CONTENTS.

CHAPTER V.
THE WARS OF SCOTLAND, NORTHUMBERLAND, AND WALES.1093–1098.
A. D.PAGE
Events of the year 1093; relations between England and Scotland; results of the war of 1093[3–4]
Growth of the English power and of the English nation under Rufus; the Scottish kingdom becomes English[4–5]
1093 – Death of Malcolm; first reign of Donald[5]
1094 – Reign of Duncan; second reign of Donald[5]
1097 – Establishment of Eadgar[5]
1095 – Revolt of Robert of Mowbray[5–5]
Affairs of Wales; comparison between Wales and Scotland[6]
Effects of the reign on the union of Britain; comparison with Ireland and Normandy[6–8]
§ 1. The last year of Malcolm.
1093.
Complaints of Malcolm against William Rufus; effects on Scotland of the restoration of Carlisle; other grounds of offence[8–9]
March, 1093 – Scottish embassy at Gloucester; Malcolm summoned to Gloucester; Eadgar sent to bring him[9–10]
Present favour of Eadgar with William[9–10]
August – Malcolm sets forth; he stops at Durham[11]
August 11 – He lays a foundation stone of the abbey; import of the ceremony[11–12]
August 24 – Malcolm at Gloucester; William refuses to see him; questions between the kings; William observes his safe-conduct[13–14]
Malcolm’s last invasion of England; he draws near to Alnwick; history of the place[15–16]
English feeling about Malcolm[16]
Nov. 13 – Malcolm slain by Morel[16–17]
Burial of Malcolm at Tynemouth; history of Tynemouth; his translation to Dunfermline[18–19]
Local estimate of Malcolm’s death[19]
Character of Margaret; Malcolm’s devotion to her; her children and their education[20–22]
Margaret’s reforms; Scottish feeling towards them[22–26]
Her religious reforms[22–23]
She increases the pomp of the court[23–24]
English influence in Scotland; English and Norman settlers[24–26]
Nov. 27 – Death of Margaret; different versions; her burial at Dunfermline; Scottish feeling towards her[26–28]
Donald elected king; he drives out the English; meaning of the words[29–30]
Margaret’s children driven out; action of the elder Eadgar[30]
Eadgyth and Mary brought up at Romsey; Malcolm at Romsey; story of Eadgyth and William Rufus[31–32]
Events of 1094; order of Scottish events[32–33]
Christmas, 1093–1094 – Assembly at Gloucester; Duncan claims the Scottish crown; his Norman education[33–34]
1094 – He receives the crown from William, and wins the kingdom by the help of Norman and English volunteers[34–35]
May, 1094 – Revolution in Scotland; the foreigners driven out[35]
November – Duncan slain and Donald restored[36]
1094–1097 – Second reign of Donald[36]
§ 2. The revolt of Robert of Mowbray.
1095–1096.
Conspiracy against William Rufus; no general support for the plot[37–40]
Robert of Mowbray marries Matilda of Laigle[38]
His dealings with Earl Hugh and Bishop William; other conspirators; William of Eu[38–39]
Designs on behalf of Stephen of Aumale[39–40]
Earl Robert plunders the Norwegian ships; the merchants complain to the King; Robert refuses redress[40–41]
March 25, 1095 – Easter assembly at Winchester; Robert summoned, but refuses to come[41]
April 4 – Falling stars[41–42]
Messages between the King and Robert[42]
May 13 – Whitsun assembly at Windsor; Robert again refuses to come[42]
The King marches against Robert; his rebellion[42–43]
The rebels expect help from Normandy[44]
The King marches to Nottingham; Anselm’s command in Kent[44–45]
Robert’s fortresses; the New Castle, Tynemouth, Bamburgh; taking of the New Castle[46–47]
July – Siege of Tynemouth; description of the site; taking of Tynemouth[47–48]
The castle of Bamburgh; Robert defends it against the King[49–50]
Failure of direct attacks; making of the Malvoisin; the King goes away[51–52]
Robert entrapped by a false message; he flees to Tynemouth; he is besieged in the monastery, taken, and imprisoned[52–53]
Bamburgh defended by Matilda of Laigle[54]
November – She yields to save her husband’s eyes[54]
Later history of Robert and Matilda[54–55]
Morel turns King’s evidence[55]
1095–1096 – Christmas assembly at Windsor; all tenants-in-chief summoned; constitutional importance of the meeting[56–59]
January 13 – The meeting adjourned to Salisbury; action of the assembly; no general sympathy with the accused[56–59]
Bishop William charged with treason and summoned to take his trial; portents foretelling his death[59–61]
Dec. 25, 1095–
Jan. 1, 109 – His sickness and death		[61]
Debate as to his burial-place; he is buried in the chapter-house[61–62]
Sentences of the assembly; Earl Hugh buys his pardon[62–63]
January 13 – William of Eu appealed by Geoffrey of Baynard, and convicted by battle[63]
He is blinded and mutilated; action of Earl Hugh[64–65]
Story of Arnulf of Hesdin; his innocence proved by battle[65]
He goes to the crusade and dies[66]
William of Alderi sentenced to death; the King refuses to spare him[66–67]
His pious end[67–68]
Last days of William of Eu and of Morel[68–69]
§ 3. The Conquest and Revolt of Wales.
1093–1097.
Relations with Wales; character of the Welsh wars of Rufus; effect of the building of castles[69–71]
Welsh campaigns of Harold and William Rufus compared[71–72]
Immediate failure and lasting success[71]
Comparison of the conquest of Wales with the English and Norman conquests; difference of geographical conditions[72–74]
Extension of England by conquest and settlement[74]
Various elements in Wales; the Flemish settlements; ndurance of the Welsh language[74–75]
The local nomenclature of Wales contrasted with that of England[75–76]
The Welsh castles; contrast with England; the Welsh towns[76–77]
Conquests before the accession of Rufus; Robert of Rhuddlan; reigns of Rhys ap Tewdwr and Cedivor[77–78]
1091 – Saint David’s robbed by pirates[78]
1093 – Beginning of the conquest of South Wales; legend of the conquest of Glamorgan[79–81]
Story of Jestin and Einion; settlement of Robert Fitz-hamon and his knights[80–81]
Estimate of the story; elements of truth[81–82]
History of Robert Fitz-hamon; his lands, marriage, and settlement at Cardiff[82–83]
His works at Gloucester and Tewkesbury; his grants of Welsh churches to English monasteries[84]
Distinction between Morganwg and Glamorgan; extent of Glamorgan[85]
The lords and their castles[86–87]
The South-Welsh churches and monasteries[88–89]
Saxon and Flemish settlements in South Wales; oundation of boroughs[88]
Conquest of Brecknock; Bernard of Newmarch and his wife Nest[89–91]
Easter, 1093 – Defeat and death of Rhys at Brecknock; effects of his death[91–92]
April 30 – Cadwgan harries Dyfed[92]
July 1 – Norman conquest of Ceredigion and Dyfed[92–93]
Tale of Rufus’s threats against Ireland[92–93]
Acquisition of Saint David’s; Bishop Wilfrith[94]
The Pembrokeshire castles[95]
Pembroke castle begun by Arnulf of Montgomery; second building by Gerald of Windsor; his wife Nest[96–97]
Earl Hugh in Anglesey; castle of Aberlleiniog[97]
Advance of Earl Roger in Powys; castle of Rhyd-y-gors[97]
Seeming conquest of Wales; Gower and Caermarthen unsubdued[98]
Effect of William’s absence; general revolt under Cadwgan son of Bleddyn[98–100]
Invasion of England[100]
Deliverance of Anglesey; Aberlleiniog castle broken down[101]
Character of the war; action of Cadwgan in Dyfed; Pembroke castle holds out[101–102]
Question of a winter campaign; conquest of Kidwelly, Gower, and Caermarthen[102]
1099 – Alleged West-Saxon settlement in Gower; the Gower castles[103]
Pagan of Turberville helps the Welsh[104]
North Wales holds out; the Welsh take Montgomery[104–105]
Michaelmas, 1095 – William’s invasion of Wales[105]
November 1 – He reaches Snowdon; ill-success of the campaign[105]
1096 – The Welsh take Rhyd-y-gors; revolt of Gwent and Brecknock[106]
English feeling towards the war[106–107]
Vain attempts to recover Gwent[107]
Importance of the castles; the Welsh attack Pembroke; defence of Gerald of Windsor[108–109]
1097 – Gerald takes the offensive against the Welsh[110]
Easter, 1097 – William’s second campaign; seeming conquest; fresh revolt under Cadwgan[110–111]
June–Aug. 1097 – William’s third campaign; his ill-success[111–112]
October – He determines to build castles[112–113]
§ 4. The Establishment of Eadgar in Scotland.
1097–1098.
August, 1097 – Decree for action in Scotland; the elder Eadgar commissioned to restore the younger[114]
Story of Godwine and Ordgar; the Ætheling Eadgar cleared by battle[114–118]
Estimate and importance of the story[117–118]
September – The two Eadgars march to Scotland; exploits of Robert son of Godwine; defeat and blinding of Donald; later life of Eadmund[118–120]
1097–1107 – Reign of Eadgar in Scotland[120–123]
Eadgar’s gifts to Robert son of Godwine[121]
1099–1100 – Eadgar and Robert go to the Crusade[121–122]
1103 – Exploits and martyrdom of Robert son of Godwine; parallels and contrasts[122–123]
1107–1124 – Reign of Alexander in Scotland; friendship of the Scottish kings for England; Turgot and Eadmer[124]
1124–1153 – Reign of David in Scotland; English influence in Scotland; the Scottish kings of the second series[125–126]
§ 5. The Expedition of Magnus.
1098.
Events of the year 1098; their wide geographical range; Anglesey the centre of the story[126–127]
Winter, 1097–1098 – Schemes of Cadwgan and Gruffydd; they take wikings from Ireland into pay[127–128]
The two Earls Hugh of Chester and Shrewsbury[129]
The Earls enter Anglesey; they rebuild the castle of Aberlleiniog[129–130]
The Earls bribe the wikings; Cadwgan and Gruffydd flee to Ireland[130–131]
Cruelties of the Earls; mutilation and restoration of Cenred[131–132]
1093–1103 – Reign of Magnus Barefoot in Norway; his surnames[133]
He professes friendship for England; his treasure at Lincoln[133–134]
Harold son of Harold in his fleet[134–136]
Designs of Magnus on Ireland; Irish marriage of his son Sigurd; his voyage among the islands[136]
1075–1095 – Reign of Godred Crouan in Man and the Sudereys[136–137]
1078–1094 – His Irish dominion[136–137]
His sons Lagman and Harold[137]
Rulers of Man sent from Ireland and Norway; civil war in Man[137–138]
Legend of Magnus and Saint Olaf[138–140]
Magnus seizes the Orkney earls and gives the earldom to his son Sigurd[140]
Further voyage of Magnus; he occupies Man; his designs[140–142]
He approaches Anglesey; preparations of the earls; he fleet off Aberlleiniog[142–143]
Death of Hugh of Shrewsbury; different versions[143–144]
Peace between Magnus and Hugh of Chester[145]
Anglesey and North Wales subdued by Hugh[145–146]
Sigurd’s kingdom in the islands; dealings of Magnus with Scotland[145–146]
§ 6. The Establishment of Robert of Bellême in England.
1098.
1098 – Effects of the death of Hugh of Shrewsbury; Robert of Bellême buys his earldom and his other possessions; doubtful policy of the grant[147–149]
Unique position of Robert in England; effects of his coming; his cruelty and spoliations[149–151]
His skill in castle-building; his defences in Shropshire; early history of the Shropshire fortresses[151–152]
896–912 – First works at the Bridge[152–153]
Quatford; Earl Roger’s house and chapel[153–154]
Robert of Bellême removes to Bridgenorth and Oldbury[155–158]
The group of fortresses[158]
Robert builds the castle of Careghova[158]
Roger of Bully; his Yorkshire and Nottingham estates[159–160]
The castle of Tickhill; use of the names Tickhill and Blyth[160–162]
1088 – The priory of Blyth founded by Roger of Bully[161]
Death of Roger of Bully; his lands granted to Robert of Bellême[162–164]
CHAPTER VI.
THE LAST WARS OF WILLIAM RUFUS. 1097–1099.
1097–1100 – Character of the last years of William Rufus; his designs on France[165–167]
1097–1098 – Beginning of the wars between France and Maine[167]
Nov. 1097 – William crosses the sea[167]
Comparison of France and Maine; Philip and Helias; advantage of the kingly dignity[168–170]
Lewis son of Philip[170]
Jan. 1098 – Beginning of the war of Maine[170]
§ 1. The Beginning of the French War.
1097–1098.
1092 – King Philip; his adulterous marriage with Bertrada of Montfort[171–172]
Opposition of Ivo and Hugh of Lyons; excommunication of Philip and Bertrada[173–174]
Sons of Philip and Bertrada; she schemes against Lewis[174]
Philip invests Lewis with the Vexin[175]
1097 – William’s grounds of offence; he demands the cession of the Vexin; his demand is refused[175–176]
November 11–30 – William crosses to Normandy; excesses of his followers in England[176–177]
William and Lewis; difficulties of Lewis; fate of the captives on each side[178–179]
French traitors; Guy of the Rock; description of Roche Guyon[179–182]
Policy of Robert of Meulan; he receives William’s troops; importance and description of Meulan[182–184]
Prospects of William; failure of his plans[184–185]
The castle of Chaumont-en-Vexin[185–186]
1096 – The castle of Gisors; its first defences strengthened by Robert of Bellême[186–188]
Castles of Trye and Boury[188–189]
National feeling in the French Vexin[189–190]
Prisoners on both sides; Gilbert of Laigle; Simon of Montfort[190]
§ 2. The First War of Maine.
1098.
November, 1097–1098 – Dates of the French war[191]
Jan.–Aug. 1098 – War of Maine[191]
1089 – Robert suspects the loyalty of Maine; he asks help of Fulk of Anjou; marriage of Fulk and Bertrada[191–194]
1090 – Movements in Maine; Hugh son of Azo sent for[194–195]
Character of Helias of La Flèche; his descent; his castles; he accepts the succession of Hugh[195–197]
1090 – Revolt of Maine; Hugh received at Le Mans[197–200]
Bishop Howel imprisoned by Helias[197–199]
Release of Howel; his dealings with Robert[199–200]
Disputes between Hugh and Howel; disputes of Howel with his chapter; he goes to England[201]
June 28, 1090 – Return of Howel; unpopularity of Hugh[202]
February, 1091 – Helias buys the county of Hugh[202–203]
1091–1098 – First reign of Helias; peace of the land[203–204]
October 17, 1093 – Translation of Saint Julian[204]
November, 1095 – Visit of Pope Urban to Le Mans[205]
1095–1097 – Sickness of Howel[205]
1095–1096 – Helias takes the cross; estimate of his conduct[205–207]
Aug. 1096 – William in Normandy; danger to Maine; negotiations of Helias with Robert[207]
Interview of William and Helias; mutual challenge and defiance[208–210]
1096–1097 – William delays his attack[210]
July 29, 1097 – Death of Howel; disputed election to the bishopric[210–211]
1097–1126 – Hildebert Bishop of Le Mans[211–212]
Claims of the Norman dukes over the bishopric; anger of Rufus at the election of Hildebert[211–213]
Nov. 1097 – William in Normandy; his designs on Maine[213]
Robert of Bellême attacks Maine; Helias strengthens Dangeul; geographical character of the war[213–214]
Jan. 1098 – Robert of Bellême invites the King; guerrilla warfare of Helias[214–215]
William leaves Maine; Robert of Bellême continues the war; castles held by him[216–219]
Nature of the country and of the war; comparison of Maine and England[219–221]
Helias defeats Robert at Saônes; cruelty of Robert[221–223]
April 28, 1098 – Second victory of Helias; he is taken prisoner near Danguel[223–224]
Helias surrendered to the king; contrast between William Rufus and Robert of Bellême[224–225]
Hildebert and the council at Le Mans[225–226]
William at Rouen; a great levy ordered; numbers of the army[226–228]
June, 1098 – The army meets at Alençon; invasion of Maine; truce with Ralph of Fresnay[228–230]
Dealings with the nobles of Maine[230–231]
May 5 – Fulk of Anjou at Le Mans; he leaves Geoffrey in command[231–232]
March of William Rufus; he approaches Le Mans by Coulaines; he ravages Coulaines[232–234]
Sally from the city; Rufus goes away; the siege of Le Mans raised[234–236]
Ballon betrayed to Rufus; occupied by Robert of Bellême, and besieged by Fulk[235–236]
July 20 – William relieves Ballon; his treatment of the captive knights[236–237]
August – Fulk goes back to Le Mans; convention between William and Fulk; Le Mans to be surrendered and Helias set free[237–238]
Submission of Le Mans; William’s entry[238–241]
William leaves Le Mans; general submission of Maine[241]
Meeting of William and Helias at Rouen; the offers of Helias rejected; his defiance[242–243]
Helias set free; illustration of the King’s character[244–245]
§ 3. The End of the French War.
September-December, 1098.
1097–1099 – William on the Continent; extent of his conquest in Maine; he begins, but does not finish[245]
September 27, 1098 – He sets forth against France; the sign in the sky[246]
He marches to Pontoise; position of the town and castle; Pontoise his furthest point[247–248]
Siege of Chaumont; castle not taken[248–249]
Alliance between Normandy and Aquitaine; coming of Duke William of Poitiers[249–250]
Campaign to the west of Paris; valley of the Maudre; the two Williams march against the Montfort castles[250–252]
The castles resist singly; Peter of Maule[252–253]
The two Simons of Montfort; the castle of Montfort; successful defence of the younger Simon[253–255]
Christmas, 1098–1099 – William keeps Christmas in Normandy; truce with France[255]
Ill-success of the French war; illustrations of William’s character[256]
§ 4. The Gemót of 1099.
April 10, 1099 – Easter assembly[256]
May 19 – Whitsun assembly in the new hall at Westminster[257]
Buildings of William Rufus; they are reckoned among the national grievances; probable abuses of the law[257–260]
Various grievances and natural phænomena[258]
The wall round the tower, the bridge, and the hall; growth of the greatness of London; relations of London and Winchester[259–261]
Westminster Hall; its two founders; its history[262–263]
Object of the hall; personal pride of Rufus; the Whitsun feast; the sword borne by the King of Scots[263–264]
Deaths of bishops and abbots; character and acts of Walkelin of Winchester[265–266]
April 8, 1093 – The monks take possession of the new church of Winchester[266]
1097–1098 – Walkelin joint regent with Flambard; the King’s demand for money[266–267]
Jan. 3, 1098 – Death of Walkelin[267]
Death of Turold of Peterborough and Robert of New Minster[267]
Abbot Baldwin of Saint Eadmund’s; rebuilding of the church; the King forbids the dedication[267–269]
April 30, 1095 – Various details of Abbot Baldwin; translation of Saint Eadmund[268–270]
Dec. 29, 1097 – Death of Abbot Baldwin[270]
The bishopric of Durham granted to Randolf Flambard[271]
June 5, 1099 – Consecration of Flambard[271]
1099–1128 – Character of the appointment; Flambard’s episcopate[271–274]
His works at Durham and Norham[272]
Later events of the year 1099[274]
§ 5. The Second War of Maine.
April–September, 1099.
Aug. 1098-April, 1099 – Helias withdraws to La Flèche; he strengthens the castles on the Loir[274–276]
April, 1099 – He attacks the castle held by the King[277]
June – He marches against Le Mans; battle at Pontlieue; he recovers Le Mans[277–278]
The castles still held for the King; the Normans set fire to the city; comparison of Le Mans and York[279–281]
Vain operations against the castles; use of the church towers; Robert of Bêlleme strengthens Ballon[281–282]
The news brought to William in the New Forest; his ride to the coast[282–284]
He crosses to Touques and rides to Bonneville; the castle of Bonneville[284–287]
His levy; he marches to Le Mans; Helias flees to Château-du-Loir[287]
William passes through Le Mans; he harries southern Maine; Helias burns the castles[288–289]
William besieges Mayet; observance of the Truce of God; details of the siege; the siege raised[289–294]
The land ravaged, but the campaign left unfinished[294–295]
William at Le Mans; his good treatment of the city; he drives out the canons[295–296]
Sept. 1099 – He goes back to England[296]
Hildebert reconciled to the King; the King bids him pull down the towers of Saint Julian’s; question whether the order was carried out[297–300]
1099 – Revolt in Anglesey; return of Cadwgan and Gruffydd; recovery of Anglesey and Ceredigion by the Welsh[300–301]
Nov. 3, 1099 – The great tide in the Thames[302]
December 3 – Death of Bishop Osmund of Salisbury[302]
CHAPTER VII.
THE LAST DAYS OF WILLIAM RUFUS AND THE ACCESSION OF HENRY.1100–1102.
1000–1100 – End of the eleventh century; changes in Britain and in the world[303–307]
Change from Æthelred to William Rufus; contradiction in William’s position; his defeats not counted defeats[307–308]
The year 1100; lack of events in its earlier months; comparison with the year 1000; vague expectations, portents, and prophecies[308–310]
§ 1. The Last days of William Rufus.
January–August, 1100.
The three assemblies of 1099–1100; no record of these assemblies; continental schemes of Rufus[310–311]
Return of Robert from the crusade; his marriage with Sibyl of Conversana[311–313]
William of Aquitaine; his crusade; he proposes to pledge his duchy to Rufus; preparations for the occupation of Aquitaine[313–314]
Alleged designs of Rufus on the Empire[314]
May, 1100 – Portents; death of Richard son of Robert[315–316]
June, July – Warlike preparations[317]
July 15 – Consecration of Gloucester abbey[317]
August 1 – Visions and prophecies; Abbot Fulchered’s sermon at Gloucester[317–321]
August 1 – William at Brockenhurst; his companions; Walter Tirel; his history; his gab with the King; illustrative value of the story[321–325]
August 2 – Last day of William Rufus; various versions of his death; estimate of the received tale[325–327]
Versions of Orderic and William of Malmesbury[327–331]
Versions which assert a repentance for Rufus[331–332]
Version charging Ralph of Aix[333–335]
Impression made at the time by the death of Rufus; its abiding memory; local traditions; end and character of Rufus[335–337]
Accounts of William’s burial; the genuine story; his popular excommunication; he is buried in the Old Minster without religious rites[338–341]
July 31 – Portents at William’s death; dream of Abbot Hugh of Clugny[341]
August 1 – Vision of Anselm’s doorkeeper[341]
August 2 – News brought to Anselm’s clerk; vision of Count William of Mortain[341–343]
§ 2. The First Days of Henry.
August 2-November 11, 1100.
Vacancy of the throne; claims of Robert by the treaty of 1091; choice between Robert and Henry; claims of Henry; his speedy election[343–345]
August 2 – Story of Henry on the day of the King’s death; he hastens to Winchester[345–346]
He demands the treasure and is resisted by William of Breteuil; popular feeling for Henry[346–347]
August 3 – Meeting for the election; division in the assembly; influence of Henry Earl of Warwick; Henry chosen King[347–348]
Henry grants the bishopric of Winchester to William Giffard[349]
August 5 – Henry crowned at Westminster; form of his oath; joy at his accession[349–351]
He puts forth his charter; its provisions[352–357]
Privilege of the knights and its effects[355–356]
Renewal of the Law of Eadward[357]
Witnesses to the charter[358]
August 5 – Appointments to abbeys; Robert of Saint Eadmund’s and Richard of Ely; their later history[359–360]
1100–1120 – Herlwin Abbot of Glastonbury[360]
1100–1117 – Faricius Abbot of Abingdon[360]
Imprisonment of Flambard[361–362]
The King’s inner council[362–363]
The news of the King’s death brought to Anselm; his grief[363]
Letters to him from his monks and from the King; popular language of Henry’s letter[363–366]
Intrigues of the Norman nobles with Robert; renewed anarchy in Normandy[366–367]
Sept. 1100 – Return of Robert to Normandy; his renewed no-government[367–368]
Henry keeps his own fief; war between Henry and Robert[368]
Sept. 23. – Return of Anselm[368]
Helias returns to Le Mans; the King’s garrison holds out in the royal tower[370]
Helias calls in Fulk; siege of the tower[370]
Courtesies between Helias and the garrison; messages sent to Robert and Henry; surrender of the castle[370–373]
1100–1110 – Just reign of Helias; his friendship for Henry[373]
1109 – His second marriage; later history of Maine; descent of the later English kings from Helias[374]
Meeting of Anselm and Henry; comparison of the dispute between Anselm and William Rufus and that between Anselm and Henry[374–375]
Henry calls on Anselm to do homage; Anselm refuses; hange in his views[375–377]
Truce till Easter; the Pope to be asked to allow the homage; the spiritual power strengthened through Rufus’ abuse of the temporal power[375–378]
The temporalities of the archbishopric provisionally restored[378]
Reformation of the court; personal character of Henry; his mistresses and children; story of Ansfrida and her son Richard[379–382]
Henry is exhorted to marry; he seeks for Eadgyth daughter of Malcolm; policy of the marriage[382–383]
Objections to the marriage; Eadgyth said to have taken the veil[384]
Anselm holds an assembly to settle the question; adgyth declared free to marry; other versions of the story[384–387]
November 11, 1100 – Marriage of Henry and Eadgyth; she changes her name to Matilda[387–388]
Anselm’s speech at the wedding; objections not wholly silenced[388]
1100–1118 – Matilda as Queen; her children and character;“Godric and Godgifu”[388–391]
Guy of Vienne comes as Legate; his claims not acknowledged[391]
Nov. 18 – Death of Thomas Archbishop of York[391]
1100–1108 – Gerard of Hereford Archbishop of York[392]
§ 3. Invasion of Robert.
January–August, 1101.
Likeness of the years 1088 and 1101; plots to give the crown to Robert; a party in Normandy to give the crown to Henry[392–393]
Character of Robert and Eadgar; Robert as crusader; is relapse on his return to Normandy[394]
Parties in England and Normandy; Henry’s strict rule distasteful to the nobles[394–395]
Plots of Robert of Bellême and others; Duke Robert’s grants to Robert of Bellême[395–396]
Christmas 1100–1101 – Assembly at Westminster[396]
Flambard escapes to Normandy; his influence with Robert[396–398]
April 21 – Easter assembly at Winchester; the questions between Henry and Anselm adjourned; growth of the conspiracy[399]
June 9 – Whitsun assembly; its popular character; mediation of Anselm; renewed promise of good laws[399–400]
The Church and the people for Henry; England united against invasion[401]
Importance of the campaign of 1101; last opposition of Normans and English; their fusion under Henry[401–402]
July, 1101 – Robert and his fleet at Tréport[401–403]
Henry’s levée; Anselm and his contingent; the English at Pevensey[403–404]
The English fleet sent out; some of the crews desert to Robert[404]
July 20 – Robert lands at Portchester; comparison with former invasions[405–406]
Robert marches on Winchester; Matilda in child-bed in the city; he declines to attack Winchester[406]
Estimate of his conduct; personal character of the chivalrous feeling[406–408]
Robert marches towards London; the armies meet near Maldon[408–409]
Desertion of Robert of Bellême and William of Warren[408–409]
July 26 – Death of Earl Hugh[410]
Anselm’s energy on the King’s side; zeal of the English; exhortations of the King[410–411]
Negotiations between Henry and Robert; their personal meeting; they agree on terms[412–413]
Treaty of 1101; Robert resigns his claim to England; enry gives up his Norman possessions, but keeps Domfront; other stipulations[413–414]
Michaelmas, 1101 – Robert goes back; mischief done by his army[415]
§ 4. Revolt of Robert of Bellême.
1102.
Continued disloyalty of the Norman nobles; Henry’s plans for breaking their power[415]
Flambard in Normandy; his dealings with the see of Lisieux[415–416]
Banishment and restoration of Earl William of Warren[416]
Other banishments; trial of Ivo of Grantmesnil; his bargain with Robert of Meulan[417–418]
1102–1118 – Robert of Meulan Earl of Leicester; his death; his ecclesiastical foundations[418–421]
Christmas, 1101–1102 – Assembly at Westminster; danger from Robert of Bellême; the King watches him[420–421]
April 6, 1102 – Easter assembly at Winchester; Robert of Bellême summoned, but does not come[421–422]
Second summons to Robert; the war begins[422]
Robert and his brothers Arnulf and Roger; his acquisition of Ponthieu; his dealings with Wales, reland, and Norway[423–424]
Condition of Wales; return of Gruffydd and Cadwgan[424]
Alliance of Robert of Bellême with the Welsh[425]
Arnulf’s dealings with Murtagh; the Irish king’s daughter promised to him[425–426]
Henry’s negotiations with Duke Robert; the Duke attacks Robert of Bellême’s fortress of Vignats[426]
Treason of Robert of Montfort; defeat of the besiegers; eneral ravages[427–428]
Robert of Bellême strengthens his castles; his works at Bridgenorth[428]
The King besieges Arundel; truce with the besieged[428–429]
Robert and Arnulf harry Staffordshire[429]
Surrender of Arundel[430]
Surrender of Tickhill; its later history[431–432]
Autumn, 1102 – Henry’s Shropshire campaign; Robert of Bellême at Shrewsbury; the three captains at Bridgenorth[432–433]
Story of William Pantulf; he joins the King; his services[434–435]
Siege of Bridgenorth; division between the nobles and the mass of the army[435–437]
Gathering of the mass of the army; they stand by the King[437–438]
William Pantulf wins over Jorwerth to the King[439–440]
The captains at Bridgenorth agree to surrender[440–441]
Arnulf goes to Ireland; Robert asks help of Magnus in vain[442–443]
The mercenaries at Bridgenorth refuse to surrender; hey are overpowered by the captains and the townsmen[443–444]
Surrender of Bridgenorth; the mercenaries march out with the honours of war[444–445]
Robert still holds Shrewsbury; his despair[445–446]
The King’s march to Shrewsbury; zeal of the English; learing of the road[446–447]
The King refuses terms to Robert; he submits at discretion, and is banished from England[448–449]
Joy at Robert’s overthrow; banishment of his brothers; later history of Robert of Bellême[449–450]
1103 – Death of Magnus[451]
1103 – Later history of Jorwerth; his trial at Shrewsbury and imprisonment[451–453]
Assemblies held in various places under Henry[452]
1104–1106 – Establishment of Henry’s power; banishment of William of Mortain; his imprisonment and alleged blinding[453]
1102–1135 – Peace of Henry’s reign; its character; Henry the refounder of the English nation[454–455]
1107 – The compromise with Anselm[455]
1106 – Battle of Tinchebrai[456]
General character and results of the reigns of William Rufus and Henry[456–457]
APPENDIX.
Note A.The Accession of William Rufus[459]
B.The Beginning of the Rebellion of 1088[465]
C.The Share of Bishop William of Saint-Calais in the Rebellion of 1088[469]
D.The Deliverance of Worcester in 1088[475]
E.The Attempted Landing of the Normans at Pevensey[481]
F.The Bishopric of Somerset and the Abbey of Bath[483]
G.The Character of William Rufus[490]
H.The Ecclesiastical Benefactions of William Rufus[504]
I.Chivalry[508]
K.The Purchase of the Côtentin by the Ætheling Henry[510]
L.The Death of Conan[516]
M.The Siege of Courcy[519]
N.The Treaty of 1091[522]
O.The Siege of Saint Michael’s Mount[528]
P.The Adventures of Henry after the Surrender of Saint Michael’s Mount[535]
Q.The Homage of Malcolm in 1091[540]
R.The Earldom of Carlisle[545]
S.The Early Life of Randolf Flambard[551]
T.The Official Position of Randolf Flambard[557]
U.The alleged Domesday of Randolf Flambard[562]
W.The Dealings of William Rufus with vacant Bishoprics and Abbeys[564]
X.The Appointment of Herbert Losinga to the See of Thetford[568]
Y.The Letters of Anselm[570]
Z.Robert Bloet[584]
AA.The Mission of Abbot Geronto[588]
BB.The Embassies between William Rufus and Malcolm in 1093[590]
CC.The Death of Malcolm[592]
DD.The Burial of Margaret[596]
EE.Eadgyth-Matilda[598]
FF.Tynemouth and Bamburgh[603]
GG.The Conquest of Glamorgan[613]
HH.Godwine of Winchester and his son Robert[615]
II.The Expedition of Magnus[618]
KK.The Relations between Hildebert and Helias[624]
LL.The Surrender of Le Mans to William Rufus[628]
MM.The Fortresses of Le Mans[631]
NN.The Dates of the Building of Le Mans Cathedral[632]
OO.The Interview between William Rufus and Helias[640]
PP.The Voyage of William Rufus to Touques[645]
QQ.The Siege of Mayet[652]
RR.William Rufus and the Towers of Le Mans Cathedral[654]
SS.The Death of William Rufus[657]
TT.The Burial of William Rufus[676]
UU.The Election of Henry the First[680]
WW.The Objections to the Marriage of Henry and Matilda[682]
XX.The Treaty of 1101[688]

ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS.

VOL. II.

p. 19, [note 3]. This picture of the two natives, most likely churls, carrying the King’s body on the cart, is singularly like the story of Rufus’ own end to which we shall come presently.

[p. 27, l. 5]. I should not have said “a relic,” as I find that the black cross of Scotland is a relic of great fame, as indeed is almost implied in the story.