The Origin and Growth of the Healing Art / A Popular History of Medicine in All Ages and Countries

by Edward Berdoe

Preparations of Arsenic have long been used in medicine. Dioscorides applies the name Arsenikon (αρσενικον) to the yellow Sulphuret of Arsenic.

The Arabs call it zurneekh, which is supposed by Sprengel to be a corruption of Arsenikon. They were familiar with the white oxide which they called sum-al-far, mouse poison or rat’s-bane. The Hindus are well acquainted with the form of arsenic known as orpiment, which they call hurtal; realgar, which is their mansil; and white arsenic, which they name sanchya. Royle thinks it was first prescribed internally by the Hindus, who used it for leprosy and intermittent fevers. It is a remedy of great value in many kinds of skin diseases, and is of great use in agues and in all periodic disorders, for which it is only inferior to quinine.

Silver is supposed to have first been employed in medicine by the Arabs. Gold was employed by the Greeks and Arabs in medicine, but it is not known which were the first to so use it. The Hindus used it long before the alchemists investigated its properties.

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INDEX.

• A.
• Abaris cured diseases by incantation, [203].
• Abdominal surgery, [112], [197], [272], [296], [316], [361].
• — surgery of Hindus, [113].
• Abella (about 1059), [313].
• Abercrombie, John (1780-1844), [454].
• Abernethy, J. (1764-1831), [459].
• Abipones, birth customs of, [52], [53].
• Aborigines of Australia, their knowledge of medicine, [34].
• — of South America, [35].
• Abortion in Greece and Rome, [203].
• Abracadabra, [263].
• Abraxas, [263].
• Abyssinians, the, [249].
• Acacias, [35].
• Accad, priests of, [27].
• Accadian mythology, [15], [86].
• Accadians, the, [86].
• Achillini, A. (1463-1512), [337].
• Aconite eaten by horses, [4].
• Actual cautery, [183], [246].
• Actuarius, John (c. 1283), [323].
• Acupuncture invented by Chinese, [130].
• Acute and chronic diseases first distinguished, [212].
• Adamantius of Alexandria, [236].
• Addenbrooke, J. (died 1719), [431].
• Addison, T. (1793-1860), [454].
• Ægidius Corbolensis, [314].
• Ælfred, King, his services to medicine, [274], [275].
• Æneas Sylvius, [336].
• Æschryon (pharmacist), [209].
• Æsculapius, [147], [148], [153].
• Ætiology, [350].
• Ætius (6th cent.), [237].
• Affinity, doctrine of, [423], [449].
• Afflacius, [311].
• African disease theories, [22].
• Agamede, a lady doctor, [155].
• Agate, [257].
• Agathinus of Sparta (1st cent. A.D.), [228].
• Agni, [9].
• Agricola, George (1494-1555), [351].
• Agrippa, Cornelius (1486-1536), [337], [347].
• Ague, [252].
• Ahriman, [141], [142], [143].
• Alaska, treatment of headache by natives of, [17].
• Albertus Magnus (1193-1280), [321].
• Albucasis (d. 1106), [243], [296].
• Alchemy, [301], [350].
• — of the Egyptians, [71].
• Alcohol used everywhere, [46].
• Alcuin, [300].
• Aldabaran, [83].
• Aldrovandi, [346].
• Alexander of Tralles, [234].
• Alexander Severus first established medical lectureships in Rome, [209].
• Alexandria, her famous school, [194].
• — Jews in, [83].
• Alexandrian library, [287].
• — philosophy, [83].
• Alexis, diviners of North America, [26].
• Algonquins, [32].
• Ali Abbas, [296].
• Aliptæ, [44], [171].
• Alkinani, [289].
• Alkins, Henry (born 1558), [363].
• All, the, [450].
• Allopathy, [447].
• Almamon, [289].
• Aloes, [275].
• Alphanus Secundus (c. 1050), [310].
• Althaus, J., [458].
• Alum, [486].
• Amaurosis, [211].
• Amazon, aborigines of the, their medicine men, [26].
• — — their intoxicating drink, [48].
• Ambre or Embre, an Egyptian medical book, [58].
• America, discovery of, [345].
• American medical education, [435], [436].
• Ammon, [150].
• Ammonia, [487].
• Ammoniacum, [275].
• Ammonius of Alexandria (B.C. 283-247), [198].
• Amputations, [42], [70], [216].
• — in Egyptian surgery, [70].
• Amulets, [23], [31], [48], [129], [247]-265, [327], [398], [404].
• — of the Jews, [75].
• Amussat, [458].
• Anæsthesia, how anciently produced, [310].
• Anæsthetics, [449], [464]-466, [480].
• Anathemata, [157].
• Anatomy, [105], [175], [231], [326], [336], [364], [365], [381], [390], [391], [436].
• — of ancient Egyptians, [64].
• — at Alexandria, [195].
• — in England, [461].
• — at Oxford, [381].
• — in Rome, [209], [215].
• — at Salerno, [313].
• — well understood by Hippocrates, [174].
• — human, its revival in Europe, [325], [326], [351], [365].
• — comparative, [375].
• — and physiology have made no progress in China, [128].
• Anaxagoras (born about 499 B.C.), [159].
• Anaximander (born 610 B.C.), [159].
• Anaximenes, [159].
• Ancestor-worship in connection with disease, [22], [23].
• Ancient Medicine, treatise by Hippocrates, [175].
• Andreæ, J. V. (1586-1654), [370].
• Andromachus, [221].
• Andry, N. (c. 1701), [471].
• Anel (1741-1801), [433].
• Anel, D. (1679-1730), [432].
• Aneurism, [235], [389], [432], [434].
• Angakoks, priest-physicians of the Inoits, [30].
• Angelic presidents of medicine, [84].
• Anger of gods as the cause of disease, [270].
• — of demons a cause of disease, [12], [86].
• Anglicanus, Gilbertus, [337].
• Anglo-Saxon medicine, [273].
• Animals and toxicology, [4], [35].
• — experiments on, [216], [217], [378], [379], [436].
• — their medicine and surgery, [3].
• Animism, [7], [8], [24].
• Anthropology, [450].
• Antidotes, [416].
• — for poisons, experiments with, [201].
• Antidotarium, [313], [363].
• Anti-fat, [285].
• Antilles Indians, their exorcism of diseases, [29].
• Antimony, [487].
• Antioquia, Indians of, poisoners of wells, [35].
• Antiseptic surgery, [477].
• — treatment, [177].
• Antonius Musa, [213].
• Antyllus (c. [300] A.D.), 235.
• Anubis, Egyptian god, [60].
• Apaches consider drunkenness a religious duty, [48].
• Apis, Egyptian god, [59], [60].
• Apollo the healer, [147], [169].
• Apollonius of Tyana, [224].
• Apoplexy, Hippocrates on, [182].
• — exorcised by rice, [16].
• Apothecaries, laws relating to, [317].
• Aquinas, Thomas (1225-1274), [321].
• Arabian medicine, [288], [291], [311].
• Aranzi, J. C. (1530-1589), [367].
• Arawaks of Surinam, their birth customs, [50].
• Arbuthnot, J. (1658-1735), [451].
• Archagathus (B.C. 219), first regular practitioner in Rome, [208].
• Archeus, [380].
• Archiatri, the, [206], [210], [236].
• Archigenes of Apamœa (circ. A.D. [98]-117), [228].
• Archimatthæus, [311].
• Aretæus of Cappadocia (1st cent.), [228].
• Aristotle (born B.C. 334), [192], [384], [421].
• Armstrong, G., [439].
• Arneman, J. (1763-1807), [435].
• Arnica, [350].
• Arnold of Villa Nova (1235-1312), [326].
• Arnot, N., [478].
• Arrack, “the Christian deity,” [47].
• “Arrows” as warrants to disease-spirits in China, [127].
• Arrow-poison of Indians, [35].
• Arsenic, [488].
• Artemis, goddess of health, [149].
• Arteries, ligation of, [217], [232], [245], [368].
• — twisting of bleeding, [224], [237], [368].
• Aryans, the, [96].
• Asclepiades of Prusa (1st cent. B.C.), [212].
• — schools of the, [168], [170].
• Asclepiadists, [213].
• Asclepiads, the, [157], [168].
• Ashwins, physicians of the Hindu gods, [100].
• Asoka established hospitals in India, [117].
• — royal patron of medicine, [111].
• Assellius, C. (1581-1626), [390].
• Assyrians, their medicine, [86], [92].
• Asthma, remedies for, [37].
• Astigmatism, [463].
• Astringents, [43].
• Astrology in medicine, [129], [139], [319], [334], [335], [351].
• Astruc, J. (1684-1766), [429].
• Athenæus of Cilicia (c. A.D. 69), [227].
• Athens, plague of, [25].
• Athletes rubbed with oil, [44].
• Atomic philosophy, [164].
• — theory, [159], [449].
• Atoms, doctrine of the, [98].
• Auenbrugger, L. (1722-1809), [453].
• Auscultation, [170], [177], [453].
• Australia, aborigines of, their superstitions, [17], [21], [23].
• Australian tribes, their medical practice, [33].
• Australian-Tasmanian district, [12].
• Autmoins, diviners of North America, [26].
• Automatism, [379].
• Ava, drink made from, [49].
• Avenzoar (12th cent.), [297].
• Averroes (born A.D. 1126), [297].
• Avicenna (born A.D. 980), [296].
• Ayur Veda, the, Hindu medical classic, [98], [99], [102].
• Aztecs, hospitals of the, [239].
• B.
• Baas, J. H., [466].
• Babhata on Hindu medicine, [114].
• Babylon, captivity of Jews in, [81].
• Babylonian religion, [27].
• Babylonians, their medicine, [86].
• Bacchic orgies, [32], [150].
• Bacchus, [150].
• Backtischwah, [290], [291].
• Bacon, Francis (1561-1626), [377].
• Bacon, Roger (1214-1298), [322].
• Bacteria, [472], [473].
• Bacteriologists, [480].
• Bacteriology anticipated by Empedocles, [161].
• Badaga folk, their treatment of pregnant women, [52].
• — their insurance against disease, [29].
• Baer, [481].
• Bafiotes of South Guinea, their surgery, [45].
• Baghdad, medical schools of, [291].
• Baillie, M. (1761-1823), [454].
• Baillou, G. (1536-1614), [363].
• Bandages, waxed, [178].
• Bandaging of mummies, [57].
• Banishing disease-demons, [15], [86].
• Bannister, John, [363].
• Barbers and surgery, [317], [434], [435].
• — and surgeons, their fellowship, [329], [354].
• Barth, J. (1745-1818), [463].
• Bartholin, T. (1619-1680), [376], [390].
• Bartholomæus, [314].
• Bartholomew’s Hospital, London, [359].
• — Hospital medical school, [459].
• Baschkirs expel devils of disease, [138].
• Bassi, [473].
• Bastian, H. C. (b. 1837), [458], [472].
• Basutos, their theory of diseases, [22].
• Baths, [400].
• Bayle, G. L. (1774-1816), [453].
• Bayle, P. (1647-1706), [380].
• Beale, L. S. (b. 1828), [480].
• Beans sacred to Pythagoreans, [164].
• Beclard, J. (1818-1887), [458].
• Beelzebub, god of medicine, [85].
• — cast out by Beelzebub, [29].
• Beer of the Himalayas, [48].
• Beer, G. J. (1663-1821), [463].
• Beetle, an emblem, [250].
• Behaviour of doctors, [312].
• Bell, B. (1763-1820), [459].
• Belladonna eaten by birds and herbivora, [4].
• Bellini, [420].
• Bells, church, medicine drunk out of, [278].
• Benares, a seat of Buddhist medicine, [111].
• Benedict, St., [300], [308].
• Benivieni, A. (c. 1500), [352].
• Bennett, J. H. (1812-1875), [454].
• Bentley, Prof., on new American remedies, [37].
• Berberine, [37], [38].
• Berenger of Carpi (died 1527), [361].
• Bernard, C. (1813-1878), [456].
• Bernard the Provincial, [315].
• Bernouelli, J. and D., [420].
• Bert, P. (1833-1886), [457], [474].
• Bertharius (about 856), [310].
• Berthollet, [448].
• Bertrandi (1723-1797), [433].
• Berzelius (1779-1848), [449].
• Bethesda, pool of, [400].
• Bezoar stone, [257].
• Bible and demoniacal theory of epilepsy, [16], [79].
• — diseases of, [79], [432].
• — its superiority to other sacred books, [74].
• Bichat, M. F. X. de (1771-1802), [429], [446].
• Bile as the cause of sickness first suggested, [160].
• Bint-resh, the princess, cured by the god Khonsu, [65].
• Bird-surgery, [3].
• Birds as evil spirits, [17].
• — fond of toddy, [49].
• Birth customs of the Caribs, [51].
• — Arawaks, [52].
• — Land Dyaks, [52].
• — Abipones, [52].
• — Basques, [52].
• — Corsicans, [52].
• — Chinese, [52].
• — Iroquois, [53].
• — Badaga folk, [53].
• — Romans, [54].
• Bismuth, [487].
• Black death, the, [329].
• — magic, [66], [410].
• Blackmore, R. (1650-1729), [425].
• Blaes, G. (died 1662), [390].
• Blane, G. (b. 1747), [426].
• Bleeding, [82], [134], [156], [217], [274], [280], [285].
• — practised by savages, [33].
• — arrest of, by savages, [40], [42].
• Blizzard, W. (1743-1835), [459].
• “Blood-bread” in consumption, [131].
• Blood as food for invalids, [35], [396].
• — circulation of the, [385], [389].
• — in medicine, [396].
• — pressure, [420].
• — purifiers used by negroes, [38].
• Bloodless amputations invented by Chrysippus, [195].
• Blue cohosh plant, [37].
• Blumenbach, J. F. (1752-1840), [450].
• Bodo folk of India, their disease-demons, [22].
• Boerhaave (1668-1738), [422], [423], [426].
• Bonnet, [472].
• Book of the Dead, [58], [60].
• Bora initiations of Australia, [43].
• Borax, [486].
• Borde, Andrew (c. 1532), [358].
• Borden, T. de (1722-1776), [430].
• Borelli, G. A. (1608-1679), [381], [420].
• Borneo, birth customs in, [52].
• Botanic gardens established, [201].
• Botany, [297], [336], [351], [363], [426], [427], [438].
• Boulimia, a species of hunger, [197].
• Bowls for medicine, [95].
• Box-bark poultices, [33].
• Boyer, A. (1757-1833), [461].
• Boyl-Ya, [17].
• Boyle, Robert (1626-1691), [378], [379], [381], [419].
• Brahmanism, [110].
• Brahmans forbidden by Menu to become doctors, [101].
• — their knowledge of medicine, [101].
• Braid, J., [457].
• Brain, anatomy of, [365], [391].
• — diseases, [228].
• — surgery, [112], [177], [206], [456].
• — — of the Society Islanders, [43].
• Branca, [368].
• Brandy in medicine, [326].
• Briggs, W. (died 1704), [438].
• Bright, R. (1789-1858), [454].
• British Medical Journal, [467].
• Britomartis, [150].
• Brittan, [474].
• Broca, P. (1824-1880), [458].
• Brodie, B. (1783-1862), [459].
• Bromfield, W. (1717-1792), [435].
• Bromine, [487].
• Bronchitis, remedies for, [34], [37], [49].
• Bronchocele, [316].
• Bronchotomy, [364].
• — invented by Asclepiades, [213].
• Broth of human flesh, a Chinese remedy, [131].
• Broussais, F. J. W. (1772-1838), [446].
• Brown, J. (1735-1788), [427].
• Browne, Sir Thomas (1605-1682), [391].
• Brown-Sequard (b. 1817), [456].
• Browning’s Poem, “Saul,” [78].
• Bruner, J. C. (1653-1727), [437].
• Brunhilda, a doctress, [272].
• Bruno, Giordano (1548-1600), [346], [351].
• Brunonian theory, [427].
• Bucknill, J. C. (b. 1817), [457].
• Budd, [474].
• Buddhism, [102], [109].
• — had a gospel for all creatures, [110].
• Buffon (1707-1788), [439], [448].
• Buhitos of Hispaniola, [26].
• Bulleyn, William (died 1576), [363].
• Burial customs of Lower Congo, [24].
• — of disease-demons, [15], [139].
• Burking, [461].
• Burma, disease-demons of, [21].
• Burns, J. (1775-1850), [459].
• Burrows, [476].
• Butts, William (died 1545), [359].
• Byzantine medicine, [243].
• C.
• Cabalism, [84], [337].
• Cabbage, [162].
• Cactus juice an intoxicant, [48].
• Cæsalpinus, A. (1519-1603), [351], [385].
• Cæsarean operation in Central Africa, [45].
• — in Europe, [361], [362].
• Caius, John (1510-1573), [360].
• Cajeput tree, [34].
• Calculi, [177].
• Calenda, [313].
• Caliphs, their services to science, [288].
• Callisen (1740-1824), [433].
• Calumba root, [37].
• Cambodians, their exorcism of small-pox, [30].
• Cambridge University, [340].
• Camomile, [285].
• Camper (1722-1789), [435].
• Cancer, [182], [183].
• Canopic jars of Egypt, [63].
• Capillary vessels, discovery of, [386], [389].
• Carbonic acid, [380].
• Cardan (1501-1576), [351].
• Carib races, their use of cascarilla, [49].
• Carmina (magic songs), [207].
• Carpenter, W. B., [481].
• Carter, R. B., [463].
• Cascarilla, its introduction into medicine, [49].
• Casdim and Mecasphim, [91], [92].
• Cases, collections of interesting, [327].
• Cassava bread, [36].
• Casserius (1561-1616), [364].
• Cassius Felix (1st cent.), [228].
• Cassorius, [390].
• Castor oil, its action on savages, [37].
• Castration, [77], [169].
• Cat, Le (1700-1768), [432].
• Catalepsy, [390].
• Catamenial women possessed by demons, [143].
• — superstitions concerning, [54], [78].
• Cataract, [211], [235], [297], [314].
• Catheter invented, [197], [245], [297].
• Cato as a family doctor, [207].
• Cato’s hatred of doctors, [207].
• Cats, their use of medicines, [3].
• Caul of a child, [273].
• — fat, superstitions concerning, [17].
• Caulophyllin, [37].
• Cauterising instruments, [245].
• Cavendish, [448].
• Caxiri, a drink of the Brazilian Indians, [48].
• Celery, [285].
• Cellular pathology, [455].
• Celsus, A. C. (B.C. [50]-A.D. 7), [215].
• Ceylon, medicine in, [107].
• Chadwick, E., [478].
• Chaldæan doctors of three classes, [90].
• Chaldæans, their medicine, [86].
• Chamberlen, H. (1664-1728), [435].
• Chambre, Dr., [358].
• Characts as amulets, [262], [263], [327].
• Charaka, the Hindu Hippocrates, [100], [103], [289].
• Charas, M. (1618-1698), [394].
• Charcot, J. M. (b. 1825), [456], [482].
• Charlemagne, patron of medical education, [310].
• Charles the First, his miraculous blood, [373].
• Charlton, W. (1619-1707), [438].
• Charms, [23], [27], [86], [129], [133], [247]-265, [327], [334], [398], [404].
• — largely used in Chinese practice, [129].
• — swallowed as medicine, [134].
• Chassaignac, [458].
• Chaucer on domestic medicine, [328].
• Cheiron, the centaur who instructed Æsculapius, [147], [148].
• Chelius, Von (1794-1876), [462].
• Chemistry, [301], [302], [336], [350], [368], [419].
• — of Egyptians, [71].
• — originated at Baghdad, [291], [293].
• Cheselden, W. (1688-1752), [433].
• Chevreuil, [472].
• Cheyne, [420].
• “Cheyne-Stokes respiration,” [454].
• Child-bed described by St. Augustine, [54].
• Children’s hospitals, [439].
• Chinese medicine, [125].
• Chloroform, [464]-466
• Christianity, influence of, on medicine, [237].
• “Christian science healing,” [406].
• Christison, Robert (1797-1882), [454].
• Chronos, Egyptian god, [59].
• Chrysippus (lived [4]th cent. B.C.), [194].
• Chthonic orgies, [32].
• Chyliferous vessels, [390].
• Cicuta (the poison), [220].
• Cinchona bark, [38], [342], [382].
• Circulation of the blood, [202], [236], [237], [325], [351], [361], [364], [365], [378].
• Circumcision, its origin, [76].
• — practised by many races, [76], [77], [342].
• Clark, Andrew (b. 1826), [455], [484], [485].
• Cleopatra, a specialist in women’s diseases, [201].
• Climacteric years, a Chaldæan doctrine, [163].
• Clinical instruction in ancient Rome, [209], [368].
• — medicine, [312], [384].
• — thermometry, [431].
• Clive and vaccination, [440].
• Cloacina, [206].
• Club-foot, treatment of, by Hippocrates, [178].
• — tenotomy in, [462].
• Clysters in Egyptian medicine, [67], [156].
• Cnidian sentences, [170].
• Cnidos, school of, [170].
• Coan prognostics, [170].
• Cod-liver oil, [454].
• Cœlius Aurelianus, [219].
• Cohn, [473].
• Coiter, V. (1534-1600), [364].
• Colchicum used for gout, [218].
• Cold-water dressings, [433].
• — treatment of fever, [439].
• Cole, [420].
• Colic, curious remedy for, [251], [254].
• College of Health in Rome (154 B.C.), [206].
• Collége de Saint Côme, [323].
• Colles, A. (1773-1843), [459].
• Collins, S. (d. 1710), [393].
• Colour-blindness, [449].
• Colours in diseases, [251], [257], [258], [327].
• Columbus (d. 1559), [367], [385].
• Comma-bacillus, [474].
• Comparative anatomy, [192], [391].
• Compass, [294].
• Condensed milk invented, [220].
• Confucianism the chief religion of the Chinese, [126].
• Congo tribes, their theories of disease, [22], [30].
• Conjuring amongst savages, [26].
• Conolly, J. (1796-1866), [457].
• Conrad, Cardinal, [305].
• Conservative surgery, [434], [464].
• Constantine the Carthaginian, [310], [311].
• “Constitutional irritation,” theory of, [459].
• Consultations in ancient Rome, [211].
• Consumption, contagiousness of, [363].
• — treated with blood-bread, [131].
• Contagion, living, [473].
• Convalescent homes of ancient Rome, [240].
• Convulsions, [184].
• Coomboorah, good spirit of Australians, [24].
• Cooper, Astley (1768-1841), [459].
• Copaiba, [38].
• Copho (12th cent.), [313], [314].
• Copland, Robert (c. 1547), [359].
• Copper, [487].
• Coral as a charm, [410].
• — islanders, sorcery of, [23].
• Cordova famous for learning, [292], [293].
• Cordus, E. (1486-1535), [352].
• Cordus, V. (1515-1544), [352], [363].
• Corpuscles of the blind discovered, [389].
• Corsicans and the couvade, [52].
• Corumba wizards, [29].
• Corvisart, J. N. (1755-1821), [453].
• Corybantes, the, [85].
• Cos, school of, [170], [172].
• Cosmas and Damian, SS., [234], [323].
• Cosmo de Medici, [373].
• “Couching” for cataract, [211].
• Council of Tours (A.D. 1163) degraded surgery, [305].
• Couvade, the, described, [50].
• Cow-dung as a remedy, [285].
• — -pox, [439].
• — -religion of the Toda tribe, [48].
• Cowper, W. (1666-1709), [437].
• Cramp-rings, [371].
• “Critical days,” [106], [202].
• Crocodile’s dung used in medicine, [201], [211].
• — incantation against, [65].
• Croome, W. (d. 1684), [393].
• Croonian lectures, [393].
• Crotona, school of, [161].
• Croup, remedies for, [37], [363], [369].
• Cruikshank, W. (1745-1800), [436].
• Crystals, healing by, [33].
• Ctesias of Cnidus, [171].
• Cullen, W. (1710-1790), [426].
• Culpeper (c. 1653), [396].
• Cupping, [45], [156], [246].
• Currie, J. (1756-1805), [439].
• Cuvier, [421].
• Cyclamen, [251].
• Cyon, E. (b. 1843), [457].
• Cyrene, school of, [170].
• Czermak, [459].
• D.
• Dacotas, their theories of disease-demons, [22].
• Daêvas, the causes of disease amongst Parsees, [143].
• Dalton (1776-1844), [449].
• Dancing mania, [331], [339].
• Danish witchcraft, [18].
• Darling river, medicine on the, [27], [35].
• Darwin, Charles (1809-1882), [451].
• Darwin, Erasmus (1701-1802), [428].
• Darwinism in Hindu philosophy, [98].
• Dasyus, [96].
• Davaine, [473].
• David exorcised Saul by incantations, [78].
• Da Vinci, Leonardo (1452-1519), [336].
• Davy (1788-1829), [449], [464].
• Dead, the genii of, in Egypt, [63].
• — offence to the, as cause of disease, [20], [21].
• Death, superstitions connected with, [413].
• — fiends, [144].
• Decussation of optic nerves discovered, [209].
• De Dondis, Jacob (1298-1359), [326].
• Deities of Chinese medicine and surgery, [128].
• Demetrius of Apamœa (B.C. 276), [198].
• Democedes (6th cent. B.C.), [81], [164].
• Democritus of Abdera (5th cent. B.C.), [164].
• Demoniacal possession in Western Africa, [14].
• Demoniacs and lunatics, [16].
• Demonology precedes theology, [24].
• Demon-theory of disease in China, [126], [127], [129].
• Demons of disease, [10], [66], [77], [78], [86], [88], [89], [90], [99], [136], [143], [161], [327], [332], [346].
• Demonstrations of anatomy, [326], [390].
• Demosthenes Philalethes (c. A.D. 50), the oculist, [198], [211].
• Dengen, the gout demon, [14].
• Dental operations, [206], [217], [390].
• Dentistry, [299], [390].
• — of ancient Egyptians, [63].
• Derivation and revulsion, [176].
• Desault, P. J. (1744-1795). [433].
• Descartes (1596-1650), [377], [420].
• Desiderius (c. 1685), [310].
• Development from egg, [377].
• — understood by Pythagoras, [163].
• Devil brought up by emetics, [30].
• Dhanwantari, the Hindu Æsculapius, [104].
• Dhimal people of India, their theories of disease, [22].
• Diabetes first named and described, [198].
• Diagnosis, [228].
• — Egyptian, [68].
• Diana, goddess of health, [149].
• Diarrhœa, remedies for, [34].
• Dictionary, medical, [327].
• Dietetics, [176], [180], [181].
• Dieting the sick in Homer, [153].
• Digby, Sir Kenelm, [397].
• Digestion, [419].
• Diktynna, [150].
• Dill, [162].
• Dimsdale, J. (1711-1800), [439].
• Diocles Carystius, [189].
• Diogenes of Apollonia (460 B.C.), [160].
• Dionis, P. (died 1718), [390].
• Dionysus, [150], [151].
• — festivals of, [50], [150].
• — mysteries of, [32], [150].
• Dioscorides, his materia medica, [225].
• Diotima, the Athenian prophetess, [24].
• Discovery of causes, [165].
• Disease, a punishment for sin, [76], [87], [88], [89].
• — -demons, [29], [30], [86], [99].
• — — of Egypt, [64], [65].
• — dispelled by drumming, [17].
• — goddesses of the Romans, [206].
• — -making in the New Hebrides, [17].
• — personification of, [10].
• — -spirits, [10], [86], [89], [90], [129], [136], [327].
• — theory of, in Bible, [74].
• — theories of the Greeks, [166].
• — -winds, [90].
• Diseases as personages, [15], [139].
• — blown away, [29].
• — caused by offended dead, [20], [139].
• — — ghosts, [18], [31], [139].
• — the consequences of sin in previous states of existence, [100].
• — of the Bible, [79].
• — treated by magic, [26], [27], [86], [90], [351].
• Disgusting remedies, [131], [201], [211], [394]-397.
• Dislocations well treated by Hippocrates, [174].
• Dissection, [218], [219], [325], [326], [379], [390].
• — of the human body, [326], [361].
• — — practised in time of Hippocrates, [174].
• — — in India, [114], [115], [117].
• Dittany eaten by wounded goats, [3], [150].
• Diuretic medicines, [38].
• Divination and physic, [26], [269].
• — by teraphim, [75].
• Dobbo, evil spirits of the Watje, [28].
• Doctor, title of, [307].
• Dodart, [420].
• Dogmatic school, the, [187].
• Dog-rose, why so called, [225].
• Dogs, their use of natural medicines, [3].
• Domestic medicine of middle ages, [324].
• Donzellini, [420].
• Douglas, J. (1675-1742), [426].
• Drake, J. (1667-1707), [431].
• Dran, Le (1685-1770), [432].
• Dreams, the origin of belief in the soul and future life, [9].
• Druggists of ancient Rome, [221].
• Druids, medicine of the, [269].
• Drum of the ear first described, [236].
• Drums, use of, in scaring disease-demons, [17].
• Drunkenness as a religious duty, [48].
• Dualism in Accadian philosophy, [88].
• Dubois, Jacques (1478-1555), [364].
• Duchenne, G. B., [457].
• Dumas (1800-1884), [449], [464].
• Duncan, M., [465].
• Dung in medicine, [396].
• Dusch, Van, [472].
• Dyaks of Borneo, [12], [13], [14].
• Dyonisia, the, drunkenness at, [50].
• Dysentery, remedies for, [34], [131].
• Dyspepsia, remedies for, [37], [38].
• E.
• Eagle stone, [257].
• Ear, anatomy of, [361], [367].
• — bones of, [337].
• — diseases, [217].
• Earth, edible, [36], [37].
• Eastern Inoits, [6].
• Ebers papyrus, [58], [64], [67], [69], [71].
• Ebn Albiathar (died about 1197), [297].
• Ecclesiasticus probably written by a physician, [82].
• Eclectics, sect of the, [227].
• Edinburgh College of Physicians, [373].
• — Medical School, [425], [436].
• Education of physicians, [103], [105], [178], [179], [305], [317], [426].
• Edward the Confessor, St., [372].
• Egypt, its great antiquity, [57].
• Egyptian medicine, [57], [67], [68].
• Ehrenberg, [473].
• Eir, goddess of physicians, [272].
• Elder, the, [256].
• Electricity, [427], [449].
• — first used in medicine, [215].
• Electro-therapeutics, [457].
• Elementary bodies, [83].
• Elements as causes of disease, [16], [90].
• — in Ovid’s metamorphoses, [166].
• Elephantiasis, [228].
• — first described, [213].
• Elixir of life, [100], [396].
• Elliotson, J., [430].
• Embalmers of Egypt, [61], [63].
• Embryotomy, [294].
• Emetics, [43], [83], [156].
• Empedocles (born about 490 B.C.), physiologist and philosopher, [160].
• Empirics, school of the, [199].
• Empiric tripod, the, [199], [201].
• Empyema, how treated by Hippocrates, [182].
• Enchanters, [91], [108].
• Enemas used by Mongols, [135].
• Engineering and physiology, [421].
• Epidaurus, temple of Æsculapius at, [149].
• Epidemics, theory of, [29].
• — of middle ages, [329]-332.
• Epilepsy, [234].
• — and demoniacal possession, [181].
• — in the New Testament, [16].
• Epimenedes, [158].
• Epione (the Soother), [149].
• Episynthetics, sect of the, [227].
• Epsom salts, [438].
• Erasistratus of Iulis (about B.C. [340]-280), [196].
• Erasmus, [357].
• Erichsen, J. E. (b. 1818), [460].
• Erysipelas, [183].
• Esmarch, F. (b. 1823), [462].
• Esmun, Phœnician god, [151].
• Esquimaux, an intermediate type between past and present, [6].
• Essenes, Jewish sect of, [82].
• Esthonians, [9].
• Ether, [352].
• — as an anæsthetic, [464].
• Ethics, medical, [169].
• Etienne, Charles (1503-1564), [364].
• Etiology, [446].
• Etiquette of physicians, [106], [107], [169], [298], [329].
• Etruscans, their science, [205].
• Eucalyptus, a popular remedy of Australian tribes, [34], [36].
• Eudemus (B.C. 15), [214].
• Euphorbius, [213].
• Euryphon of Cnidos, [170].
• Eustachian tube, [367].
• Eustachius, [367].
• Evil eye, [16], [410], [411].
• Examinations instituted at Montpellier, [305], [384].
• Excitability, doctrine of, [427].
• Excitement, theory of, [446].
• Exorcising disease-demons, [15], [86], [87], [136], [144], [163], [327].
• Exorcisms, [10], [13], [20], [21], [64], [72], [86], [90], [135], [136], [139], [142], [327], [411], [412].
• Expectant treatment, [382], [424].
• Experimental medicine, [369].
• — physiology, [212], [378], [379], [436], [456], [457], [483]-485.
• Experiments, surgical, how practised by Hindus, [116].
• — their prerogatives, [322].
• Extension, surgical, [177].
• Eye, construction of the, [337].
• — diseases treated in Egypt with human brains, [69].
• — doctors satirised by Martial, [210].
• F.
• Fabricius (1557-1619), [364], [385].
• Facies Hippocratica, [181].
• Faith healing, its rationale, [320], [333], [481], [482].
• Fallopian tubes, [366].
• Fallopius, Gabriel (1523-1562), [366].
• Faraday, M. (1791-1867), [449].
• Farr, W., [478].
• Faye, Le, [433].
• Fees, [211], [323].
• — of Chinese doctors, [130].
• — the largest on record, [196].
• — of Welsh court physicians, [282].
• — — surgeons, [286].
• — of Parsee doctors, [144].
• Females, their marvellous influence, [53].
• Fennel, [285].
• Fermentation, [471], [473], [474].
• Fermented liquors, how discovered, [46].
• Fern (male), remedy for tape-worm, [36].
• Ferrier, D. (b. 1843), [457].
• Fetish worship, [249].
• Fetishism of the Malagasy, [23].
• Fever and stench goddesses, [206].
• — -demons, [31], [87], [97], [136], [137].
• — -puppets, [31].
• — spirit, the, [87], [89], [136].
• Fevers, treatment of, [383].
• — and ague, remedies for, [34], [43], [136], [137], [181], [342].
• Feverfew (the herb), [249].
• Fiends as the cause of insanity, [22].
• Fiend-sickness, [278].
• Final causes believed in by Galen, [230].
• Finnish mythology, [14].
• — theories of disease, [15].
• Finno-Tartarian magic, [125].
• Fire, [165].
• — -worship, [273].
• Fish capturing by poisons, [35].
• Fistula treated by the ligature, [177], [297].
• Flap operation, [229], [389].
• Flint instruments in surgery, [33], [43], [70].
• Flogging as a remedy, [139], [278].
• Flourens, P. (1794-1867), [456].
• Fludd, Robert (b. 1574), [368].
• Fœtus, anatomy of, [364], [367], [425].
• Fomentations, [42].
• Food remains in sorcery, [17].
• Forbes, J. (1787-1861), [467].
• Forceps, [244], [245].
• — in obstetric surgery, [435].
• Forensic medicine, [376], [454].
• Foster, M., [483], [484].
• Fothergill, J. (1712-1780), [436].
• Fourcroy, [448].
• Four doctors, the, [314].
• — masters, the, [314].
• Fractures, ancient treatment of, [178], [184], [216].
• France, anatomy in, [364].
• Franco, Pierre (c. 1560), [362].
• Frank, J. P., [429].
• Franklin, [450].
• Frascatorius (1483-1553), [363], [388].
• Frederic II., his services to medical education, [316], [317].
• Freemasonry, [370].
• Freind, J. (1675-1728), [432].
• Fuh-Hi, the deity of Chinese doctors, [127].
• Fuller, T. (d. 1734), [438].
• Fumitory and exorcism, [256].
• Funeral ceremonies, physicians not to be present at, [101].
• — offerings of the Egyptian fellahs, [72].
• — superstitions, [29], [72].
• Furnivall, Dr., on the medicine of the Tudor reigns, [359].
• G.
• Gaddesden, John of, [327].
• Galbanum, [275].
• Gale, Thomas (1507-1586), [354], [355], [363].
• Galen (b. A.D. 170), [229], [385].
• Gall, F. J. (1757-1828), [456].
• Gall-stones, [363].
• Galvani, [450].
• Ganglion, [183].
• Gariopontus (about 1056), [310].
• Gastroraphy in the time of the Vikings, [372].
• Gaunab, the Hottentot disease-demon, [16].
• Gay-Lussac, [449].
• Germ theory of disease, [432], [452], [471].
• Gesner, Conrad (1516-1565), [346], [351], [359], [362], [363].
• Geynes, Dr. (died 1563), [360].
• Ghosts as causing diseases, [23], [31], [139].
• Gilbert, William (died 1540), [361].
• Giliani, Alassandra, a lady anatomist, [326].
• Ginseng, [133].
• Gippsland, natives of, [23].
• Girdles, magic, [259].
• Glacial period of the Inoits, [6].
• Gladstone, Mr., on the origin of surgery, [41].
• Glands, anatomy of the, [390], [437].
• — of intestines discovered, [209].
• Glisson, Francis, [389].
• Gnosticism and amulets, [252].
• Goddard, J. (died 1674), [389].
• Gods, plants sacred to the, [46].
• Goethe, [452].
• Goitre, [459].
• Gold, [488].
• Gold Coast negroes trace diseases to ghosts, [13].
• Gooch, B., [433].
• Gordonius, [327].
• Goulston, Thomas (d. 1632), [380].
• Gout, [183], [280].
• Graaf, De, [339].
• Gräfe, Von, [459].
• Gradibus, M., de, [337].
• Graves, superstitions connected with, [413].
• Graves, R. J. (1797-1853), [454].
• Greatrakes, Valentine, [399].
• Gredring, J. E. (1718-1775), [439].
• Greek medicine, [147].
• Greeks indebted to Egypt for philosophy, [98].
• Gregory, J. (1758-1822), [426].
• Grew, N. (b. 1641), [438].
• Gross, S. (1805-1884), [462].
• Guaiacum, [38], [342], [375].
• Guanches of the stone and bone epoch, [6].
• Guglielmini, [420].
• Guinea, people of, attribute disease to enchantment, [29].
• Gunpowder, [294].
• Guthrie, G. (1785-1856), [460].
• Guy, [478].
• Guy de Chauliac (b. 1300), [330].
• Gwyddoniaid, the, Welsh men of knowledge, [280].
• Gymnasia, [171].
• Gynæcology, [219], [242], [243], [294], [313], [361], [429].
• H.
• Haeckel, Ernst (b. 1834), [452].
• Hæmorrhoids operated on by Hippocrates, [177], [183].
• Haen, De (1704-1776), [431].
• Haeser, H. (1811-1885), [466].
• Hahnemann (1755-1843), [446]-448.
• Hair, cuttings of, superstitions concerning, [17], [143].
• — dye of Egyptians, [71].
• — superstitions concerning, [16], [143], [408].
• Hales, S. (1677-1761), [436].
• Hall, M. (1790-1857), [457].
• Haller (1708-1777), [437].
• Hallucinations of vision first distinguished by Celsus, [217].
• Hamey, B., [389].
• Hantu disease-spirits, [12].
• Haoma, the king of healing-plants, [142].
• Hare-lip, ancient treatment of, [277], [297].
• Hart, Ernest (b. 1836), [467].
• Harvey, William (1578-1657), [377], [385]-388.
• Hastings, C. (1794-1866), [467].
• Havers, C. (d. 1702), [425].
• Hayti, poisoning in, [19].
• Hea, an Accadian deity, [88], [91], [92], [93], [95].
• Head, injuries to the, [184].
• Headache, remedies for, [34], [37], [89], [251].
• — cured by drum-beating, [17].
• Healing art a religion, [446].
• — craft of Australian tribes, [33].
• Heberden, W. (1710-1801), [439].
• Hebra (1816-1880), [455].
• Hebrews had no magic of their own, [75].
• Hecquet, [419].
• Hegel, G. W. F. (1770-1831), [451].
• Hegeton, [198].
• Heidenhain, R., [457].
• Heliodorus (c. A.D. 100), [228].
• Hellebore, [220].
• — first used by Melampus, [152].
• — its uses discovered by the goat, [3].
• Hells for Chinese physicians, [129].
• Helmholtz, H. L. (b. 1821), [463].
• Helmont, Van, [380], [419].
• Hemlock, [220].
• — eaten by goats, sheep, and horses, [4].
• Hemp intoxication, [310].
• Henbane eaten by sheep, cows, and pigs, [4].
• Henle, F. G. (1809-1815), [452], [473].
• Heracleitus of Ephesus (born about 556 B.C.), [159].
• Herbalists, [359], [369].
• Herb baths, [401].
• Hermes, god of medicine, [150].
• Hermes Trismegistus, [58], [60], [150].
• Hermetic books, the, [58], [61], [151], [337].
• Hernia, [192], [228], [316].
• Herniotomy, [362].
• Herodicus, [171], [172], [477].
• Herodotus on Egyptian medicine, [62].
• — found no doctors in Babylon and Assyria, [89], [90].
• — (Roman physician), [228].
• Herophilus of Chalcedon (about B.C. [335]-280), [195].
• Hesiod, [155].
• Highmore, N. (1613-1685), [390].
• Hildegard, St., famous physician, [307].
• Himly, C. (1772-1837), [463].
• Hinduism as a creed, [97].
• Hindus, antiquity of, [96].
• Hip-joint disease, [183].
• Hippocrates (b. 460 B.C.), [172].
• — first described trepanning, [44].
• — works of, [178].
• Hippopotamus fabled to have discovered the art of bleeding, [156].
• Hispaniola, divination and physic in, [26].
• Histories of Medicine, [432], [466], [467].
• Hobbes (1588-1679), [379].
• Hodgkin, T. (1797-1866), [454].
• Hoffmann, F. (1660-1742), [421], [422], [424], [472].
• Holy water, [272].
• — — in Babylonian sorcery, [87].
• — wells, [272], [401].
• Home, Sir E., [434].
• Homer, medicine of, [152].
• — on Egyptian medicines, [66].
• Homœopathy, [234], [446]-448.
• Honain (9th cent.), [295].
• Hooping-cough, [285].
• Horne, Van (1621-1670), [391].
• Horsley, V., [458].
• Horus, Egyptian divinity, [58], [60].
• Hospitals, their origin, [239], [240], [241], [294], [341].
• — in India, [120].
• — and medical schools of ancient Hindus, [117].
• — at Damascus, [294].
• Hottentots, disease-demon of the, [16].
• — practise inoculations, [45].
• Houel, N. (1520-1585), [375].
• Howard, John (1726-1790), [429].
• Howell, Dda (A.D. 930), his medical laws, [282].
• Huang-ti, an ancient Chinese writer on medicine, [126].
• Hudibras on the couvade, [52].
• Hufeland, C. W. von (1762-1836), [446].
• Hukeems, native doctors of India, [121], [123].
• Human flesh in Chinese medicine, [132].
• — sacrifices and anatomy, [271].
• — — commuted in circumcision, [77].
• Humanism, [337].
• Humboldt, [449].
• Humoral pathology, [189], [426].
• Hunter, J. (1728-1793), [433].
• Hunter, W. (1718-1783), [438].
• Husbands, treatment of, by Carib wives, [50].
• Hutchinson, J. (b. 1828), [460].
• Huxley, Thomas (b. 1825), [452].
• Hydatids of liver understood by Hippocrates, [182].
• Hydrocephalus, trephining for, [183].
• Hydrodynamics, [379].
• Hydrogen, [350].
• Hydrophobia, remedies for, [83].
• — superstitions, remedy for, [210].
• “Hydrostatic test,” [376].
• Hydro-therapeutics, [467].
• Hygeia, goddess of health, [149].
• Hygiene, [478].
• Hymns to cure disease, [88].
• Hypnotism, [457].
• I.
• Iatro-chemical school, [419].
• — -mathematical school, [419], [420].
• Iatrosophists, [236].
• Iberians, their birth customs, [52].
• Ibis believed to have invented clysters, [67].
• Ibn Ezra, [84].
• Iccus of Tarentum, [171].
• Ideas, the origin of, [9].
• Idiots divinely inspired, [22].
• Ignorant doctors of China have a special hell, [129].
• I Kuang Tāi Wông, the god of Chinese surgery, [127].
• Iliac passion, the, how treated, [214].
• Images of demons as talismans, [88].
• — of gods used to ward off disease-demons, [95].
• —, wax, etc., their use in sorcery, [17], [66], [405], [406].
• Imhotep, the Egyptian Æsculapius, [58].
• Immortality of the soul taught by Pythagoras, [163].
• Immunity, [457].
• Incantations against diseases, [15], [86], [87], [91], [108], [247].
• Income of Greek physicians, [203].
• — of Roman physicians, [211], [212].
• Incubatory sleep, [167].
• Indian Archipelago, disease spirits of, [12].
• — medicine and the Mahometans, [298].
• — tribes, their medicine and surgery, [41], [42].
• Indra taught mankind the healing art, [100].
• Inductive method in science, [322], [377].
• Inferior laryngeal nerve discovered, [209].
• Influenza, [352].
• Inhibitory nerves, [457].
• Injection of drugs into veins, [391].
• Inoculation for small-pox, [425], [439], [440].
• — — practised by Chinese and other nations from the earliest times, [45].
• Inoits, their magicians, [29].
• Insane persons worshipped as divine, [22].
• Insanity considered as divine, [21].
• — diagnosis of, [439].
• — treatment of, [363], [456], [467]-470.
• Insects, immortality of, [21].
• Inspection of drug-shops, [317].
• Instruments, surgical, [244], [433].
• — of Hindu surgery, [115], [116].
• Intoxicants, universal, [46].
• Intoxication and the godhead, [47].
• — rationale of, [49], [50].
• Inunction used by ancient Greeks, [44].
• Iodide of potassium, [487].
• Iodine, [487].
• Ionicus of Sardis, [225].
• Ipecacuanha, [342].
• Iris, contractility of the, [390].
• Iritis, [463].
• Iron, its first use in medicine, [151], [221], [486].
• Iroquois, child-bearing amongst the, [52].
• Irrigation of wounds, [237].
• Irritability, doctrine of, [422], [426].
• Ishak Ben Soleiman (830-940), [296].
• Isis and Osiris, [58], [59], [60].
• Italy, anatomy in, [365], [366].
• Itch-goddess, [206].
• — -mite, [429].
• J.
• Jackson, J. H., [458].
• Jacobus Psychristus, [236].
• Jacques, Frère (c. 1697), [393].
• Jains, the, [102].
• Jalap, [38].
• James, R. (1703-1776), [428].
• Japanese medicine, [139].
• Javanese believers in animism, [14].
• Jaw, fracture of, [184].
• Jenner, E. (1749-1823), [439].
• Jenner, William (b. 1815), [454].
• Jewish physicians at Salerno, [309], [310].
• — religion, its comparative purity, [73].
• Jews, the medicine of the, [73].
• — the magic-mongers of Rome, [84].
• — their “golden age,” [84].
• Jíwaka, Buddha’s physician, [111].
• John of Salisbury on doctors, [306].
• Jones, [458].
• Joyliffe, George (died 1658), [381].
• Julian (A.D. 140), [219].
• Jung-Stilling (1740-1817), [463].
• Jurin, [420].
• K.
• Kabeiri gods, [75], [85], [151].
• Kaffirs, theories of disease amongst, [28].
• Kalevala of the Finns, [15].
• — the, [408].
• Kalmucks, their exorcism of disease, [28].
• Karens of Burmah trace diseases to the rainbow, [13].
• Karma, [110].
• Kava intoxication, [49].
• Keill, [420].
• Keith, [465].
• Kern, Von (1769-1829), [462].
• Kerner, [476].
• Khonds of Orissa and the small-pox, [12], [13].
• — all get royally drunk, [48].
• Kidney, the, [389].
• — fat of a bewitched man, [17].
• King’s evil, [371].
• Kircher, A. (1598-1680), [471].
• Kirghis cure disease by sorcery, [139].
• Knots (magic) as cures for disease, [89].
• — as charms, [257].
• — in magic, [408], [409].
• Knox, [461].
• Koch, R. (b. 1843), [474], [480].
• Kolarians of Bengal, their cure for diseases, [48].
• Kombinegherry tribe of Australia, [24].
• Komil, an intoxicating drink, [48].
• Koran, [293].
• Kousso, remedy for tape-worm, [36].
• L.
• Lacteals, the, [390].
• Laënnec, R. T. H. (1781-1826), [453].
• Lama doctors, [134], [135].
• Lamarck, [428], [452].
• Lancets, [245].
• Lancisi (c. 1718), [472].
• Langenbeck, [462].
• Langrish, B., [436].
• Larry, J. D. (1766-1842), [461].
• Latum, [473].
• Laudanum, [348], [382].
• Lavoisier, [448].
• Law, the, of Hippocrates, [178], [179].
• Lawrence, W. (1783-1867), [460].
• Lead, [487].
• Learning, the revival of, [336].
• Lectisternes at Rome, [208].
• Lectures on medicine, [305], [426].
• Leech Book, [276].
• Leeches first used in Europe, [214].
• — in Sanskrit works on surgery, [114].
• Leek juice, [285].
• Leeuwenhoeck (1632-1723), [389], [471].
• Legal medicine, [376], [454].
• — recognition of doctors in England, [353].
• Lemery, [419].
• Lemon juice in scurvy, [374].
• Lenormant, Professor, on disease-demons, [15], [139].
• Leonidas of Alexandria, [229].
• Leprosy, [183], [219], [249], [432].
• — Egyptian, cures for, [69].
• — treated with human blood, [131].
• Lettsom, J. C. (1744-1815), [428].
• Levasseur (c. 1540), [367].
• Lex Cornelia punished negligent doctors, [210].
• Libavius, A. (1546-1616), [362], [419].
• Libraries, public, of Moors in Spain, [292].
• Licking as a fomentation, [3].
• Liebig, J. (1803-1873), [449].
• Life, indestructibility of, [21].
• Ligature of arteries, [224], [232], [235], [237], [296], [368].
• Light and heat, undulatory theory of, [337].
• Lime, [486].
• Linacre, Thomas (b. 1460), [346], [358].
• Linnæus, [472].
• Lisfranc, J. (1790-1847), [461].
• Lister, [472].
• Lister’s antiseptic surgery, [477].
• Liston (1794-1847), [460].
• Litany to fever, [87].
• — to disease-demons, [91].
• Literature, Greek medical, [204].
• Lithotomy, [169], [215], [216], [237], [272], [294], [316], [393], [426], [432], [433].
• Lithotrity, [459].
• — first practised, [198], [244].
• Littré, M., on miracles of healing, [320].
• Liver, [364].
• — eaten by demons, [12].
• Lock Hospital, [435].
• Locke, John (1632-1704), [388].
• Logwood, [38], [342].
• London Hospital medical school, [459].
• Lotze, R. H. (1817-1884), [451].
• Louhiatar, the Finnish disease-demon, [15].
• Louis (1723-1792), [433].
• Louis (1787-1872), [453].
• Lower, R. (1631-1691), [393].
• Lubbock, Sir John, on savages, [5].
• — on the surgery of the Society Islanders, [43].
• Lucius, [237].
• Lucky and unlucky days in medicine, [66].
• Ludford, Simon (c. 1563), [360].
• Ludwig, D. (c. 1671), [394].
• Lulli, Raymond (1235-1315), [322].
• Lunatics and demoniacs, [16].
• — treated by flogging, [278].
• “Luz,” nucleus of the resurrection of the body, [83].
• Lycanthropy, [236], [470].
• Lycus (anatomist), [209].
• Lymphatics, the, [381], [390].
• M.
• Machaon, son of Æsculapius, [149], [152], [153], [154], [155].
• Maclaurin, [459].
• Madagascar, theories of disease in, [13].
• Magendie, F. (1782-1855), [481].
• Magical yarŭk, [23].
• Magic in the treatment of diseases, [26], [27], [65], [86], [90], [129], [141], [144], [271], [327], [351], [375], [376], [405].
• — Chaldæan, [87], [88].
• — Egyptian, [64], [65], [66].
• — of the Finns medicinal, [15].
• — in the Talmud, [83].
• Magnesia, [486].
• Magnus of Alexandria, [225].
• Maharncourt, Peter de, [323].
• Mahomet’s skill in medicine, [293].
• Maimonides (died 1198), [84], [298].
• Malagasy and the future life, [23].
• Malays have a special demon for each disease, [14].
• — sorcery of, [22].
• Malebranche (1638-1715), [379].
• Malgaigne, J. (1806-1865), [461].
• Malpighi, M. (1628-1694), [386], [389].
• Mandingoes, their idea of intoxication, [47].
• Mandiocca, fermentation of, [48].
• Mandrake, [133].
• Manioc plant, [36].
• Manna, [34].
• Manners and tone of good physicians, [312].
• Manteas (B.C. 250) first made a book of recipes, [198].
• Mantira people, their theory of disease, [12].
• Mantras, [110].
• Māra, a demon, [110].
• Marasmus, [234].
• Marcellus, Empiricus, [237], [395].
• Marghi people, their intoxicating drink, [48].
• Marinus (Roman anatomist), [209], [225].
• Marro, a charm, [24].
• Martialis (A.D. 150), [198].
• Maruts or Smashers, [9].
• Masks to frighten small-pox deity, [129].
• Massage, [167], [212], [399].
• — practised by savages, [43], [44].
• Mata, small-pox goddess of India, [119], [120].
• Materialism, [451].
• Materia Medica, [220], [222], [225], [232], [307], [315], [323]. [391], [392], [394].
• — of Egyptians, [69].
• — of India, [118].
• Mathematical school of medicine, [381], [419].
• Matico, [41].
• Matter, eternity of, [99], [159].
• Maudsley, H. (b. 1835), [457].
• Maxims of Welsh physicians, [283]-285.
• Max Müller on the Esthonians, [9].
• Maykeeka, doctor of New South Wales, [27].
• Mayow, [423].
• “Me,” “the essential part of,” [23].
• Mead, R. (1673-1754), [431].
• Measles, goddesses of, in China, [128].
• Mecasphim and Casdim, [91].
• Mechanical school of medicine, [420].
• Meckel, J. F. (1724-1774), [437].
• Medical education in Egypt, [69].
• — in India, [103].
• — in Rome, [209].
• — guild in Rome, [210].
• — literature as studied in Chaucer’s time, [329].
• — police, [429].
• Medicinal plants tenanted by good spirits, [14].
• Medicine and civilization, [8].
• — its origin, mysterious, [41].
• — and philosophy of Pythagoras, [162].
• — as the propitiation of evil spirits, [22].
• — as a totem, [32].
• — “the great,” [128].
• — dance, [32].
• — men, [17], [18], [22], [27], [30], [31], [33], [248], [404].
• — — their secret language, [30].
• Medicines, who discovered them? [7], [85].
• Medico-Chemical sect, the, [380], [419].
• Mediums, [10], [21], [30], [128].
• — as Chinese doctors, [128].
• Meges (B.C. 20), [214].
• Megrims, [286].
• Meibom, H. (1638-1700), [438].
• Melampus, the first physician, [151], [221].
• Melancholia, [236].
• Meletius (4th cent.), [236].
• Menders of souls, [30].
• Mental diseases, [209].
• Mentik, the cause of rice disease, [14].
• Menu, code of, [100].
• Mercury, [150], [350], [487].
• — in syphilis, [431].
• “Merry Andrew,” [358].
• Mesmer, F. A. (1733-1815), [430].
• Mesmerism, [235], [430], [457].
• Mesue the younger (about 1015), [296].
• Metallurgy, [323].
• Metempsychosis, [163].
• Methodists, school of the, [212], [214].
• Metschnikoff, [475].
• Mexicans, their beer, [46].
• Mexico, [341].
• Mezûza wards off demons, [75].
• Microbes, [472].
• Microscope in anatomy, [389], [390], [471].
• Midwifery, [295], [313], [361].
• Midwives, [219], [272], [362].
• Millet-seed beer, [48].
• Millington, T. (c. 1676), [391].
• Mind cures, [481].
• Mineral medicines, [350], [486]-488.
• — medicines used by Rhazes, [296].
• — waters, [400].
• Mineralogy, [293], [351].
• Minerva invoked by physicians, [149].
• Miracles of healing, [481].
• — at the tomb of St. Louis, [320].
• — of Tartar surgery, [138].
• Mistletoe in medicine, [34], [270].
• Mithridates the Great, [201].
• “Mithridaticum,” [201], [375].
• Mivart, George (b. 1827), [452].
• Mohammedan medicine, [287].
• Molee charms, [27].
• Moly, the, of Homer, [249].
• Monasteries, rise of the, [300].
• Monastic botany, [369].
• Mondino, the father of modern anatomy (c. 1315), [325], [385].
• Mongolian peoples, [125].
• — Shamanism, [27].
• Mongols, their knowledge of anatomy, [135].
• Mongoose, its use of antidote to snake-poison, [3].
• Monotheism of the Bible, [74].
• Monro, A. (1697-1767), [436].
• Montagu, Lady W. (1690-1762), [439].
• Montaigne, Michel de (1533-1592), [351].
• Monte Cassino, [308], [309].
• Montpellier, its services to education, [305], [384].
• — school of, [303], [304], [384].
• Moonlight, injurious effects of, [81].
• Morand (1697-1773), [432].
• Morbus sacer, [181].
• Morgagni, G. B. (1682-1772), [437].
• Morgan, J. (1736-1789), [427].
• Moschion Diorthortes (c. [6]th cent.), [242].
• Moses (B.C. 1490), [477].
• Mosques as universities, [292].
• Moss from a dead man’s skull, [397].
• Mott, V. (1785-1865), [462].
• Mountain peaks invoked, [16].
• Mouse-dung as a remedy, [285], [395].
• Muffet, Thomas (died 1604), [361].
• Müller (c. 1786), [472].
• Murchison, C. (1830-1879), [454].
• Mūrŭp, a disembodied spirit, [23].
• Musandinus, [315].
• Music in the treatment of disease, [165].
• Mussel shells as surgical instruments, [33].
• Mustard, [285].
• Myddvai, physicians of, [281], [283].
• Myrepsus, Nicholas (c. 1250), [323].
• Mystical school, [419].
• Mystic sign in Hindu medicine, [109].
• Myxoedema, [458].
• N.
• Naboth, M. (1675-1721), [437].
• Naegeli, [473].
• Nail-parings, superstitions concerning, [16], [143], [407].
• Namtar and Idpa, [89].
• Nasal polypus, a punishment for sin, [82].
• Nasty physic first disguised by St. Hildegard, [307].
• Natural explanations the result of science, [24].
• — history, [225], [351], [361].
• — — studied by Aristotle, [192].
• — philosophy, [336], [377], [378], [379].
• — sciences, [448].
• Nature the physician of diseases, [176].
• Neatness of Indian surgery, [42].
• Necromancers, [335].
• — and tombs, [413].
• Needfire, [273].
• Needham, W. (died 1691), [425].
• Negro priest-physicians, [28].
• — religion is fetishism, [65].
• Negroes, their theories of disease, [28].
• Nelaton, A. (1807-1874), [461].
• Nemesius (4th cent.), [236].
• Neoplatonism, its influence on medicine, [235].
• Nepenthe, [70], [154].
• Nerves, [231], [232], [325], [364], [378], [389], [391], [436].
• — of sensation and motion recognised, [196], [224].
• Nervous disorders, [220], [236], [391].
• — system, structure of, [364], [367], [379].
• Nestorians, [288], [290], [291].
• Neuralgia, remedies for, [34].
• Newman, Cardinal, on the world’s benefactors, [7].
• Newton, Isaac (1642-1727), [378], [379], [420].
• New Zealand, theories of disease in, [13].
• Nganga, a medicine man of the Congo, [30].
• Nicholas of Cusa (1401-1464), [336].
• Nicholas Præpositus (c. 1140), [313].
• Nicholas V. (1389-1455), Pope, [336].
• Nicholls, F. (1699-1778), [436].
• Nightingale, Florence (b. 1820), [467].
• Nigritian character of Egyptian religion, [65].
• Nine secrets of the Brahmans, [101].
• Nineveh, excavations at, [91].
• Nirvana, [111].
• Nitrous oxide gas, [449], [464], [466].
• Noijat, sorcerers of Finland, [14].
• Nonnus (10th cent.), [302].
• “No Restraint” system, [457].
• Nosology, [104], [204].
• Novum Organon, the, [377], [378], [380].
• Nuck, A. (1650-1692), [390].
• Nukahivans, their use of kava, [49].
• Numa Pompilius, [205].
• Numbers, magic in, [258], [259].
• — the philosophy of, [162]-164.
• — Pythagorean doctrine of, [162], [163], [216].
• Nursing reform, [467].
• Nux Vomica, [129].
• O.
• Oath of the Asclepiades, [169].
• Ob, an ancient Egyptian demon, [19].
• Obeah witchcraft of West Indies, [18], [19].
• Obi-men, [19].
• Obsession, [10].
• Obstetricians, [435], [479].
• Obstetrics, [218], [242], [243], [294], [296], [313], [361], [362], [429], [435].
• Occult philosophy, [337], [347], [368].
• Oculists in Rome, [210], [217].
• Odd and even days in diseases, [164].
• — days, the, [202].
• Odin a doctor, [272].
• Odyl, [430].
• Œons, [252].
• Offences against dead a cause of disease, [12], [20], [139].
• Ointment for sorcerers, [413].
• Old age described in Ecclesiastes, [80].
• — women, experiments on, [35].
• Olfactory nerves discovered, [337].
• Operations invented by ancient Hindus, [117].
• Ophthalmic surgery, [210], [211], [217], [296], [464].
• Ophthalmology, [463].
• Ophthalmoscope, [463].
• Opium-eaters, [47].
• Opium known to the ancients, [70], [154].
• — used to procure sleep, [201].
• Optic nerves, [364].
• — decussation of, [209].
• Oracle-spirits, [10].
• Orfila (1787-1853), [449].
• Orgies of Dionysus, [32], [150].
• Oribasius (A.D. [326]-403), [235].
• “Original People” of Malay Peninsula, [22].
• Ormuzd, [141], [142], [143].
• Orphic mysteries, [163].
• Osteology, [216].
• Oüycou, a Carib liquor, [51].
• Ovariotomy of savages, [43], [45].
• — of civilized people, [361], [460].
• Owen, George (died 1558), [359].
• — Richard (1804-1892), [451].
• Oxford University, [339], [382], [383].
• P.
• Pacchioni, A. (1665-1726), [437].
• Pæon the healer, [66], [147].
• Pagés, priests of the Amazon, [26].
• Paget, J. (b. 1814), [460].
• Pakht, Egyptian god, [58].
• Palal, the supreme pontiff of the cow-religion, [48].
• Palfyn, J. (1649-1730), [435].
• Pallas Athene, goddess of health, [149].
• Palletta (1747-1823), [433].
• Palmer, Mr. E., on the medicine of Australian tribes, [33].
• Pancreas, duct of the, [391].
• Pander, [481].
• Pantheism, [97].
• Panum, [476].
• Paper invented by the Arabs, [294].
• Papuan Islanders and arrack, [47].
• Papyrus of Ebers, [58], [64], [67], [69], [71].
• — Harris, [65].
• — Lee and Rollin, [65].
• — Berlin, [68].
• Parabolani, an order of clerical nurses for sick, [241].
• Paracelsus (1493-1541), [331], [346], [347], [380], [419].
• Paracentesis in ascites, [177], [182].
• Paraschistes, Egyptian dissectors, [64].
• Parasites of skin diseases, [457].
• Paré, Ambroise (1509-1590), [368]-376.
• Parker, [478], [479].
• Parsees, medicine of, [141].
• Parturition, medicines in, [37].
• Pascal (1623-1662), [379], [410].
• Pasteur, L. (b. 1820), [472], [474], [477], [480].
• Pastophori, [62].
• Patagonian wizards, [21], [22].
• Pathology, [227], [313], [437].
• — amongst Egyptians, [63].
• — of faith-healing, [320].
• Pathological school of medicine, [446].
• Patron saints of the Javanese, [14].
• Paulus Ægineta (c. [7]th cent.), [211], [242].
• Pecquet, J. (1622-1674), [390].
• Peiresc, F. de (1580-1637), [390].
• Pelletier, [449].
• Pelops (anatomist), [209].
• Pemberton, H., [420].
• Penance as a remedy for disease, [101].
• Penny, Thomas (c. 1570), [361].
• Percussion of thorax, [177], [453].
• Percy (1754-1825), [433].
• Periapts, [254], [255].
• Periodeutes, the, [242].
• Perkuna, the thunder-god, [9].
• Perrault, [420].
• Persians employed Egyptian physicians, [71].
• Peru, [341], [383].
• Petit, J. L. (1674-1750), [432].
• Petrocellus (about 1035), [310].
• Petroleum, [275].
• Petrus Apono (1250-1315), [326].
• Peyer, J. C. (1653-1712), [437].
• Phagocyte theory, [475].
• Phallic worship, [76], [85].
• Pharmacopœias, [313], [363], [364], [392], [394].
• Pharmacy, [220], [236], [237], [296], [299], [315], [332], [350], [375], [391], [392], [419].
• — and medicine separated, [315], [317].
• — elegant, [307].
• — in ancient Egypt, [69].
• — in China, [133].
• — of Hindus, [115].
• Pherecydes (c. 609 B.C.), [158].
• Philinus of Cos (B.C. 280), [199], [200].
• Philip of Cæsarea, [234].
• Philonides, [213].
• Philosophy, modern, [377].
• — of the Greeks, [158].
• — of the Hindus, [97], [98].
• Philosophical Society of Oxford, [378].
• — transactions, the, [378].
• Philoxenos (about B.C. 260), [198].
• Philoxenus the oculist, [210].
• Philtres, [222], [413].
• Philumenus (c. A.D. 60), [218].
• Phlebitis, [434].
• Phlogiston, [423].
• Phœnicia, oculists of, [58].
• Phœnicians devoted to phallic worship, [85].
• Phosphorus, [487].
• Phrenology, [456].
• Phthisis, Hippocrates on, [182].
• Phylacteries of the Jews were amulets, [75], [86].
• Physical science, [160], [322].
• Physic-god represented by doctor, [109].
• Physicians always originally wizards, [26], [86].
• — and surgeons of primitive man, [40].
• — behaviour, [103], [312].
• — College of, [357].
• Physics, [351].
• Physiological medicine, [446].
• Physiology, [212], [228], [336], [367], [381], [384], [390], [420], [436].
• Piayas, diviners of North America, [26].
• Pig, anatomy of the, [313].
• Pigeons’ dung in pregnancy, [131].
• Pills of precious stones, [130].
• — in Egyptian pharmacy, [69].
• Pincers, [244], [245].
• Pinel, P. (1745-1826), [456].
• Pitard, Jean (1228-1315), [323].
• Pitcairn, A. (1652-1713), [419], [425].
• Pitcairn, W. (1711-1791), [438].
• Pius II., see Æneas Sylvius.
• Plain cooking, [15].
• Plants, the food of ghosts, [23].
• — the homes of the departed, [14], [46].
• — medicinal, well understood by Australian tribes, [33].
• Plant-worship, [32], [46], [142], [269], [270].
• Plastic operations, [216], [462].
• Platearius, Johannes, [314].
• Platearius, Matthæus, [314].
• Plato (B.C. [427]-347), [185].
• Platter, Felix (1536-1614), [363].
• Plenciz, M. A. (c. 1762), [472].
• Pliny the elder (A.D. [23]-79), his natural history, [225].
• Plotinus (A.D. [205]-270), [235].
• Pneumatists, sect of the, [227].
• Podalirius, son of Æsculapius, [149], [152], [153], [155].
• Poisons, action of, [431].
• — and poisoning, [439].
• — of a spiritual kind, [23].
• — science of, [449], [454].
• Poisoning, art of, [323], [324], [404], [439].
• — by Obeah-men, [19].
• — secret, [222], [223].
• Poisonous plants the homes of demons, [14], [46].
• — used as food when boiled, [34].
• Polynesian disease spirits, [12].
• Polypus of nose, [182], [316].
• Pomegranate, [237].
• Possession, demoniacal, [10], [20], [86], [99], [138], [143], [403].
• Potash, [487].
• Potassium, [487].
• Pott, P. (1713-1788), [433].
• Poultices, use of, by savages, [33].
• “Powder of sympathy,” [397].
• Prairie Indians trace all diseases to one demon, [13].
• Praxagoras of Cos (4th cent. B.C.), [192].
• Precious stones as charms, [75].
• Pre-existence believed by Empedocles, [161].
• Pregnancy, ceremonies in, [144].
• — changes induced by, [219].
• Prescriptions of Egyptian physicians, [66], [67].
• Preventive medicine, [100].
• Priest and medicine-man formerly one, [8], [86].
• Priest-magicians of Egypt, [62].
• — physicians, [27], [30], [86], [270], [271].
• Priests of the Jews, no monopoly of medicine, [75].
• Priestley, J., [448], [464].
• Primitive man as seen in Australian aborigines, [24].
• Primrose, James, [389].
• Principia, [379].
• Probe, the, [245].
• Prognosis, [107].
• — in Hippocratic teaching, [176].
• Prometheus, [151].
• Prophetical intoxication, [31].
• Propitiation of disease-demons, [16], [136].
• — of gods for cure of diseases, [270].
• Protestantism in science, [346].
• Proteus signifies matter, [165].
• Prussic acid, [222], [436].
• Psychical school, [419], [421].
• Ptah, Egyptian god, [58].
• Ptolemy Soter patron of the arts and sciences, [194].
• Ptomaines, [476].
• Public sanitary service of Rome, [210].
• Pulque, [46].
• Pulse, doctrine of the, [196].
• — the, in Hindu medicine, [115].
• — Galen’s description of, [113], [232].
• Purgatives, [43], [156], [314].
• Purging discovered by Melampus, [156].
• Purkinje, [481].
• Puschmann, T., [467].
• Putrefaction, [471], [472].
• Puyung of the Malay forest tribes, [22].
• Pythagoras (born 582 B.C.), [162].
• — learned his doctrine from Oriental philosophers, [99].
• Pythagorean school at Crotona, [161].
• Q.
• Quain, R., [467].
• Quarantine, [339].
• Quassia-wood, [38].
• “Quid pro quo,” origin of the expression, [314].
• Quinine, [342], [449].
• Quintus (Roman anatomist), [209], [225].
• R.
• Rabbits do not vomit with ipecacuanha, [4].
• Rabelais, François (c. 1490-1553), [352].
• Radcliffe, John (1650-1714), [425].
• Radishes to prevent hydrophobia, [285].
• Rain, prayers to, [9].
• Rainy season and the gods, [29].
• Ramus (c. 1562), [368].
• Rasori, G. (1762-1837), [445].
• Rats amputate their own legs, [3].
• Recipe books, [313], [323].
• Recurrent nerves, when discovered, [209].
• Reflex action, [457].
• Reform of medicine, [345], [391].
• Reformation, its effect on medicine, [369].
• Reichenbach, Von, [430].
• Reimarus, J. A. H. (1729-1814), [463].
• Re-incarnation believed by Empedocles, [161].
• Remak, R. (1815-1865), [457].
• Remedies used by animals, [3].
• Repentance as a cure of disease, [88].
• Resection of jaw, [316].
• — of joints, [460], [461].
• Reuchlin, Johann (1455-1522), [337].
• Revival of learning, [337].
• Rhazes (9th cent.), [295], [296].
• Rheumatism first described, [214].
• — remedies in, [37], [38], [43].
• — miraculous cures of, [481].
• Rhinoplastic surgery, [367].
• Rhiwallon (Welsh physician, [13]th cent.), [283].
• Rhubarb first introduced, [243].
• Richard Fitz-Nigel, [307].
• Richardson, B. W. (b. 1828), [480].
• Richter (1742-1812), [433].
• Rickets, [389].
• Rig Veda, [47], [96], [97].
• Rishis or Hindu sages, [100].
• Robert of Gloucester on Anglo-Norman surgery, [306].
• Robertson, Dr., on the progress of man, [6].
• Roeschlaub, J. A. (1768-1835), [446].
• Roger of Parma (c. 1210), [316].
• Rokitansky, K. von (1804-1878), [454].
• Rolando, [316].
• Romanes, G. F., [452].
• Roman medicine, [205].
• Rose water, [302].
• Rosenkreuz, Christian, [370].
• Rosicrucians, [370].
• Rosy Cross, Society of, [370].
• Rousset, François (about 1581), [362].
• Roux, P. J. (1780-1854), [461].
• Royal Society, the, [380].
• Rudbeck, O. (1630-1702), [390].
• Rufus of Ephesus (A.D. [98]-117), [209], [223].
• Ruini, C. (c. 1598), [375].
• Rune lays, [252].
• S.
• Sabatier (1723-1811), [433].
• Sabbath, origin of, was Accadian, [95].
• Sabines, the, [205].
• Sacred plants, [46], [48], [142].
• Sacrifices of tobacco to the sun, [48].
• Sacrificial medicine, [14], [48].
• Saffron, [285].
• Sage, [286].
• Saint Vitus’s dance, [331].
• Saints as healers, [333].
• Sal-ammoniac, [487].
• Sala, [419].
• Salaries of court physicians, [164], [211].
• Salerno, school of, [308], [349].
• — in decay, [318].
• Saliva, magic properties of, [259].
• — superstitions of South Sea Islanders concerning, [17].
• Salivary glands first described, [236].
• Salt used as medicine by animals, [3].
• Salve against goblins and temptations, [278].
• Samoans, their theory of diseases, [21].
• Samoyed tribes, [86].
• Samulus, [270].
• Sanderson, J. B. (b. 1828), [480].
• Sanitary precautions in the East, [77].
• — reform, [357].
• — science, [477].
• Santals of Bengal think good spirits enter fruit trees, [14].
• Santorini, G. (1681-1737), [436].
• Saracens, medicine of the, [291].
• — their sympathy with Jews, [84].
• Sarpi, P. (1552-1623), [390].
• Sarsaparilla, [342], [375].
• Sassafras, [342], [374].
• Sauvages, De (1706-1767), [422], [424].
• Savages are like primitive man, [5].
• — require large doses, [37].
• — their theory of evil spirits, [20], [139].
• — their voracity, [38].
• — weak as compared with civilised man, [38].
• Sawan, the cause of convulsions, [14].
• Saws, [244].
• Saxon leechdoms, [252].
• Scammony, [275].
• Scapegoat of the Jews, [15].
• Scapulars of Catholics, [75].
• Scarabs, [250].
• Scarification practised by savages, [33].
• Scarpa, A. (1748-1832), [433].
• Schelling (1775-1854), [450].
• Schizomycetes, [473].
• Schmidt, J. A., [463].
• Schmucker (1712-1786), [433].
• Scholasticism, the parent of modern science, [239].
• Schools of medical theory, [418].
• Schroeder, [472].
• Schuk, F. (1804-1865), [462].
• Schulze, F., [472].
• Schwann, [472], [473].
• Science, age of, [441].
• Scientific medicine, [393].
• Scourges and plagues, incantations against, [15], [86].
• Scribonius Largus (A.D. 45), [214].
• Scripts as medicine, [260], [261].
• Scrofula, [183], [370].
• Scudamore, C. (1779-1849), [467].
• Scurvy, [374].
• — banished the fleets, [427].
• Scythian remedy for hunger, [197].
• Scythians, the, [203].
• Seamen, diseases of, [427].
• Seat of the soul, [196], [379].
• “Security” offered for sick persons in China, [127].
• Seer, the evolution of, [9].
• Seidlitz waters, [424].
• Selago, a sacred plant, [270].
• Selmi, [476].
• Semitic and Aryan intellects compared, [292].
• Semmelweis, L. J. P. (1818-1865), [479].
• Seneca on doctors, [224].
• Seneka, [342].
• Senna introduced, [296].
• Separation of medicine from surgery, [305].
• Septenary theory, [164].
• Septine, [480].
• Serapion of Alexandria (B.C. 270), [199], [201].
• Serapion the elder, [295].
• — the younger (about 1070), [296].
• Serapis, Egyptian god, [59], [60].
• Serpentaria, [342].
• Serpent on the rod of Æsculapius, [149].
• — the cause of diseases, [142].
• Servetus (1511-1553), [367], [385].
• Set, representative of physical evil amongst Egyptians, [58].
• Setons, [237], [316].
• Sex of bees, [391].
• Sexual organs of plants, [391].
• Shadows on souls, [9].
• Shaitan, the cause of disease, [138].
• Shamans of Northern Asia, [27], [86], [125], [139].
• Shampooing, [44].
• Sharp, S. (1700-1778), [433].
• Shastres, [100].
• Siam, its religion and theory of disease, [14].
• Siberians, [86].
• Sickness, remedies for, [34], [37].
• Siebold (1736-1807), [433].
• Sieveking, E. H. (b. 1816), [455].
• Signatures, doctrine of, [133], [257], [416], [417].
• Silk-worm disease, [473], [474].
• Silver, [488].
• Similia similibus theory, [234].
• Simon, [478], [479].
• Simpson, J. Y., [465].
• Sioux Indian medicine, [32].
• Siva afflicts Hindu children with epilepsy, [120].
• Skatological medicine, [394]-397.
• Skeleton made by a Rabbi, [83].
• — of ivory, [114].
• Skin diseases, [455].
• Skoda, J. (1803-1881), [455].
• Slaves in Roman world, [239].
• Slavonic rustics exorcise spirits with urine, [30].
• Sleeping and dreams, [20], [22].
• Sloane, Hans (1660-1753), [425].
• Small-pox, [295], [297], [432].
• — in Timor-laut, [28].
• — caused by demons, [12], [129].
• — exorcised by urine, [30].
• — goddess, [12], [13], [119], [120], [128], [129].
• Smellie, W. (1608-1763), [435].
• Smith, S., [478].
• Snake-bite, treatment of, by savages, [33].
• — remedies for, [108].
• — wine, [131].
• Snellen, H., [463].
• Snipe, the, as a surgeon, [3].
• Society Islanders and disease-demons, [21].
• — their skill in surgery, [43].
• Socrates on invalidism, [185].
• Soda, [486].
• Sodium, [486].
• Softening of the brain, [456].
• Solomon composed incantations to cure diseases, [78].
• Soma as a drink and a deity, [47].
• Sonnenschein, [476].
• Soranus of Ephesus, [218].
• Sorcery in Accadia, [86].
• — in Australia, [12].
• — a cover for ignorance, [26].
• — laws against, [405].
• Soul, immortality of, [8].
• — origin of, [339].
• — the seat of, [196], [232], [379].
• Souls as shadows, [9].
• — theory of, [20]-23.
• Spallanzani, [472].
• Spears spiritually poisoned, [23].
• Specialism of Egyptian medicine, [63].
• Speculum, the, [177].
• — anciently used, [219], [244].
• Speech, faculty of, its seat, [458].
• Spells, [90], [237].
• Spencer, Herbert (b. 1820), [452].
• — on plant-worship, [47].
• Spermatozoa discovered, [389].
• Spiders as amulets, [256].
• — as disease-demons, [30].
• Spigel (1578-1625), [364].
• Spinoza (1632-1677), [379].
• Spirits, belief in, universal, [20], [139].
• — of material objects, [24].
• — of weapons, [23].
• — their influence in healing, [33].
• — distilled, invented, [326].
• Spiritual spears, [23].
• Spleen, the, [389].
• — removed by the Rabbis, [83].
• Splenic fever, [474].
• Splints, [244].
• — use of, in the surgery of savages, [33], [41].
• Spontaneous generation theory, [472], [473].
• Sprengel, Kurt (1766-1833), [466].
• Springs, medicinal, [272].
• Spry, E., [428].
• Spurzheim, C. (1776-1832), [456].
• Squill as a diuretic, [222].
• Stahl (1660-1734), [421], [423].
• Stammering, treatment of, [235].
• Stark, W. (1742-1770), [429].
• State medical service in Rome, [210].
• Steam power, [337].
• Sterility, [242].
• Sternum trepanned, [316].
• Stethoscope, invention of, [453].
• Stieglitz (1767-1840), [446].
• Stolen property as a charm, [265].
• Stone, cutting for the, [44], [45], [393].
• Stones as charms, [257], [394].
• — healing by, [33].
• Storm gods of India, [9].
• Strictus et laxus, [214].
• Stromeyer, G. F. L. (1804-1876), [462].
• Strumous glands, [229], [235].
• Styptics, discovery of, [41].
• Subordination of surgery to medicine, [305].
• Sucking diseases out of patients, [22], [27], [28], [33].
• Sulphur, [273], [487].
• — as a disinfectant in the Odyssey, [154].
• — first used for skin diseases, [201].
• Suonetar, the healer, [15].
• Supernatural invoked when natural means fail, [26].
• Superstition, absence of, from the Psalms of David, [74].
• — origin of, [24].
• — originally engrafted on medicine, [26], [351], [403], [405].
• Superstitions, medical, [327].
• — their universality, [18].
• — in Chinese medicine, [132].
• Suppositories, [177].
• Surgeons to be propitiated, [103].
• Surgery, [228], [235].
• — French, [368], [433].
• — a scientific profession, [434].
• — savage, [40], [41].
• — of the Brahmans, [103].
• — of the Hindus, [114], [117], [118].
• — of Egyptians, [70].
• — older than medicine, [41], [104].
• — subordinated to medicine, [305].
• Surgical instruments of the Bible, [79].
• Susruta, [103], [289].
• Sutherland, [478].
• Sutras, commentaries on the Vedas, [100].
• Sutton, Thomas (d. 1835), [456].
• Svastika, the mystic, [134].
• Swaine, [474].
• Swammerdam, J. (1637-1686), [391].
• Sweating Sickness, [338], [356], [357], [360].
• Swieten, Van (1700-1772), [430], [437].
• Sydenham Society, [467].
• Sydenham, Thomas (1624-1689), [381], [383].
• Sylvanus, a demon of the lying-in chamber, [54].
• Sylvaticus, [327].
• Sylvius (De la Boë) (1614-1672), [380].
• Syme, J. (1799-1870), [460].
• Sympathetical cures, [397].
• Sympathetic nerve, [389].
• Syphilis, [340].
• — less frequent amongst Jews than Christians, [76].
• Systems of modern medicine, [445].
• T.
• Tablets on which were recorded cures in temples, [167].
• Tagliacozzi, G. (1546-1599), [367], [368].
• Tahiti people, their fermented liquor, [49].
• Tait, Lawson, [460].
• Taliacotian operation, [367].
• Talismans, [29], [32], [86], [247], [260].
• Talmud, surgery of, [82].
• — pathology of, [82].
• Talmudists, medicine of the, [82].
• Tamils of Ceylon, sorcery of the, [408].
• Tapeworm, treatment for, [228], [237].
• Tapping for dropsy, [245].
• Tarantism, [339].
• Tarawan folk, sorcery of, [22].
• Tarsus, bones of, [337].
• Tartars, their theory of fevers, [31].
• Tar water, [177].
• Tasmanians think diseases caused by devils, [13], [21].
• Tauut, Egyptian god same as Thoth, q.v., [58].
• Taylor, A. S. (1806-1880), [454].
• Tchutgours, Tartar disease-demons, [135], [136].
• Tea intoxication, [50].
• Teeth-worms, [414], [415].
• Telescopes, [389].
• Temples of Æsculapius, [149], [157], [168].
• Teraphim of Laban, [75].
• Teutons, medicine of the, [272].
• Thales of Miletus (circ. 609 B.C.), [158].
• Tharragarry, evil spirits of Australians, [24].
• Themison of Laodicea (B.C. 50), [213], [214].
• Theon of Alexandria, [226].
• Theophrastus (born 371 B.C.), the originator of the science of plants, [193].
• Theories of disease, [12], [86], [270].
• Theosophy, [337].
• Theosophists of Chaldæa, [90].
• Therapeutics, [392].
• — Galen on, [232].
• Therapeutists, or Healers, [82].
• Theriaca (a famous cure all), [218], [220], [221].
• Thermometry, clinical, [439], [455].
• Thessalus of Tralles (A.D. 60), [218].
• Theurgic healing, [66].
• Theurgy of Egypt, [61], [66].
• Thibet, physicians of, [134].
• Thibetans, their theory of disease, [16], [249].
• Thilenius, G. M., [435].
• Thimmool, a magical weapon, [24].
• Thompson, H. (b. 1820), [460].
• Thorbern, [391].
• Thor’s hammer, [134].
• Thoth, Egyptian god of letters and medicine, [58], [60], [65], [150].
• Thrax (A.D. [457]-474), [236].
• Thrita, the first physician of Zoroastrians, [142].
• Thunder, prayer to, [9].
• Thymus gland, [361].
• Thyroid gland, functions of, [458].
• Tietajat, the learned men of Finland, [14].
• Timor-laut, fish poisoning in, [35].
• — prophylactic against small-pox in, [28].
• Timor tribes, their theories of disease, [31].
• Titans, discoverers of medicinal herbs, [85].
• Tla-guill-augh, a medicine man, [17].
• Toad and the plantain, [3].
• Tobacco, [369].
• — the “sacred herb” of Peru, [48].
• Toddy of the cocoa-nut palm, [49].
• Tomahawk, the spirit of, [23].
• Toogi-toogi, [43].
• Toothache, charm for, [286].
• “Toothache shrub,” [38].
• Totemism, [32].
• Touching for the evil, [371], [372].
• “Touching pieces,” [373].
• Tourniquet, the, [431], [432].
• Toynbee, [478].
• Toxicology, [105], [449], [454].
• Tracheotomy, [213], [228], [235], [244].
• Transference of disease, [414].
• Transfusion of blood, [350].
• Travers, B. (1783-1858), [459].
• Trepan, the, [244], [316].
• Trepanning the skull, [44], [45], [206], [285].
• Trephine, the, [244].
• Trephining the skull, [113], [184], [216].
• “Triacle,” [275].
• Triads, the Welsh, [280], [281].
• Tribal magic, [24].
• Trithemius (c. 1500), [346], [347].
• Troja (1747-1827), [433].
• Trotula (about 1059), [313].
• Trousseau, A. (1801-1866), [456].
• Tuberculosis, [429], [453], [454].
• Tude plant, a sacred shrub, [48].
• Tumours, malignant, [316].
• Turanian priests of magic, [138].
• Turkish bath, [43].
• Turner, D. (1667-1741), [431].
• Turpentine in hæmorrhage, [431].
• Tylor, Dr. E. B., on animism, [8], [10].
• — on primitive man, [6].
• Tyndall, J. (b. 1820), [472], [480].
• Typhus fever, [363].
• Tyson, E. (d. 1708), [438].
• U.
• Unburied men as vampires, [16].
• Uncleanness of women, [143], [144].
• Universal medicine, the, [100].
• Universities, rise of the, [300], [303].
• Upanishads, the, [97].
• Urea, [436].
• Urethra, operations on, by savages, [43], [77].
• Urethrotomy, [216], [228].
• Urine, use of, in medicine, [67], [396].
• — its use in exorcism, [30], [78].
• Uroscopy, [294], [323].
• Uterus, dissection of the, [219].
• Uvula, amputation of, [391].
• V.
• Vaccination, [439].
• Valingen, F. de (1725-1805), [428].
• Valsalva, A. (1666-1723), [436].
• Valves of the heart, [361].
• — of the veins, [364], [386].
• Vambery on opium-eating, [47].
• Vampires, [16].
• Vapour baths in dropsy introduced by Chrysippus, [195].
• Varicose veins, [183].
• Varolius, C. (1545-1575), [364].
• Vascular system understood by Diogenes of Apollonia, [160].
• Vaso-motor nerves, [436], [457].
• Vazimbas inflict diseases in Madagascar, [13].
• Vectius Vallens (circ. A.D. 37), [214].
• Vedas, the, [98], [99].
• Vedic hymns, [47], [97].
• Veins, anatomy of, [160].
• Velpeau, A. (1795-1867), [461].
• Vervain, [270].
• Vesalius, Andrew (1514-1564), [365], [366].
• Veterinary medicine of Hindus, [102], [117].
• — of the Mongols, [135].
• Vicary, Thomas (c. 1530), [358].
• Vicq d’Azyr, F. (1748-1794), [391].
• Vidus Vidius, [374].
• Vienna school, [431], [454], [455].
• Vieussens, R. (c. 1684), [389], [419].
• Vinario, [330].
• Virchow, R. (b. 1821), [455].
• Virgil, sorcery in, [405].
• Viridet, [419].
• Vision, discovery of the laws of, [337].
• Vis Medicatrix Naturæ, [176].
• Vital-fluid school, [419], [421].
• Vivisection of animals, [379], [483], [485].
• — in magic, [251], [254], [279], [286].
• — of human beings, [195], [197], [200], [218], [373], [374].
• Vocal organs, anatomy of, [364], [391].
• Volta, [450].
• Vomiting the devil, [30].
• Votive tablets in Greek temples, [157], [168].
• W.
• Wagner, [481].
• Wäinämöinen, conqueror of disease-demons, [15].
• Wallace, Alfred R. (b. 1822), [452].
• Walther, Von (1782-1849), [462].
• Wardrop, J. (1782-1869), [459].
• Wardroper, Mrs. (d. 1892), [467].
• Warts, superstitions concerning, [415], [416].
• Water of baptism, its magical properties, [272].
• Waters, mineral, [400].
• Watje, their theories of disease, [28].
• Watson, Thomas (1792-1882), [454].
• Watson, W. (1715-1787), [427].
• Wax-figures in sorcery, [66].
• “Weapon salve,” [398].
• Wells, poisoning of, [35].
• Wells, Spencer (b. 1818), [460].
• Welsh medicine, [280].
• West Indies, sorcery in, [22].
• Wharton, J. (died 1673), [389].
• Whewell on medical theories, [418]-420.
• Whistler, D. (died 1684), [389].
• White, C. (c. 1768), [434].
• White magic, [66], [409].
• Whooping cough, [363].
• Wichmann, J. E. (1740-1802), [429].
• Wilks, S. (b. 1824), [455].
• Willan, R. (1757-1812), [427].
• Willis, Thomas (1621-1675), [391].
• Wilson, E. (1809-1884), [460].
• Wine, [150].
• Wingo, an Australian superstition, [17].
• Winslow, Forbes, [457].
• Winston, Thomas (b. 1575), [381].
• Wirsung, G. (died 1643), [391].
• Wiseman, Richard (1625-1686), [389].
• Witchcraft as cause of disease, [12], [16], [403], [405].
• — and medicine, [403].
• Wizards of Australia, [23].
• — of Patagonia, [21].
• Wizard-priests, [27], [29], [30].
• Woi-worŭng, an Australian tribe, [23].
• Women as poisoners, [324], [404].
• — diseases of, [219], [242], [243], [294], [313], [361], [429].
• — doctors, [271], [307], [313], [326].
• — forbidden by Athenians to practise medicine, [202].
• —, Jewish laws concerning, [77].
• Woolaston, W. H. (1766-1828), [449].
• Worm, Olaus, [394].
• Wormian bones, the, [364].
• Worms, remedies for, [36], [237].
• Worm-seed, [36].
• Worship of plants arose from their intoxicating influence, [47].
• Wotton, Edward, [360].
• Wren, Sir C. (1632-1723), [391].
• Wunderlich (1815-1877), [455].
• X.
• Xenocrates of Aphrodisias (c. 70 A.D.), [395].
• Xenophon of Cos (A.D. 53), [198].
• Xirac, a fermented liquor of the Rio Negro, [48].
• Y.
• Yambo, the spirit of man, [23].
• Yeast-plant, [452], [473].
• Yonge, J. (1646-1721), [431].
• Young, Thomas (1773-1829), [463].
• Yountoo charms, [27].
• Youths, savage, initiations of, [43].
• Z.
• Zacchia, P. (c. 1621), [376].
• Zamolxis, [164].
• Zedekiah, a Jewish physician, [84].
• Zend Avesta, [47], [141], [143].
• Zenon, [225].
• Zerbis, G., de, [337].
• Zinc, [350].
• Zoology, [391].
• Zoroaster, [141], [143].
• — and his teaching emanated from India, [99].
• Zuelza, [476].
• Zulus, their theory of diseases, [21], [22].
• — trace diseases to the rainbow and evil spirits, [13].
• Zwelfer, J. (c. 1651), [394].
• Zymotic diseases, [480].

Butler & Tanner. The Selwood Printing Works, Frome, and London.

FOOTNOTES:

[1] Provincial Medical Journal, March, 1892.

[2] Histoire de Medicine depuis son Origine, etc.