders and Seducers; Venedico Caccianemico, Jason. Horned Devils. | Fraud, Malice. | xviii. |
| (2) Flatterers; Alessio Interminei, Thais. | |||
| (3) Simoniacs; Nicholas iii, awaiting Boniface viii and Clement v. | xix. | ||
| (4) Soothsayers and Sorcerers; Amphiaraus, Tiresias, Aruns, Manto, Eurypylus, Michael Scot, Guido Bonatti, Asdente of Parma. | xx. | ||
| (5) Barrators; the Elder of Lucca, Ciampolo, Frate Gomita, Michel Zanche. Malacoda and the Malebranche. | xxi.-xxiii. | ||
| (6) Hypocrites; two Frati Godenti of Bologna (Catalano | xxiii. | ||
| (7) Thieves; Vanni Fucci; Cacus; Cianfa Donati, Francesco de’ Cavalcanti, Agnello Brunelleschi, Buoso (Donati or degli Abati), Puccio de’ Galigai. | xxiv.-xxv. | ||
| (8) Evil Counsellors; Ulysses and Diomed; Guido da Montefeltro. | xxvi.-xxvii. | ||
| (9) Sowers of Scandal and Schism; Mahomet, Ali, Pier da Medicina, Curio, Mosca de’ Lamberti, Bertran de Born; Geri del Bello. | xxviii.-xxix. | ||
| (10) Falsifiers; Griffolino, Capocchio; Gianni Schicchi,Myrrha; Adam of Brescia, one of the Counts of Romena; Potiphar’s wife; Sinon. | xxix-xxx. | ||
| Well of Giants. | Nimrod, Ephialtes, Briareus, Antaeus, Tityus, Typhon. | xxxi. | |
| Circle IX. (Cocytus.) | (1) In Caina; traitors to their kindred; Alessandro and Napoleone degli Alberti, Mordred, Focaccia, Sassolo Mascheroni, Camicione dei Pazzi. | Treachery, Malice. | xxxii.-xxxiv. |
| (2) In Antenora; traitors to country or party; Bocca degli Abati, Buoso da Duera, Tesauro Beccheria, Gianni de’ Soldanieri, Tebaldello, Ganelon, Count Ugolino and Archbishop Ruggieri. | |||
| (3) In Tolomea; traitors to their guests; Alberigo de’ Manfredi, Branca d’Oria. | |||
| (4) In Giudecca; traitors to their benefactors and theirlords; Judas, Brutus, Cassius. | |||
| Centre of the Earth. | Lucifer. | xxxiv. |
IV. PURGATORY
| CANTOS | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Shore of Island. | Cato. Angel of Faith. Casella. | Negligence through lack of Love. | i.-ii. |
| Foot of Mountain. | Contumacious, but repentant; Manfred. | iii. | |
| Gap where Ascent begins. | iv. | ||
| Ante-Purgatory. | Penitence deferred through Indolence; Belacqua. | iv. | |
| Violently slain unabsolved; Jacopo del Cassero, Buonconte, Pia, Guccio de’ Tarlati, Benincasa, Federigo Novello, Gano degli Scornigiani, Orso degli Alberti, Pierre de la Brosse. | v.-vi. | ||
| Sordello. In Valley of Princes: Rudolph of Hapsburg, Ottocar of Bohemia; Philip III of France, Henry I of Navarre; Peter III of Aragon, Charles I of Anjou; Alfonso III of Aragon; Henry III of England; William of Montferrat; Nino Visconti, Currado Malaspina.Serpent, and two Angels of Hope. | vi.-viii. | ||
| Gate of St. Peter. | (Dream of Eagle; St. Lucy). Angel Confessor of Obedience. | ix. | |
| First Terrace. | Purgation of Pride. Omberto Aldobrandesco, Oderisi of Gubbio, Provenzano Salvani. [Alighiero I.] | Sins of the Spirit, or Love distorted. | x.-xii. |
| Steps. | Angel of Humility. | xii. | |
| Second Terrace. | Purgation of Envy. Siena, Guido del Duca, Sapia of Rinier da Calboli. | xiii.-xiv. | |
| Steps. | Angel of Fraternal Love. | xv. | |
| Third Terrace. | Purgation of Anger. Marco Lombardo. | xv.-xvii. | |
| Steps. | Angel of Peace or Meekness. | xvii. | |
| Fourth Terrace. | (Virgil’s discourse of Love.) Purgation of Sloth. Abbot of San Zeno. (Dream of Siren.) | Love defective. | xvii.-xix. |
| Steps. | Angel of Zeal (Spiritual Joy). | xix. | |
| Fifth Terrace. | Purgation of Avarice and Prodigality. Adrian V; Hugh Capet; Statius (who joins Virgil and Dante). | Sins of the Flesh, or Love excessive. | xix.-xxii. |
| Steps. | Angel of Justice (cupidity being its chief opponent). | xxii. | |
| Sixth Terrace. | Purgation of Gluttony. Forese Donati; Bonagiunta of Lucca; Martin IV; Ubaldo |della Pila; Archbishop Boniface of Ravenna; Messer Marchese of Forlì. | xxii.-xxiv. | |
| Steps. | Angel of Abstinence. (Statius on Generation. | xxiv.-xxv. | |
| Seventh Terrace. | Purgation of Lust. Guido Guinizelli, Arnaut Daniel. | xxv.-xxvi. | |
| Purging Fire. | Angel of Purity. | xxvii. | |
| Last Steps. | Cherubim with flaming sword? (Dream of Leah.) | xxvii. | |
| Earthly Paradise. | Matelda. Triumph of the Church. Beatrice. Mystical Tree of the Empire. Lethe and Eunoë. | Eden State of Innocence Regained. | xxviii.-xxxiii. |
V. PARADISE
| The Spheres. | Angelic Orders. | Sciences. | Virtues. | CANTOS | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| The Order of the Universe and the Eternal Law. | i. | ||||
| First Heaven, of the Moon. | (Physical phenomena the work of Celestial Intelligences.) Inconstant in vows; Piccarda Donati and Empress Constance. (Freedom of the Will.) | Angels (guardians of individuals and bearers of tidings of God’s bounty). | Grammar. | Deficient Fortitude. | ii.-v. |
| Second Heaven, of Mercury. | Ambitious spirits of the Active Life; Justinian and Romeo. (The Roman Empire and the Mystery of Redemption.) | Archangels (announce messages of great import and protect nations). | Logic. | Imperfect Justice. | v.-vii. |
| Third Heaven, of Venus. | Purified Lovers; Carlo Martello, Cunizza, Folco, Rahab. (Constitution of Society and bad government.) | Principalities (regulate earthly principalities and draw princes to rule with love). | Rhetoric. | Defective Temperance. | viii.-ix. |
| Termination of Earth’s Shadow. | ix. | ||||
| Fourth Heaven, of the Sun. | Doctors and Teachers. Aquinas, Albertus, Gratian, Peter Lombard, Solomon, Dionysius, Orosius, Boëthius, Isidore, Bede, Richard, Siger. Bonaventura, Agostino and Illuminato, Hugh, Peter Comestor, Peter of Spain, Nathan, Chrysostom, Anselm, Aelius Donatus, Rabanus, Joachim. (Work of SS. Francis and Dominic; wisdom of Solomon; glory of risen body.) | Powers (represent Divine Power and Majesty; combat powers of darkness; stay diseases). | Arithmetic. | Prudence. | x.-xiv. |
| Fifth Heaven, of Mars. | Warriors forming Crucifix. Cacciaguida; Joshua, Judas Maccabaeus, Charlemagne, Orlando, William of Orange, Renoardo, Godfrey de Bouillon, Guiscard. (Florence; Dante’s exile and life-work.) | Virtues (imitate Divine Strength and Fortitude; work signs; inspire endurance). | Music. | Fortitude. | xiv.-xviii. |
| Sixth Heaven, of Jupiter. | Rulers form Imperial Eagle. David; Trajan, Hezekiah, Constantine, William II. of Sicily, Rhipeus. (Justice, divine and human.) | Dominations (image of Divine Dominion). | Geometry. | Justice. | xviii.-xx. |
| Seventh Heaven, of Saturn. | Contemplative spirits; Peter Damian, Benedict, Macarius, Romualdus. (Predestination; the ascetic life; God’s vengeance on corruption.) | Thrones (imitate Divine Steadfastness; execute God’s judgments; purify). | Astrology. | Temperance. | xxi.-xxii. |
| Celestial Ladder. | xxii. | ||||
| Eighth Heaven, of the Fixed Stars. | Triumph of Christ; Assumption of Mary; Peter, James, and John; Adam. (Theological Virtues; St. Peter’s rebuke of corruption in Church.) | Cherubim (image of Divine Wisdom; spread knowledge of God; illuminate). | Natural Philosophy. | Faith Hope, and Charity. | xxiii.-xxvii. |
| Ninth Heaven, the Crystalline. | The Angelic Hierarchies. (Creation as illustrating the Divine Love.) | Seraphim (image of Divine Love; render perfect). | Moral Philosophy. | xxvii.-xxix. | |
| Tenth Heaven, the Empyrean. | The Essential Paradise of Angels and Saints. (Throne of Henry VII.) Bernard. Blessed of the Mystic Rose. Gabriel. Blessed Virgin Mary. | Divine Science of Theology. | xxx.-xxxiii. | ||
| Beatific Vision of the Divine Essence. | xxxiii. |
VI. THE MYSTIC ROSE OF PARADISE
