CONTENTS.
| BOOK I. | ||
| THE MEDICINE OF PRIMITIVE MAN. | ||
| CHAPTER | PAGE | |
| I. | Primitive Man a Savage | [3] |
| The Medicine and Surgery of the Lower Animals.—Poisons andAnimals.—Observation amongst Savages.—Man in the Glacial Period. | ||
| II. | Animism | [7] |
| Who discovered our Medicines?—Anthropology can assist us toanswer the Question.—The Priest and the Medicine-man originallyone.—Disease the Work of Magic.—Origin of our Ideas of the Souland Future Life.—Disease-demons. | ||
| III. | Savage Theories of Disease | [12] |
| Demoniacal.—Witchcraft.—Offended Dead Persons. | ||
| IV. | Magic and Sorcery in the Treatment of Disease | [26] |
| These originated partly in the Desire to cover Ignorance.—Medicine-men.—Suckingout Diseases.—Origin of Exorcism.—Ingenuityof the Priests.—Blowing Disease away.—Beelzebub castout by Beelzebub.—Menders of Souls.—“Bringing up the Devil.”—Diseasesand Medicines.—Fever Puppets.—Amulets.—Totemismand Medicine. | ||
| V. | Primitive Medicine | [33] |
| Bleeding.—Scarification.—Use of Medicinal Herbs amongst theAborigines of Australia, South America, Africa, etc. | ||
| VI. | Primitive Surgery | [40] |
| Arrest of Bleeding.—The Indian as Surgeon.—Stretchers, Splints,and Flint Instruments.—Ovariotomy.—Brain Surgery.—Massage.—Trepanning.—TheCæsarean Operation.—Inoculation. | ||
| VII. | Universality of the Use of Intoxicants | [46] |
| Egyptian Beer and Brandy.—Mexican Pulque.—Plant-worship.—Unionwith the Godhead by Alcohol.—Soma.—The Cow-religion.—Caxiri.—MurwaBeer.—Bacchic Rites.—Spiritual Exaltation by Wine. | ||
| VIII. | Customs connected with Pregnancy and Child-bearing | [51] |
| The Couvade, its Prevalence in Savage and Civilized Lands.—PregnantWomen excluded from Kitchens.—The Deities of the Lying-in Chamber. | ||
| BOOK II. | ||
| THE MEDICINE OF THE ANCIENT CIVILIZATIONS. | ||
| I. | Egyptian Medicine | [57] |
| Antiquity of Egyptian Civilization.—Surgical Bandaging.—Godsand Goddesses of Medicine.—Medical Specialists.—Egyptiansclaimed to have discovered the Healing Art.—Medicine largelyTheurgic.—Magic and Sorcery forbidden to the Laity.—The Embalmers.—Anatomy.—Therapeutics.—Plants>in use in Ancient Egypt.—Surgery and Chemistry.—Disease-demons.—MedicalPapyri.—Great Skill of Egyptian Physicians. | ||
| II. | Jewish Medicine | [73] |
| The Jews indebted to Egypt for their Learning.—The only AncientPeople who discarded Demonology.—They had no Magic of theirown.—Phylacteries.—Circumcision.—Sanitary Laws.—Diseases inthe Bible.—The Essenes.—Surgery in the Talmud.—AlexandrianPhilosophy.—Jewish Services to Mediæval Medicine.—The Phœnicians. | ||
| III. | The Medicine of Chaldæa, Babylonia, and Assyria | [86] |
| The Ancient Religion of Accadia akin to Shamanism.—DemonTheory of Disease in Chaldæan Medicine.—Chaldæan Magic.—MedicalIgnorance of the Babylonians.—Assyrian Disease-demons.—Charms.—Originof the Sabbath. | ||
| IV. | The Medicine of the Hindus | [96] |
| The Aryans.—Hindu Philosophy.—The Vedas.—The Shastresof Charaka and Susruta.—Code of Menu.—The Brahmans.—MedicalPractitioners.—Strabo on the Hindu Philosophers.—Charms.—Buddhismand Medicine.—Jíwaka, Buddha’s Physician.—ThePulse.—Knowledge of Anatomy and Surgery in Ancient Times.—SurgicalInstruments.—Decadence of Hindu Medical Science.—Goddessesof Disease.—Origin of Hospitals in India. | ||
| V. | Medicine in China, Tartary, and Japan | [125] |
| Origin of Chinese Culture.—Shamanism.—Disease-demons.—Taoism—MedicineGods.—Mediums.-Anatomy and Physiology ofthe Chinese.—Surgery.—No Hospitals in China.—Chinese Medicines.—FilialPiety.—Charms and Sacred Signs.—Medicine inThibet, Tartary, and Japan. | ||
| VI. | The Medicine of the Parsees | [141] |
| Zoroaster and the Zend-Avesta.—The Heavenly Gift of the HealingPlants.—Ormuzd and Ahriman.—Practice of the Healing Artand its Fees. | ||
| BOOK III. | ||
| GREEK MEDICINE. | ||
| I. | The Medicine of the Greeks before the Time ofHippocrates | [147] |
| Apollo, the God of Medicine.—Cheiron.—Æsculapius.—Artemis.—Dionysus.—Ammon.—Hermes.—Prometheus.—Melampus.—Medicineof Homer.—Temples of Æsculapius.—The Early IonicPhilosophers.—Empedocles.—School of Crotona.—The Pythagoreans.—GrecianTheory of Diseases.—School of Cos.—The Asclepiads.—The Aliptæ. | ||
| II. | The Medicine of Hippocrates and his Period | [172] |
| Hippocrates first delivered Medicine from the Thraldom ofSuperstition.—Dissection of the Human Body and Rise ofAnatomy.—Hippocrates, Father of Medicine and Surgery.—The Law.—Plato. | ||
| III. | Post-Hippocratic Greek Medicine.—The Schools ofMedicine | [187] |
| The Dogmatic School.—Praxagoras of Cos.-Aristotle.—TheSchool of Alexandria.—Theophrastus the Botanist.—The greatAnatomists, Erasistratus and Hierophilus, and the Schools theyfounded.—The Empiric School. | ||
| IV. | The Earlier Roman Medicine | [205] |
| Disease-goddesses.—School of the Methodists.—Rufus andMarinus.—Pliny.—Celsus. | ||
| V. | Later Roman Medicine | [227] |
| The Eclectic and Pneumatic Sects.—Galen.—Neo-Platonism.—Oribasiusand Ætius.—Influence of Christianity and the Rise ofHospitals.—Paulus Ægineta.—Ancient Surgical Instruments. | ||
| VI. | Amulets and Charms in Medicine | [247] |
| Universality of the Amulet.—Scarabs.—Beads.—Savage Amulets.—Gnosticand Christian Amulets.—Herbs and Animals asCharms.—Knots.—Precious Stones.—Signatures.—Numbers.—Saliva.—Talismans.—Scripts.—Characts.—SacredNames.—Stolen Goods. | ||
| BOOK IV. | ||
| CELTIC, TEUTONIC, AND MEDIÆVAL MEDICINE. | ||
| I. | Medicine of the Druids, Teutons, Anglo-Saxons, andWelsh | [269] |
| Origin of the Druid Religion.—Druid Medicine.—Their Magic.—TeutonicMedicine.—Gods of Healing.—Elves.—The Elements.—Anglo-SaxonLeechcraft.—The Leech-book.—Monastic Leechdoms.—Superstitions.—WelshMedicine.—The Triads.—Welsh Druidism.—The Laws of the Court Physicians.—Welsh MedicalMaxims.—Welsh Medical and Surgical Practice and Fees. | ||
| II. | Mohammedan Medicine | [287] |
| Sources of Arabian Learning.—Influence of Greek and HinduLiterature.—The Nestorians.—Baghdad and its Colleges.—TheMoors in Spain.—The Mosque Schools.—Arabian Inventions andServices to Literature.—The great Arab Physicians.—Serapion,Rhazes, Ali Abbas, Avicenna, Albucasis, and Averroes. | ||
| III. | Rise of the Monasteries | [300] |
| Alchemy the Parent of Chemistry. | ||
| IV. | Rise of the Universities | [303] |
| School of Montpellier.—Divorce of Medicine from Surgery. | ||
| V. | The School of Salerno | [308] |
| The Monks of Monte Cassino.—Clerical Influence at Salerno.—Charlemagne.—ArabianMedicine gradually supplanted the Græco-LatinScience.—Constantine the Carthaginian.—Archimatthæus.—Trotula.—Anatomyof the Pig.—Pharmacopœias.—The FourMasters.—Roger and Rolando.—The Emperor Frederick. | ||
| VI. | The Thirteenth Century | [319] |
| The Crusades.—Astrology. | ||
| VII. | The Fourteenth Century | [325] |
| Revival of Human Anatomy.—Famous Physicians of the Century.—DomesticMedicine in Chaucer.—Fellowship of the Barbersand Surgeons.—The Black Death.—The Dancing Mania.—Pharmacy. | ||
| VIII. | The Fifteenth Century | [333] |
| Faith-healing.—Charms and Astrology in Medicine.—The Revivalof Learning.—The Humanists.—Cabalism and Theology.—TheStudy of Natural History.—The Sweating Sickness.—Tarantism.—Quarantine.—HighPosition of Oxford University. | ||
| IX. | Medicine in Ancient Mexico and Peru | [341] |
| Hospitals in Mexico.—Anatomy and Human Sacrifices.—Midwivesas Spiritual Mothers.—Circumcision.—Peru.—Discovery of Cinchona Bark. | ||
| BOOK V. | ||
| THE DAWN OF MODERN SCIENTIFIC MEDICINE. | ||
| I. | The Sixteenth Century | [345] |
| The Dawn of Modern Science.—The Reformation of Medicine.—Paracelsus.—TheSceptics.—The Protestantism of Science.—Influenza.—LegalRecognition of Medicine in England.—TheBarber-Surgeons.—The Sweating Sickness.—Origin of the RoyalCollege of Physicians of London.—“Merry Andrew.”—Origin ofSt. Bartholomew’s Hospital.—Caius.—Low State of Midwifery.—TheGreat Continental Anatomists.—Vesalius.—Servetus.—Paré.—Influenceof the Reformation.—The Rosicrucians.—Touching for theEvil.—Vivisection of Human Beings.—Origin of Legal Medicine. | ||
| II. | The Seventeenth Century | [377] |
| Bacon and the Inductive Method.—Descartes and Physiology.—Newton.—Boyleand the Royal Society.—The Founders of theSchools of Medical Science.—Sydenham, the English Hippocrates.—Harveyand the Rise of Physiology.—The Microscope in Medicine.—Willisand the Reform of Materia Medica. | ||
| III. | Skatological Medicine and the Reform of Pharmacology | [394] |
| Loathsome Medicines.—Sympathetical Cures.—Weapon Salve.—Superstitions. | ||
| IV. | Baths and Mineral Waters | [400] |
| Miraculous Springs.—The Pool of Bethesda.—Herb-baths. | ||
| V. | Witchcraft and Medicine | [403] |
| Comparative Witchcraft.—Laws against Sorcery.—Magic in Virgiland Horace.—Demonology.—Images of Wax and Clay.—Transferenceof Disease.—Witchcraft in the Koran.—White Magic andBlack.—Coral and the Evil Eye.—“Overlooking” People.—Exorcismin the Catholic Church. | ||
| VI. | Medical Superstitions | [413] |
| Death and the Grave.—Sorcerer’s Ointment.—Teeth-worms.—DiseaseTransference.—Doctrine of Signatures. | ||
| VII. | The Eighteenth Century | [418] |
| The Sciences accessory to Medicine.—The Great Schools of MedicalTheory.—Boerhaave and his System.—Stahl.—Hoffman.—Cullen.—Brown.—Hospitals.—Bichatand the New Era of Anatomy.—Mesmer and Mesmerism.—Surgery.—The Anatomists,Physiologists, and Scientists of the Period.—Inoculation and Vaccination. | ||
| BOOK VI. | ||
| THE AGE OF SCIENCE. | ||
| I. | The Nineteenth Century.—Physical Science Alliedto Medicine | [443] |
| Exit the Disease-demon.—Medical Systems again.—Homœopathy.—TheNatural Sciences.—Chemistry, Electricity, Physiology,Anatomy, Medicine and Pathology.—Psychiatry.—Surgery.—Ophthalmology. | ||
| II. | Medical Reforms | [464] |
| Discovery of Anæsthetics.—Medical Literature.—Nursing Reform.—Historyof the Treatment of the Insane. | ||
| III. | The Germ Theory of Disease | [471] |
| The Disease-demon reappears as a Germ.—Phagocytes.—Ptomaines.—Lister’sAntiseptic Surgery.—Sanitary Science or Hygiene.—Bacteriologists.—FaithCures.—Experimental Physiology and the Latest System of Medicine. | ||
| APPENDIX. | ||
| On Some of the More Important Minerals Used in Medicine | [486] | |
BOOK I.
THE MEDICINE OF PRIMITIVE MAN.
A POPULAR HISTORY OF MEDICINE.
CHAPTER I.
PRIMITIVE MAN A SAVAGE.
The Medicine and Surgery of the Lower Animals.—Poisons and Animals.—Observation amongst Savages.—Man in the Glacial Period.
There is abundant proof from natural history that the lower animals submit to medical and surgical treatment, and subject themselves in their necessities to appropriate treatment. Not only do they treat themselves when injured or ill, but they assist each other. Dogs and cats use various natural medicines, chiefly emetics and purgatives, in the shape of grasses and other plants. The fibrous-rooted wheat-grass, Triticum caninum, sometimes called dog’s-wheat, is eaten medicinally by dogs. Probably other species, such as Agrostis caninia, brown bent-grass, are used in like manner.[3]