Fig. 97.
Fig. 98.
Dumping is a very small item where small dump cars are used on construction work, and does not exceed ½ ct. per cu. yd. When wagons are used it will average about 1½ cts. On railways the cost of unloading with the plow varies somewhat, depending upon the kind of material; it averages about ½ ct. per cu. yd. Unloading by hand averages 6 cts.
On railway work, where the spreader is used, the average cost of leveling the material for widening embankments is only 0.1 ct. per cu. yd.; spreading it by hand will range from 5 to 20 cts. per cu. yd. for widths of 5 to 15 ft. from the unloading track.
The total cost per cu. yd. of excavating and loading, hauling and dumping different kinds of materials with the most usual length of haul averages about as follows:
| Loading. | Hauling. | Dumping. | Total. | |
| Cents. | Cents. | Cent. | Cents. | |
| Sand and loose gravel | 3 | 4 to 10 | ½ | 7½ to 13½ |
| Loam | 3½ | " | " | 8 to 14 |
| Dry clay | 4 | " | " | 8½ to 14½ |
| Damp clay | 6 | " | " | 10½ to 16½ |
| Stiff blue clay | 8 | " | " | 12½ to 18½ |
| Cemented gravel, hardpan, etc., materials loosened by explosives | 10 to 16 | " | " | 14½ to 26½ |